第四讲 词义猜测题——上下文中求答案

第四讲词义猜测题——上下文中求答案[考查内容] [设问方式] 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。

要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。

词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。

在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。

By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.词义猜测题7大猜词技巧要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。

根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。

这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。

例如：①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。

②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。

③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。

④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。

⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。

⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。

[例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?A．Complex.B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.[分析]根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。

根据同位关系进行猜测关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。

例如：①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。

②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。

③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。

因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。

[例](2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips —of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.29．Which of the following can replace the und erlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?A．provider B．delivery manC．collector D．medical doctor[分析]“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。

故选择B项。

根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。

乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。

例如：①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，”Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。

②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。

[例](2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.[分析]根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。

因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。

根据因果关系进行猜测①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。