机械类毕业设计英文翻译

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机械专业毕业设计外文翻译----高速铣削

英文资料High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce,produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies forthis, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is i t enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gearbeds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.5.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts tobecome the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.5.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up5.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.5.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes,。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译116电动平衡叉车

附录ATray selection and with the shelves, forklift matchFirst, the selected tray Size:When used plastic pallets, according to the requirements of the project, the selected size will be different.1. First, consider the specifications and packaging of goods placed in the plastic tray method. For example: the European standard turnover box size is 600 * 400mm, 1200 * 1000mm pallet in place a layer of 5 in 1200 * 800mm layer placed on the tray 4, the general stacking 5 layers.2. Consider the pallet loading tools (such as containers, trucks, etc.). For example: If you are working round-trip or one-time use, you need to give priority to the width of 2300mm of integrated container shipping, for 1200 * 1000mm pallet, length 1200mm and width 1000mm to use a combination of place, must be selected to enter the fork 4. The tray on the 1200 * 800mm, 800mm width direction with two side by side. The pallet of 1100 * 1100mm width by 1100mm, placed 2, 2, or 4 to enter the fork into the fork can be.3. If used in the warehouse shelves, shelves to consider the size of width and depth, usually select the shelves each placed two trays of each cargo space, and allow access to the space of about 200mm. In depth directionas far as possible to give large size, this does not produce plastic pallets carrying capacity of the stringent requirements in order to save procurement costs.4. If the use of automated warehouse shelves, in addition to meet the above requirements, but also take into account the slip coefficient of the tray, the tray bottom with transmission equipment and chain, into the fork height, carrying capacity on the shelves, permanent deformation, length of surface deflection, the position of bar coding and RFID chips placed on other factors.5. Use plastic trays should also consider the size of generality, the size of the domestic common international standard for the 1210, 1208 European standard and T11 Japanese standard tray.Second, the choice of single and double-sided:1. Single use plastic pallets only one side, the surface grid of two peace-plate, the bottom of Sichuan fonts, font, or nine square field pad feet, according to carrying capacity and the use of different occasions into shelf series, standard series and ultra-light series of three standards.2. Sided plastic tray that the same structure on both sides of the tray, the surface grid plate of peace are two sides to exchange used, based on carrying capacity and the use of different occasions, the shelves are divided into two series and standard series standards.3. Use double-sided tray or trays should be based on the appropriatestorage, loading and unloading equipment and state (such as the library type, rack type, stacking or placing the state, etc.) to determine.4. For the small footprint of the ASRS or high shelves, or electric stacker forklift to move vertically oriented occasion, single-sided double-sided shelf series shelf series of trays and trays can be chosen.5. If the three-dimensional library or load up on the shelves of 1T, but there is no ceiling shelves, the proposed shelf tray with built-in pipe. Steel structure steel tray built an effective solution to the product on the shelf load the greater the greater the weight, the old problem of high cost, more importantly, about the use of square steel tube wall thickness of 2mm rigid, reaching the shelves (ASRS) are horizontal and vertical deflection ≤ 10mm stringent requirements, while reducing the permanent deformation and reduce costs.6. For the area, mainly the large and the level of the occasion, if the manual handling hydraulic pallet truck is suitable for use single-sided tray. For stacking of goods to the bottom of the tray above and below the cargo coincide, the swastika with the end of double-sided tray or tray-type side is better. If using self-moving motorized pallet trucks are suitable for articles not connected with the bottom of the nine feet single tray.Third, the load requirements1. Dynamic load refers to the use of electric forklift or a manual hydraulicpallet truck can lift the maximum weight allowed. General shelf tray to load-bearing 1.5T-2T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 1T, lightweight tray dynamic load 0.5T.2. Static load refers to the stacking, the bottom of the plastic tray can bear maximum weight. General shelf tray to load-bearing 6T-8T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 4T, lightweight tray static 1T.3. Shelf load refers to the plastic tray packaging on the shelves when the maximum allowable weight. Must pay attention to dynamic load, static load, load library shelf load and establish the difference between carrying capacity and shelves of different structures, closely related to ambient temperature and storage period. General heavy trays on a shelf in load-bearing beams 0.7T-1T, standard tray loading 0.4T-0.6T.4. Shelf load permanent deformation of the plastic tray and deflection have certain requirements, national standards for the maximum deflection 30mm, but this was partial width. We recommend using the deflection on the shelf no more than 20mm of plastic pallets. If the automatic warehouse, the requirements of the degree of deflection even more stringent, generally require less than 10mm. Cheng Machinery silver mesh)附录B电动平衡叉车是以直流电源（电瓶）为动力的装卸及搬运车辆。

机械专业毕业设计外文翻译12

Development of a high-performance laser-guided deep-holeboring tool: optimal determination of reference origin for precise guidingAbstractA laser-guided deep-hole boring tool using piezoelectric actuators was developed to prevent hole deviation. To extend the depth o controll able boring further, the following were improved. The tool’s guiding error, caused by misalignment of the corner cube prism and the mirror in the optical head from the spindle axis, was eliminated using an adjustment jig that determined the reference origins of the two position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) precisely. A single-edge counter-boring head is used instead of the double-edge head used up to now The former was thought to be better in attitude control than the latter. A new boring bar, which was lower in rigidity and better in Controllability of tool attitude, was used. Experiments were conducted to examine the performance of the new tool in detail and to determin its practical application, using duralumin (A2017-T4) workpieces with a prebored 108-mm diameter hole. The experiments were performed with a rotating tool–stationary workpiece system. Rotational speed was 270 rpm and feed was 0.125 mm/rev. Tool diameter was 110 mm Asaresult,controlled boring becomes possible up to a depth of 700 mm under the stated experimental conditions.700 mm is the maximum machinable length of the machine tool. The tool can be put to practical use.Keywords: Deep hole-boring; Adaptive control; Laser application1.IntroductionTo bore a precise straight hole, a deep-hole boring tool should be guided toward a target. From this point of view, the laser-guided deep-hole boring tool was developed [1–6]. The latest tool using piezoelectric actuators could be guided to go straight toward the target,despitedisturbances up to a depth of 388 mm [6].In the present paper, before the performance of the tool is examined, the following points are improved to extend the depth. The tool’s guiding error, caused by misalignment of the corner cube prism and the mirror in the optical head from the spindle axis, is eliminated using a jig that deter- mines the reference origins of the two position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) precisely. A single-edge counter-boring head is used instead of the double-edge head used up to now. The former is thought to be better in attitude control than the latter. A new boring bar, which is 15% lower in both bending and torsional rigidity and which is better in controllability of tool attitude, is used.2. Experimental apparatusFigs. 1 and 2 show the tool head and the experimental apparatus, respectively [6]. The head is the same as that used in experiments up to now. One cutting edge of the double-edge counter-boring head is replaced by a guide pad,And six guide pads are removed[4].By removal of the guide pads, cutting oil is supplied better between the other guide pads and hole wall. The tool head consists of an optical head, a counter-boring head, piezoelectric actuators, and an actuator holder (Fig. 1). The optical head is attached to the front surface of the counter-boring head through an adjust- ment jig. The actuator holder is connected to a rotation stopper 14 behind the tool head by two parallel plates of phosphor bronze 6 (Fig. 2). A laser source 11, and PSDs 9, 10 are set in front of the tool. The rectangular coordinates XAnd Y are set on a plane perpendicular to the spindle rotation axis(Z-axis).The optical distancebetween a dichroic mirror in the optical head and PSD 10 for measuring tool inclina- tion is 2,040 mm [2].3. Method for detection of tool position and its inclinationFig. 3 shows the method used for measuring the tool position and its inclination. The laser beam, radiated from an argon laser, reaches the dichroic mirror 6 through the beam expander 5 and the half mirror 1. The dichroic mirror separates the two beams of wavelengths 514 nm (green) and 488 nm (blue). The green beam for measuring tool position passes through the dichroic mirror 6 and reachesthe corner cube prism 8. The reflected beam passes again through 6 and is deflected by the half mirror 1 toward dichroic mirror 2. By passing through the dichroic mirror 2, it reaches the PSD 9 used for measuring tool position. The blue beam for measuring tool inclination reaches the dichroic mirror 7 with an angle of incidence equal to 0°. The dichroic mirror 7 reflects the blue beam and trans- mits parts of the green beam, which are not completelyseparated by the dichroic mirror 6. The returning beam from the dichroic mirror 7 is deflected by the mirrors 6, 1, and 2, then passing through the dichroic mirror 4, and reaches the PSD 10 for measuring tool inclination. Re- flective characteristics of dichroic mirror 4 differs from that of dichroic mirror 7.4. Acquisition of data for controlling the toolData for tool attitude control are acquired from the two PSDs for tool position and its inclination every rotation of the counter-boring head. Until now, outputs of the two PSDs (measuring tool position and its inclination) some- times did not correspond well to the measured hole devia- tion. To determine what causes this, the following is exam- ined. The tool head with the optical head is supported by two V-blocks and is aligned on the Z-axis at the same longitudinal position as in the experiment. Then, the laser beam is radiated, and the optical head is rotated manually.Fig. 4 shows variations of outputs of two PSDs with encoder pulse during one rotation of the optical head fixed on the counter-boring head. Theoretically, outputs of two PSDs are constant during one rotation of the optical head corresponding to a 1,400 pulse of output of an encoder. Changes of X- and Y-outputs of tool position are caused by change of darkness of the laser spot because of interference and polarization of the laser beam. Changes of X- and Y- outputs of tool inclination are caused by inclination of the reflecting mirror in the optical head from the Z-axis. From the last experiment [6] on, tool position and its inclination are measured at rotational pulse position 700, where the brightness of the two PSDs are preferable at the same time.5. Misalignment of the optical parts in the optical headEven if the laser source and the PSDs for tool position and its inclination are aligned on Z-axis, hole deviation appeared. To discover its cause, the misalignment of the corner cube prism and inclination of reflecting mirror in the optical head from the Z-axis are examined.Fig. 5 shows all cases of alignment errors. Fig. 5(a) shows that the corner cube prism and the reflecting mirror are precisely aligned on the Z-axis. Figs. 5(b) and 5(c) are, the cases in which the corner cube prism is displaced by and the reflecting mirror is inclined byfrom the Z-axis, respectively.IncaseofFig.5(d),errorsofFigs.5(b)and(c) occur together. Fig. 5(e) shows the case when the optical head is inclined byduring the setup of the counter-boring head. Fig. 5(f) is the worst case, when all errors occur together. These errors cannot be eliminated by conventional adjustment. Therefore a new guiding strategy is developed to ensure that the tool can be guided straight, even if errors should occur.6. Optimal setup of reference origin for precise guidingFig. 6 shows the optimal setup method of reference origins. The laser source is aligned on the Z-axis [Fig. 6(a)] [6]. The optical head is fixed to the front surface of a cylindrical alignment jig through an adjustment jig. The alignment jig is inserted into the guide bush, which is fixed on a machine table, and the centers of both alignment jig and the optical head are aligned on Z-axis. Then the laser beam is radiated. Reflected beams reach the PSDs for tool position and its inclination. When the cylinder is rotated by hand, the rotational position, at which the output is most reliable, can be found. Next, the PSDs are moved until the spots lie at their centers. This position corresponds to the pulse position 700 of the encoder. The centers are reference origins for tool position and its inclination.At this rotational position,the optical head is fixed to the counter-boring head using the adjustment jig [Fig.6(b)].When the control starts, the tool head follows the alignment jig’s axis.7. Mechanism of tool displacementFig. 7 shows the mechanism of tool displacement. Fig. 7(a) shows the normal cutting condition [7]. The cutting force P is acting on the cutting edge and is counterbalanced by the guide pads. Fig. 7(b) shows the case where the tool is to correct for a deviation. A chain double-dashed line shows the hole wall before correction of hole deviation. A Directed line shows the direction of the correction.When the tool is controlled to incline toward the direction of the directed line, a cutting edge set ahead of the guide pads overcuts the hole wall. When the guide pad on the opposite side comes to the position of the overcutting zone, the cutting edge leaves a noncutting zone on the hole wall Opposite the overcutting zone.As a result,tool shifts toward the direction of the directed line.In the case of double-edge counter-boring head, the cut- ting force acting on one cutting edge is balanced by the force that acts on the other cutting edge [7]. As a result, the head is easy to vibrate, and the mechanism of tool displace- ment does not function well.Form: Precision Engineering 24 (2000) 9–14 开发高性能的激光制导deep-holeboring工具：最佳测定参考来源精确指导摘要激光制导深孔钻具使用压电致动器是防止孔偏差。

机械自动化类毕业设计外文翻译--电子设计自动化

附录B 翻译原文Electronic design automation Keyword EDA; IC;VHDL language; FPGAPROCESS DESCRIPTIONThree obstacles in particular bedevil ic designers in this dawn of the system on a chip. The first is actually a shortfall-the hardware and software components of the design lack a unifying language. Then, as the number of logic gates per chip passes the million marks, verification of a design's correctness is fast becoming more arduous than doing the design itself. And finally, not only gate counts but chip frequencies also are climbing, so that getting a design to meet its timing requirements without too many design iterations is a receding goal.As is the wont of the electronic design automation (EDA) community, these concerns are being attacked by start-up companies led by a few individuals with big ideas and a little seed money. PARLEZ-VOUS SUPERLOG?A system on a chip comprises both circuitry and the software that runs on it. Such a device may contain an embedded processor core running a software modem. Most often, after the chip'sfunctionality is spelled out, usually on paper, the hardware com- potent is handed off to the circuit designers and the software is given to the pro- grammars, to meet up again at some later date.The part of the chips functionality that will end up as logic gates and transistors is writ- ten in a hardware design language-Virology or VHDL, while the part that will end up as software is most often described in the programming language C or C++. The use of these disparate languages hampers the ability to describe, model, and debug the circuitry of the IC and the software in a coherent fashion.It is time, many in the industry believe, for a new design language that can cope with both hardware and software from the initial design specification right through to final verification. Just such a new language has been developed by Co-Design Automation Inc., San Jose, Calif.Before launching such an ambitious enterprise, cofounders Simon Davidmann, who is also chief operating officer, and Peter Flake ruled out the usefulness of extending an existing language to meet system-on-chip needs. Among the candidates for extension were C, C++, Java, and Verilog.A design language should satisfy three requirements, maintained Davidmann. It should unify the design process. It should make designing more efficient. And it should evolve out of an existing methodology. None of the existing approaches filled the bill. So Davidmann and Flake set about developing new co-design language called Superlog.A natural starting point was a blend of Virology and C since "from an algorithm point of view, a lot of Virology is built on C," explained Davidmann. Then they spiced the blend with bits and pieces of VHDL and Java. From Virology and VHDL, Superlog has acquired the ability to describe hardware aspects of the design, such as sequential, combinatorial, and multivalued logic. From C and Java it inherits dynamic processes and other software constructs. Even functions like interfaces, protocols, and state machines, which till now have often been done on paper, can be described in the new language. To support legacy code written in a hardware description or programming language, Superlog allows both Virology and C modules to be imported and used directly.It is important for the language to be in the public domain, according to Davidmann. The company has already begun to work with various standards organizations to this end.Not to be overlooked is the need for a suite of design tools based on the language. Recently Co-Design identified a number of electronic design automation companies, among them Magma Design Automation, Sente, and Viewlogic, that will develop tools based on Superlog. Co-Design will also develop products for the front end of the design process.ARACE TO THE FINISHNot everyone is convinced that a new language is needed. SystemC, a modeling platform that extends the capabilities andadvantages of C/C++ into the hardware domain has been proposed as an alternative. Such large and powerful companies as Synopsys, Coware, Lucent Technologies, and Texas Instruments have banded together under the Open SystemC Initiative to promote their version of the next-generation design platform. To get SystemC off to a running start, the group offers a modeling platform for download off their Web site free of charge. Their hope is also to make their platform the de facto standard.The rationale for developing SystemC was straightforward, according to Joachim Kunkel, general manager and vice president of the System Level Design Business Unit at Synopsys. It was to have a standard language in which semiconductor vendors, IP vendors, and system houses could exchange system-level IP and executable specifications, and the electronic design automation industry could develop interoperable tools.Supporters of SystemC believe that the would-be standard has to be based on C++ because it allows capabilities to be added to it without leaving the language standard, Kunkel told JEEE Spectrum. Most software developers use C++ and many systems developers use C++ already to describe their systems at a behavioral level. But till now it has not been possible to describe hardware using the language.The developers of SystemC have solved that problem by defining new C++ class libraries and a simulation kcrne1 that bring to C++ all of the capabilities needed to describe hardware. "These new classes implement new functionality," explained Kunkel. "Forexample, bit vectors-strings of zeros and ones-and all the operations that you would do on them." The SystemC developers also provided a class of signed and unsigned numbers, the notion of a signal, and other concepts needed to model hardware.There are still some holes, however. For example, it is still not possible to synthesize a gate-level netlist from a SystcmC description. Rut synthesis tools for SysteniC would he a natural result of broad acceptance of the language within the user community, according to Kunkel.It remains to be seen whether SystemC or Superlog wins out in the end. Least desirable would be an outcome like the impasse between Virology and VHDL, in which both prevailed, forcing electronic design automation vendors to support both platforms in a wasteful duplication of effort.THE VERIFICATION NIGHTMAREIf today's complex ICs are tough to design, they are very much tougher to verify. A variety of tools are available, each with its pros and cons. Emulation translates a design into field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Presumably, if the array works as planned, the final chip will also. The emulation platform also enables designers to try 0111 the software that will run on the ASIC.The approach, though, is slow. Typical emulation systems run at a few megahertz. "At roughly one million cycles per second, designers arc not getting cnough performance out of their emulation systems toverify or understand some of the things that are going on with video generation or high bandwidth communications," said John Gallagher, director of marketing for Synplicity Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. They must process a large number of operations to ensure their functionality is correct, he added.The reason that emulation systems are so slow, according to Gallagher, is that they route the design through many FPGAs and many boards. Simplicity solution is to use a few high-end FPGAs having over one million gates running at 100 MHz. Typically, a million FPGA gates translates into 200 000 ASIC gates. Putting nine such chips on a board in a three-by-three array allows designers to represent up to 1.8million ASlC gates. And routing delays are greatly curtailed because each chip is no more than two hops away from any other chip in the array.The company% product, called Certify, is not intended to compete with reconfigurable emulation systems, which are very effective at debugging designs during the internal design process, explained Gallagher. Rather, it is a true prototype of the system, running at speeds that may approach the real thing.Certify handles three fundamental operations, said Gallagher. The first is partitioning, or breakings up the ASIC register transfer level (RTL) code into different FPGAs. It does synthesis, turning the RTL code into ASIC gates equivalent to the final ASIC gates. Then it does timing analysis. "We haven't just linked togeth er the different tools,” he explained. 'We have taka our synthesis algorithms, between thepartitioning capabilities, and laid the timing analysis across that."In addition to emulation, two complementary approaches to design verification are simulation and model checking, a type of formal verification. Simulation applies vectors to a software model of a design and checks to sec if the output has the correct value. The approach is straightforward, but is becoming increasingly tortuous as designs become more complicated and the number of possible test vectors mushrooms. So recently, electronic design automation companies have been turning to model checking to prove that designs are correctly done.The sticking point with model checking is its great difficulty of use. "It is not for most engineers," said Simon Napper, chief operating officer OF Innol-ogic Systems Inc., San Jose, Calif. "The usage model is very difficult-it checks properties. But the designer isn't familiar with what P property is-he is used to simulation and static timing."As a remedy, InnoLogic developed a symbolic simulation tool, which blends simulation and formal verification. It is a Virology simulator except instead of sending Is and Os through the logic, the too1 propagates symbol or symbols plus binary values.The user gains improved functional coverage dong with much faster verification.To illustrate, to completely verify a fourbit adder would require 256 binary vectors-and take 256 simulation cycles. With symbols, it takes just one cycle.Just as with formal verification, there are limits to the complexity ofthe circuits that symbolic simulation can completely verily. Both have trouble with multipliers, for example. "A model checker will grind and grind and never produce a result," explained Napper. "But in our tool we take some symbol inputs and switch them to binary values, that reduces the job from a 32- to a 16-bit multiplier. And we report to the user that we were able to verify the upper the operands."InnoLogic has announced two Versifies of symbolic simulation. ESI'-XV verifies designs written in Virology. EXP-CV is meant for custom designs and memory blocks.THE TIME IS RIGHTThough the design of ICs with semiconductor geometries below 0.25 pm face challenges throughout development, some of the biggest hurdles occur during physical design, when the gates are placed on the chip and the interconnects are routed between them Problems occur here for a number of reasons. First, the capacitance, resistance, and inductance of the interconnects cannot be ignored, as they were in older, larger technologies. Crosstalk between interconnects; now closer together, must also be controlled. Several iterations through synthesis and placement may be necessary to achieve the required timing, if it can be accomplished at all.The solution proposed by Monterey Design Systems Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif., is called global design technology. This proprietary computing approach simultaneously explores, analyzes, and optimizes all aspects of the physical design. The tint productcontaining the technology is Dolphin, which was announced in April of last year. Dolphin simultaneously places and router each gate and flip-flop using the results or the analysis and maintaining all specified constraints. (Most place- and-route tools sequentially analyze the layout for each type of constraint.) It performs timing and logic optimization for every placement move.Timing closure is top priority for developers of the Blast Fusion physical design system from Magma Design Automations., Cupertino, Calif. Its methodology, called FixedTiming, brings timing within specified limits without iterating between synthesis and physical design .Basically, he approach fixes timing first, then adjusts cell sizes to achieve the timing requirements. Varying the cell sizes always he tool to supply the right drive strength or the load.EDA ON THE WEBAs established electronic design automation companies try to sort out how to utilize the internet in their product Inks, smaller, more agile companies and start-ups arc coining up with innovative products and services, mainly in the areas or design management. A pioneer in this area is Synchronicity Inc., a virtual company headquartered in Marlboro, Mass. Synchronicity is now being joined by other companies seeking to use the internet to advantage.The concern of , Milpitas, Calif a provider of Web-based engineering tools 'for; design automation, is the extraction of useful information about ICs, chip sets, and boards from suppliers'Web sites.The issue, according to Michael Bitzko, president of the company, is that designers of products based on there components need to be able to obtain information about them quickly and route it to their engineering, manufacturing, and procurement departments as quickly as possible. "In a nutshell,” said Bitzko, "people used to take weeks to get data sheets. Then along cane the Web and PDF-formatted documents. But in order to create, ray, schematic symbols and footprints fur printed circuit boards, information from PDF documents must often be reentered-a costly and time-consuming process when time to infarct is a concern.'s products are based on the electronic component interchange (ECIX) standard developed by EDA standards organization SI, Austin, Texas, and on the Extensible Markup Language (XML), that allows the creation or Web-bask documents having (more functionality than with the conventional Hypertext Markup Language (H TM1.). The company’s products include QuickData Server, a parametric search engine for electronic component information, and Quickdata Miner, which transform information contained in PDF data sheets into a usable form.The mission or Genedax Inc., Portland, Ore. is to use the Web to increase designed ability to create and manage large, complex designs, to iron design ICLISC, and to improve access to intellectual property. The company plans to announce a product in the first quarter or the year. John Ott, vice president of sales and marketing,told Sprctmni that its products will be based on the operating systems and browsers developed by Microsott Corp., Redmond, Wash. Also, the company supports a collaborative Web site, that shows what the technology can do. The site includes a search engine based on AltaVista technology that searches the Web sites of companies related to design auto illation. Ott elaborated, "We also have a free Internet locator server that lets people use Netmeeting a Microsoft product for remote sharing of computer desktops] and a Web board where you can post questions and get answers."Other aspects of electronic design on the Webs have been slower in taking off than design and information management. But Transim Corp also bared in Portland, Ore, has taken a big step toward Web-based design tools. Its product, Websim, is an interface between a Web browser and Simples, the company’s power-supply simulator. Websim allows designers, using Simplis, to simulate designs over the Internet. So rather than poring over data sheets and looking at ranges of values, designers can see actual waveforms, explained Ncls Gahbert, Transim president and chief executive officer.Transim is working with suppliers to set up component models so that designers can log on to the supplies Web rite, select parts for their power supply, enter setup or test conditions, and run the simulation on line. Users need nothing more than a Web browser. The simulation is run on Transim's "ranch" of six strivers from Sun Microsystems.The company has teamed up with National Semiconductor Corp, Santa Clara, Calif., to provide this service for National's customers. The cost is on a per-use basis and is a minimal US $10.附录C 翻译中文电子设计自动化关键字电子设计自动化；集成电路；VHDL语言；现场可编程门阵列在这个片上系统开始出现的时候，有三个问题一直困扰着集成电路设计者。

机械专业毕业设计外文翻译10

翻译部分英文部分ADV ANCED MACHINING PROCESSESAs the hardware of an advanced technology becomes more complex, new and visionary approaches to the processing of materials into useful products come into common use. This has been the trend in machining processes in recent years.. Advanced methods of machine control as well as completely different methods of shaping materials have permitted the mechanical designer to proceed in directions that would have been totally impossible only a few years ago.Parallel development in other technologies such as electronics and computers have made available to the machine tool designer methods and processes that can permit a machine tool to far exceed the capabilities of the most experienced machinist.In this section we will look at CNC machining using chip-making cutting tools. CNC controllers are used to drive and control a great variety of machines and mechanisms, Some examples would be routers in wood working; lasers, plasma-arc, flame cutting, and waterjets for cutting of steel plate; and controlling of robots in manufacturing and assembly. This section is only an overview and cannot take the place of a programming manual for a specific machine tool. Because of the tremendous growth in numbers and capability of comp uters ,changes in machine controls are rapidly and constantly taking place. The exciting part of this evolution in machine controls is that programming becomeseasier with each new advanced in this technology.Advantages of Numerical ControlA manually operated machine tool may have the same physical characteristics as a CNC machine, such as size and horsepower. The principles of metal removal are the same. The big gain comes from the computer controlling the machining axes movements. CNC-controlled machine tools can be as simple as a 2-axis drilling machining center (Figure O-1). With a dual spindle machining center, the low RPM, high horsepower spindle gives high metal removal rates. The high RPM spindle allows the efficient use of high cutting speed tools such as diamonds and small diameter cutters (Figure O-2). The cutting tools that remove materials are standard tools such as milling cutters, drills, boring tools, or lathe tools depending on the type of machine used. Cutting speeds and feeds need to be correct as in any other machining operation. The greatest advantage in CNC machining comes from the unerring and rapid positioning movements possible. A CNC machine does dot stop at the end of a cut to plan its next move; it does not get fatigued; it is capable of uninterrupted machining error free, hour after hour. A machine tool is productive only while it is making chips.Since the chip-making process is controlled by the proper feeds and speeds, time savings can be achieved by faster rapid feed rates. Rapid feeds have increased from 60 to 200 to 400 and are now often approaching 1000 inches per minute (IPM). These high feed rates can pose a safety hazard to anyone within the working envelope of the machine tool.Complex contoured shapes were extremely difficult to product prior to CNC machining .CNC has made the machining of these shapes economically feasible. Design changes on a part are relatively easy to make by changing the program that directs the machine tool.A CNC machine produces parts with high dimensional accuracy and close tolerances without taking extra time or special precautions, CNC machines generally need less complex work-holding fixtures, which saves time by getting the parts machined sooner. Once a program is ready and production parts, each part will take exactly the same amount of time as the previous one. This repeatability allows for a very precise control of production costs. Another advantage of CNC machining is the elimination of large inventories; parts can be machined as needs .In conventional production often a great number of parts must be made at the same time to be cost effective. With CNC even one piece can be machined economically .In many instances, a CNC machine can perform in one setup the same operations that would require several conventional machines.With modern CNC machine tools a trained machinist can program and product even a single part economically .CNC machine tools are used in small and large machining facilities and range in size from tabletop models to huge machining centers. In a facility with many CNC tools, programming is usually done by CNC programmers away from the CNC tools. The machine control unit (MCU) on the machine is then used mostly for small program changes or corrections. Manufacturing with CNC tools usually requires three categories of persons. The first is the programmer, who is responsible for developing machine-ready code. The next person involved is the setup person, who loads the raw stork into the MCU, checks that the co rrect tools are loaded, and makes the first part. The third person is the machine and unloads the finished parts. In a small company, one person is expected to perform all three of these tasks.CNC controls are generally divided into two basic categories. One uses a ward address format with coded inputs such as G and M codes. The other users a conversational input; conversational input is also called user-friendly or prompted input. Later in this section examples of each of these programming formats in machining applications will be describes.CAM and CNCCAM systems have changed the job of the CNC programmer from one manually producing CNC code to one maximizing the output of CNC machines. Since CNC machine tools are made by a great number of manufacturers, many different CNC control units are in use. Control units from different manufacturers use a variety of program formats and codes. Many CNC code words are identical for different controllers, but a great number vary from one to another.To produce an identical part on CNC machine tools with different controllers such as one by FANCU, OKUMA or DYNAPATH, would require completely different CNC codes. Each manufacturer is constantly improving and updating its CNC controllers. These improvements often include additional code words plus changes in how the existing code works.A CAM systems allows the CNC programmer to concentrate on the creation of an efficient machining process, rather then relearning changed code formats. A CNC programmer looks atthe print of a part and then plans the sequence of machining operations necessary to make it (Figure O-3). This plan includes everything, from the selection of possible CNC machine tools, to which tooling to use, to how the part is held while machining takes place. The CNC programmer has to have a thorough understanding of all the capacities and limitations of the CNC machine tools that a program is to be made for. Machine specifications such as horsepower, maximum spindle speeds, workpiece weight and size limitations, and tool changer capacity are just some of the considerations that affect programming.Another area of major importance to the programmer is the knowledge of machining processes. An example would be the selection of the surface finish requirement specified in the part print. The sequence of machining processes is critical to obtain acceptable results. Cutting tool limitations have to be considered and this requires knowledge of cutting tool materials, tool types, and application recommendations.A good programmer will spend a considerable amount of time in researching the rapidly growing volume of new and improved tools and tool materials. Often the tool that was on the cutting edge of technology just two years ago is now obsolete. Information on new tools can come from catalogs or tool manufacturers' tooling engineers. Help in tool selection or optimum tool working conditions can also be obtained from tool manufacturer software. Examples would be Kennametal's "TOOLPRO", software designed to help select the best tool grade, speed, and feed rates for different work materials in turning application. Another very important feature of "TOOLPRO" is the display of the horsepower requirement for each machining selection. This allow the programmer to select a combination of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that equals the machine's maximum horsepower for roughing cuts. For a finishing cut, the smallest diameter of the part being machined is selected and then the cutting speed varied until the RPM is equal to the maximum RPM of the machine. This helps in maximizing machining efficiency. Knowing the horsepower requirement for a cut is critical if more than one tool is cutting at the same time.Software for a machining center application would be Ingersoll Tool Company's "Actual Chip Thickness", a program used to calculate the chip thickness in relation to feed-per-tooth for a milling cutter, especially during a shallow finishing cut. Ingersoll's "Rigidity Analysis" software ealculates tool deflection for end mills as a function of tool stiffness and tool force.To this point we looked at some general qualifications that a programmer should possess. Now we examine how a CAM system works. Point Control Company's SmartCam system uses the following approach. First, the programmer makes a mental model of the part to be machined. This includes the kind of machining to be performed-turning or milling. Then the part print is studied to develop a machining sequence, roughing and finishing cuts, drilling, tapping, and boring operations. What work-holding device is to be used, a vise or fixture or clamps? After these considerations, computer input can be started. First comes the creation of a JOBPLAN. This JOBPLAN consists of entries such as inch or metric units, machine type, part ID, type of workpiece material, setup notes, and a description of the required tools.This line of information describes the tool by number, type, and size and includes theappropriate cutting speed and feed rate. After all the selected tools are entered, the file is saved.The second programming step is the making of the part. This represents a graphic modeling of the projected machining operation. After selecting a tool from the prepared JOBPLAN, parameters for the cutting operation are entered. For a drill, once the coordinate location of the hole and the depth are given, a circle appears on that spot. If the location is incorrect, the UNDO command erases this entry and allows you to give new values for this operation. When an end mill is being used, cutting movements (toolpath) are usually defined as lines and arcs. As a line is programmed, the toolpath is graphically displayed and errors can be corrected instantly.At any time during programming, the command SHOWPATH will show the actual toolpath for each of the programmed tools. The tools will be displayed in the sequence in which they will be used during actual machining. If the sequence of a tool movement needs to be changed, a few keystrokes will to that.Sometimes in CAM the programming sequence is different from the actual machining order. An example would be the machining of a pocket in a part. With CAM, the finished pocket outline is programmed first, then this outline is used to define the ro ughing cuts to machine the pocket. The roughing cuts are computer generated from inputs such as depth and width of cut and how much material to leave for the finish cut. Different roughing patterns can be tried out to allow the programmer to select the most efllcient one for the actual machining cuts. Since each tool is represented by a different color, it is easy to observe the toolpath made by each one.A CAM system lets the programmer view the graphics model from varying angles, such as a top, front, side, or isometric view. A toolpath that looks correct from a top view, may show from a front view that the depth of the cutting tool is incorrect. Changes can easily be made and seen immediately.When the toolpath and the sequence of operations are satisfactory, machine ready code has to be made. This is as easy as specifying the CNC machine that is to be used to machine the part. The code generator for that specific CNC machin e during processing accesses four different files. The JOBPLAN file for the tool information and the GRAPHICE file for the toolpath and cutting sequence. It also uses the MACHINE DEFINE file which defines the CNC code words for that specific machine. This file also supplies data for maximum feed rates, RPM, toolchange times, and so on. The fourth file taking part in the code generating process is the TEMPLATE file. This file acts like a ruler that produces the CNC code with all of its parts in the right place and sequence. When the code generation is complete, a projected machining time is displayed. This time is calculated from values such as feed rates and distances traveled, noncutting movements at maximum feed rates between points, tool change times, and so on. The projected machining time can be revised by changing tooling to allow for higher metal removal rates or creating a more efficient toolpath. This display of total time required can also be used to estimate production costs. If more then one CNC machine tool is available to machine this part, making code and comparing the machining time may show that one machine is more efficient than the others.CAD/CAMAnother method of creating toolpath is with the use of a Computer-aided Drafting (CAD) file. Most machine drawings are created using computers with the description and part geometry stored in the computer database. SmartCAM, though its CAM CONNECTION, will read a CAD file and transfer its geometry represents the part profile, holes, and so on. The programmer still needs to prepare a JOBPLAN with all the necessary tools, but instead of programming a profile line by line, now only a tool has to be assigned to an existing profile. Again, using the SHOWPA TH function will display the toolpath for each tool and their sequence. Constant research and developments in CAD/CAM interaction will change how they work with each other. Some CAD and CAM programs, if loaded on the same computer, make it possible to switch between the two with a few keystrokes, designing and programming at the same time.The work area around the machine needs to be kept clean and clear of obstructions to prevent slipping or tripping. Machine surfaces should not be used as worktables. Use proper lifting methods to handle heavy workpieces, fixtures, or heavy cutting tools. Make measurements only when the spindle has come to a complete standstill. Chips should never be handled with bare hands.Before starting the machine make sure that the work-holding device and the workpiece are securely fastened. When changing cutting tools, protect the workpiece being machined from damage, and protect your hands from sharp cutting edges. Use only sharp cutting tools. Check that cutting tools are installed correctly and securely.Do not operate any machine controls unless you understand their function and what the y will do.The Early Development Of Numerically Controlled Machine ToolsThe highly sophisticated CNC machine tools of today, in the vast and diverse range found throughout the field of manufacturing processing, started from very humble beginnings in a number of the major industrialized countries. Some of the earliest research and development work in this field was completed in USA and a mention will be made of the UK's contribution to this numerical control development.A major problem occurred just after the Second World War, in that progress in all areas of military and commercial development had been so rapid that the levels of automation and accuracy required by the modern industrialized world could not be attained from the lab our intensive machines in use at that time. The question was how to overcome the disadvantages of conventional plant and current manning levels. It is generally ackonwledged that the earliest work into numerical control was the study commissioned in 1947 by the US governme nt. The study's conclusion was that the metal cutting industry throughout the entire country could not copy with the demands of the American Air Force, let alone the rest of industry! As a direct result of the survey, the US Air Force contracted the Persons Corporation to see if they could develop a flexible, dynamic, manufacturing system which would maximize productivity. TheMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was sub-contracted into this research and development by the Parsons Corporation, during the period 1949-1951,and jointly they developed the first control system which could be adapted to a wide range of machine tools. The Cincinnati Machine Tool Company converted one of their standard 28 inch "Hydro-Tel" milling machines or a three-axis automatic milling made use of a servo-mechanism for the drive system on the axes. This machine made use of a servomechanism for the drive system on the axes, which controlled the table positioning, cross-slide and spindle head. The machine cab be classified as the first truly three axis continuous path machine tool and it was able to generate a required shape, or curve, by simultaneous slide way motions, if necessary.At about the same times as these American advances in machine tool control were taking Place, Alfred Herbert Limited in the United Kingdom had their first Mutinous path control system which became available in 1956.Over the next few years in both the USA and Europe, further development work occurred. These early numerical control developments were principally for the aerospace industry, where it was necessary to cut complex geometric shapes such as airframe components and turbine blades. In parallel with this development of sophisticated control systems for aerospace requirements, a point-to-point controller was developed for more general machining applications. These less sophisticated point-to-point machines were considerably cheaper than their more complex continuous path cousins and were used when only positional accuracy was necessary. As an example of point-to-point motion on a machine tool for drilling operations, the typical movement might be fast traverse of the work piece under the drill's position-after drilling the hole, anther rapid move takes place to the next hole's position-after retraction of the drill. Of course, the rapid motion of the slideways could be achieved by each axis in a sequential and independent manner, or simultaneously. If a separate control was utilisec for each axis, the former method of table travel was less esse ntial to avoid any backlash in the system to obtain the required degree of positional accuracy and so it was necessary that the approach direction to the next point was always the same.The earliest examples of these cheaper point-to-point machines usually did not use recalculating ball screws; this meant that the motions would be sluggish, and sliderways would inevitably suffer from backlash, but more will be said about this topic later in the chapter.The early NC machines were, in the main, based upon a modified milling machine with this concept of control being utilized on turning, punching, grinding and a whole host of other machine tools later. Towards the end of the 1950s,hydrostatic slideways were often incorporated for machine tools of highly precision, which to sonic extent overcame the section problem associated with conventional slideway response, whiles averaging-out slideway inaccuracy brought about a much increased preasion in the machine tool and improved their control characteristics allows "concept of the machining center" was the product of this early work, as it allowed the machine to manufacture a range of components using a wide variety of machining processes at a single set-up, without transfer of workpieces to other variety machine tools. A machining center differed conceptually in its design from that of a milling machine, In that thecutting tools could be changed automatically by the transfer machanism, or selector, from the magazine to spindle, or vice versa.In this ductively and the automatic tool changing feature enabled the machining center to productively and efficiently machine a range of components, by replacing old tools for new, or reselecting the next cutter whilst the current machining process is in cycle.In the mid 1960s,a UK company, Molins, introduced their unique "System 24" which was meant represent the ability of a system to machine for 24 hours per day. It could be thought of as a "machining complex" which allowed a series of NC single purpose machine tools to be linked by a computerized conveyor system. This conveyor allowed the work pieces to be palletized and then directed to as machine tool as necessary. This was an early, but admirable, attempt at a form of Flexible manufacturing System concept, but was unfortunately doomed to failure. Its principal weakness was that only a small proportion of component varieties could be machine at any instant and that even fewer work pieces required the same operations to be performed on them. These factors meant that the utilization level was low, coupled to the fact that the machine tools were expensive and allowed frequent production bottlenecks of work-in-progress to arise, which further slowed down the whole operation.The early to mid-1970s was a time of revolutionary in the area of machine tool controller development, when the term computerized numerical control (CNC) became a reality. This new breed of controllers gave a company the ability to change work piece geometries, together with programs, easily with the minimum of development and lead time, allowing it to be economically viable to machine small batches, or even one-off successfully. The dream of allowing a computerized numerical controller the flexibility and ease of program editing in a production environment became a reality when two ralated factors occurred.These were:the development of integrated circuits, which reduces electronics circuit size, giving better maintenance and allowing more standardization of desing; that general purpose computers were reduced in size coupled to the fact that their cost of production had fallen considerably.The multipie benefits of cheaper electorics with greater reliability have result in the CNC fitted to the machine tools today, with the power and sophistication progtessing considerably in the last few years, allowing an almost artificial intelligence(AI) to the latest systems. Over the years, the machine tools builders have produced a large diversity in the range of applications of CNC and just some of those development will be reviewed in V olume Ⅲ。

机械专业毕业设计英文文献翻译

英文原文Study of Inherent Safety Mine hoist based on modern designmethodsYang Lijie 1, Meng Xiangyun2,Wang Guimei1,Niu Qingna11 Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, 056038, ChinaYanglijie255@2 China Telecom Handan Company, Handan, Hebei, 056038, China Abstract—As a modern security design, Inherent Safety means that equipment and facilities is able to contain the inherent fundamental features to prevent accidents. Mine hoist is the most important equipment in the coal production. How to achieve safe, reliable, efficient production has been the focus study at home and abroad. Inherent safety is reflected in hoist design, primarily through the design measures to improve the operation of hoist safety and reliability. In this paper, Inherent Safety theory is applied in the design of mine hoist, to proposed the design method by using the software of PRO/E PLC, Labview etc..Keywords-Mine hoist; Inherent Safety; PRO/E; PLC; LabviewI. INTRODUCTIONIn coal production, mine hoist is the equipment to carry coal, gangue, materials, workers and equipments along the rockshaft, the only way linked underground and aboveground, known as mine throat. Mine hoist is a large-scale reciprocating machinery which has the feature of own big inertia, load changes, running speed, and wide range et al.. The advantages and disadvantages of its operating performance, not only directly affect the normal production and coal production efficiency, but also relate to equipment and personal safety. In recent years, mine hoist failures and accidents have happened at home and abroad which have paid a heavy price to coal companies. Therefore, the production technology and safety of mine hoist are higher, and its mechanical manufacturing technology and electrical control technology has been an important research area to the international machine building industry and the electric control industry.Inherent Safety means that equipment and facilities is able to contain the inherent fundamental features to prevent accidents. Inherent Safety lies in design, through continuous improvement, to prevent accidents due to the equipment itself failures. Inherent safety is reflected in hoist design, primarily through the design measures to improve the operation of hoist safety and reliability. In this paper, Inherent Safety theory is applied in the design of mine hoist, to proposed the inherent safety design method by use the software of PRO/E PLC, Labview etc..II. INHERENT SAFETY THEORYThe term of inherent safety originates the development of world space technology in the 1950s. The concept is widely accepted closely linked with scientific technological progress and human understanding of safety culture. The concept of inherent safety produced after the World War II which became major safety concept in many industrialized countries since the mid 20th century.Inherent safety design as the basic method of hazard control, by selecting safe materials, process routes, mechanical equipment, devices, to eliminate or control hazards source rather than relying on "additional" security measures or management measures to control them. As inherent safety design, firstly analyze and identify hazards that may occur in system, and then choose the best methods to eliminate, control hazards, which reflected in project design.Ⅲ. THE DESIGN OF INHERENT SAFETY MINE HOISTMine hoist mainly includs the working device, control system, transmission system and drag, protection systems and other components. To the inherent safety mine hoist design, mainly the mechanical system, control system and monitor system is the major part to considered.A.In-depth investigations to find malfunctionThe concept of inherent safety is required safety all the time in the product design process. That is, the equipment has little malfunction as much as possible during the operation and has long normal operation cycle length. How can design inherent safety equipment, the most important thing is understanding enough to the equipment, especially in work. After in-depth research, fully understanding the situation, try the best to reduce or eliminate the fault in the design. After in-depth understanding of research, design product.B. Mechanical SystemThe traditional method of product has long design cycle, high costs. However, the virtual prototype technology has the advantage in saving the design cost, shortening the design circle, by using the method of modeling, simulation first and then builds the physical prototype. Therefore, the virtual design is the developing trends of mechanical design. In mechanical system design, the application of virtual prototype is used to design mine hoist, not only speeded up the design process, also simulated a variety of conditions to the virtual prototype to discover design faults, to improve the design, to improve mine hoist performance.Mine hoist mechanical system is composed of spindle, roller, reducer, motor, brakes and other components. In its design, virtual design software PRO / E is applied to establish hoist prototype, application of simulation software ADAMS is used to simulate and optimize the design. Specific process shown in Figure 1:Figure 1. Mechanical system designC. Control system designMine hoist control system includes start, run, brake, etc., the requirements in control system are:In normal hoist operation, participation in hoist speed control, brake the hoist when reaching the destination, known as the service braking;In case of emergency, can quickly slow down as required, brake hoist, to prevent the expansion of the accident, that is the safety braking; Participate in the hoist speed control when decelerati; To double-roller hoist, should brake the moving roller and fix roller respectively when regulating rope length, replacement level and changing rope, so that, moving roller would not move when spindle rotates with the fixed roller.Most of mine hoists in China (more than 70%) use the traditional electric control system (tkd-a as the representative). Tkd control system is composed of relay logic circuits, large air contactors, tachometer generator etc., which is a touch control system. After years of development, tkd-a series of electric control system has formed its own characteristics, but its shortcomings are obvious. Its electrical circuit is too complicated, multi-line, causing hoist parking and accidents occurred due to electrical fault. With the computer and digital technology, to form a digital hoist control systemof PLC has become possible. PLC control system has high control precision, parameter stability, simple hardware structure, self-diagnostic capability and communication networking function.Mine hoist control system based on PLC technology structure shown in Figure 2, mainly including the following components: the main plc control circuits, hoist route detection and display circuits, speed detection, and signal circuits. The PLC of the main control circuits uses Mitsubishi FX2N series in Japan which more domestic applications.Figure 2 PLC electric control systemD. Monitoring system designTo ensure safe operation of the hoist, except for selecting the reasonable operation design parameters, the use of advanced control system, should also monitor the technological parameters on regular, conscientiously do performance test work to master the hoist performance, discover the defects in time, eliminate hidden danger,avoid unnecessary losses. In addition, the hoist operation state can be improved to work in the best conditions based on test data. Therefore, the hoist could work safely, reliably, have high efficiency, and extend its work life.Virtual instrument technology is computer-based instrumentation and measurement technology, is loaded some software and hardware on the computer with similar appearance and performance of the actual independent instrument. The user operating the computer, like manipulating a especially conventional electronic devices designed theirs. The essence of virtual instrument technology is that hardware softwarized technology, take full advantage of the latest computer technology to implement and expand the functions of traditional instruments.LabVIEW (laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench) is a graphical programming and development environment, also known as "G" language. It is widely used by industry, academia and research laboratories, accepted as the standard data acquisition and instrument control software. LabVIEW not only provides and complies with all the functions of hardware and data acquisition cards communications of GPIB, VXI, RS-232 and RS-485 protocol, and built-in library functions support for TCP / IP, ActiveX and other software standards. The software for scientists and engineers is a programming language, it provides a simple, intuitive graphical programming mode, saves a lot of development time, has complete function, best embodied style of virtual instrument.In response to these circumstances, developed a mine hoist Integrate Performance Monitoring System based on virtual instrument LabVIEW-based. Show in Figure 3. With signal conditioning and data acquisition card to receive signals from sensors, then sent the received signal to the virtual instrument software platform, enables the following features:（1）show speed, acceleration, braking time, displacement, oil pressure, delay time and other relevant parameters in digital, and display speed, acceleration, traction, displacement and hydraulic curves.（2）Dynamically monitor the hydraulic oil pressure and oil pump running station, based on these parameters to avoid important braking system failure.（3）Test brake air travel time, relay delay time and other time parameters.（4）inquiry to the measured curve and hoist parameters; print a test report.Figure 3. Diagram of test systemThe monitoring system has characteristics such as compact, light weight, high precision, testing convenient and flexible, feature-rich software etc.. the system can not only display automatically test results, but also finish multiple functions, for example , data transmission, analysis, processing, storage and report printing. The system is high precision, can easily monitor the hoist operation state, to ensure the reliability of hoist operation.Ⅳ. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, used virtual design software to design the hoist mechanical system, PLC to design control system, applied virtual instrument software-LABVIEW to design monitor system. Therefore, the mine hoist designed has good mechanical properties and safe operation, monitoring easy.REFERENCES[1] Weng qishu. The inherent safety and checks of cabin[J]. navigationTechnology 2006 (3):50-52. (in Chinese)[2] Li jangbo. Study of Test System of Composite Characteristic of Devices Based onVirtual instrument[D]. A Dissertation Submitted to Hebei University ofEngineering For the Academic Degree of Master of Engineering, 2007. (inChinese)[3] Wang chengqin, Li wei , Meng baoxing et al... Random vibration testing system ofhoisting gear based on virtual instrument. Coal mine machinery, 2008(4) :118-120.(in Chinese)[4] Chen baozhi Wu min. concept and practices of inherent safety[J]. Journal ofSafety Science and Technology,2008(6):79-83. (in Chinese)[5] Xu chenyi, Wu yongdong, Huanghe et al.. A PLC-based mine hoist control systemdesign [J]. LC&FA, 2008(10):52-56 (in Chinese)中文译文基于现代设计方法的矿井提升机内在安全性的研究Yang Lijie 1, Meng Xiangyun2,Wang Guimei1,Niu Qingna11河北工程大学,河北邯郸,056038,中国Yanglijie255@2中国电信邯郸分公司,河北邯郸,056038,中国摘要：作为一个现代的安全设计，内在的安全性意味着设备和设施能够包含防止事故发生的固有基本特征。

机械毕业设计中英翻译

英语原文：CAD/CAM is the technical expression, indicates the computer-aided design and the computer aided manufacturing.This is one item in the design and the production, carries out certain function technology about the use computer data.This technology is completing the design and the production direction to the place develops.In these two traditions was considered is in the production process out of the ordinary, independent function.In brief, CAD/CAM will be able to provide the technology base for the future complete computer production.Looked from the computer science angle that, the design and the manufacture process is one has, processing, the exchange and the management process about the product information.The people use the computer to take the main technical method, from forms in one's mind to the product to put in the market in the entire process information to carry on the analysis and processing, produces and utilizes each kind of numerical information and the graph information, carries on the product the design and the manufacture.The CAD/CAM technology is not the traditional design, the manufacture flow method simple reflection, also is not limits in the partial use computer takes the tool in the individual step or the link, but is unifies the computer science and the project domain specialized technology as well as human's wisdom and the experience take the modern scientific method as the instruction, in the design, in the manufacture entire process each completely manager, as far as possible use computer system completes the work which these duplication high, the labor big, the computation complex as well as depends on purely artificially completes with difficulty, but assists must replaces the engineers and technicians to complete the entire process, obtains the desired effec The CAD/CAM system as well as plans the hardware, the software for supports the environment, (subsystem) realizes through each function module to the product description, the computation, the analysis, optimized, the cartography, the technological process design, the simulation as well as the NC processing.But the generalized CAD/CAM integrative system also should include aspects and so on production plan, management, quality control.Since 1946 first electronic accounting machine has been born in US, people on unceasing computer technology Introduces the machine design? Manufacture domain.As early as in the 50's, for the first time develops successfully the numerical control engine bed, may realize through the different numerical control procedure to the different components processing Afterwards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's servo laboratory succeeds with the computer manufacture numerical control paper tape, has realized the NC programming automation.In this foundation, the people proposed the following tentative plan: The APT software is feeds the path method realization computer assistance programming through the description, that, can not describe feeds the path, but is direct description components itself? From this has had the CAD initial concept.The entire 50's, the electronic accounting machine also is in the electron tube time, uses the machine language programming, the computer mainly uses in thescience computation, also only has the output function for it disposition graph equipment.CADCAM system basic compositionCAD/CAM system hardware dispositionCAD/CAM system software compositionCAD/CAM system software dispositionComputer aided manufacturing (CAM) may define for uses the computer system to design, to manage and controls a productive plan the movement, through direct or indirect planned production resources computer contact surface.If defines states, the computer aided manufacturing application has 2 big aspects:1) computer supervisory control.This is the direct application, the computer with the production process connection, uses in supervising directly and the control production process2) produces the support application.This is the indirect application, middle the productive plan, the computer uses in supporting the production operation, but is not the computer and the production process links directly.Charting productive forces increaseThe CAD/CAM system may undertake the one whole set new charting theory to be able to strengthen the productivity.Again completes next step, keeps firmly in mind the entire design to be possible to store up the system.When the planner receives one with has saved the blueprint specification similar work piece, he only must recollect, and adjusts it the work storage place, revises in the original blueprint not to conform to a new work piece request part, productivity enhances.The original work piece efficiency enhances, but this can enhance the next step working efficiency.This is a complete at times renewal database support, can facilitate the user to use Improve mapping analysisThe charting analysis is another important work, it can by certain synthesize the CAD/CAM system automatic operation.This in pipeline design, in particular an important application.The pipeline design paper very is usually complex moreover must conform to the precise industry specification.The other giftedCAD/CAM also can affect a company in other aspects the project system.It can enhance the entire physical process the efficiency, the permission present project plan and the report procedure appraisal.CAD/CAM can improve improves the quality of the product the guarantee technology.It can automatic accurate and the integrity document material, the maintenance partial data accurate and bill of materials accurate.DeficiencyCAD/CAM insufficient spot not that obvious, but they can destroy even the most perfect design, the biggest shortcoming is only can directly skips from the manual charting and the recordpreservation to CAD/CAM, the elephant installs a set of jet engine in the populace automobile.The automobile possibly can run quick somewhat, but if the foundation enhancement has not coordinated the heavy pressure, the entire automobile can disperse the frame.CAD/CAM applicationSKETCHPAD, the CAD/CAM technology has passed through very long chi.It is already applied in the middle of each widespread industry.It uses in each aspect, controls from the airplane to the weapon research, manufactures from the map to the movement medical service, from circuit analysis to building steel analysis.CAD/CAM is being applied in each kind of charting and the production, installs the schematic diagram from the movie to the large-scale long-distance monitoring direct set battleship, its application to is developing variously.Now CAD/CAM market.Now in the market has four kind of different CAD/CAM sellers.First is some subordinate companies sells comes from a big enterprise part or the branch CAD/CAM technology.The IBM CAD/CAM branch is an example.If belongs to Mc-Donnell-Douglas McAuto; Belongs to General Electric Lalma, with belongs to Schlumberger Applican, if the multi-large number CAD/CAM subordinate company the main corporation has the massive service intercourse, not only sale supervisory system moreover when one's position is lowly one's words carry no weight service office.When they control the massive accounts also with provides the service, these companies on in optimum condition, because they may extract the massive profits.But they must undertake the complex administrative chain of command, this obstructs in them makes the fast response to the market tendency, or their itself studies and outside the development department, the merge improves on again their new production line the new technical developmentCAD/CAM technology and the product development road of futureAfter many year promotions, the CAD technology already widely applied in professions and so on machinery, electron, astronautics, chemical industry, building.Played using the CAD technology enhanced the enterprise the rated capacity, the optimization design proposal, reduces technical personnel's labor intensity, reduction design cycle, beefed-up design roles and so on standardization.In recent years, our country CAD technology development and the application have obtained the considerable development, besides has carried on sinicizing and the re-development to many overseas softwares, but also was born many had the independent copyright CAD system, If high Chinese CAD, opens item CAD and so on, because these software price is cheap, conforms to our country national condition and the standard, therefore has received widespread welcome, has won the more and more big market share. But, our country CAD/CAM software no matter is from the product development level from the commercialization, the marketability degree all has not the small disparity with the developed country.Because the overseas CAD/CAM software appears early, the development and the application time is also long,therefore they develop quite maturely, now basically already has seized the international market.These overseas software company uses its technical and the fund superiority, starts vigorously to our country market march At present, the overseas some outstanding softwares, like UG, SolidWorks, Pro/Engineer, CATIA and so on, already have seized part of domestic markets.Therefore, our country CAD/CAM software prospect is unoptimistic.But, we also should see clearly own superiority, for instance understood our country market, provides the technical support to be convenient, price small advantage and so on.Not only under these premises, we importantly with the trend of the times, the track international newest tendency, observe each international standard, in international domestic forms the oneself unique superiority, must base the home, the union national condition, face the domestic economic development need，develops has oneself characteristic, conforms to CAD/CAM software which the Chinese is familiar with.。

机械加工专业毕业设计外文翻译

附录ToolPurposeUpon completion of this unit, students will be able to:* Rough and explain the difference between finishing.* Choose the appropriate tool for roughing or finishing of special materials and processing.* Recognition Tool Cutting part of the standard elements and perspective.* The right to protect the cutter blade.* List of three most widely used tool material.* Description of each of the most widely used knives made of the material and its processing of Applications.* Space and inclination to understand the definition.* Grinding different tools, plus the principle of space and inclination.* To identify different forms of space and the inclination to choose the application of each form.The main points of knowledge:Rough-finished alloy steel casting materialScattered surplus carbide ceramic materials (junction of the oxide) ToolWith a chip breaking the surface roughness of the D-cutter knives diamondsAfter Kok flank behind the standard point of (former) angle off-chipSide front-side appearance and the outline of the former Kok (I. Kok)Grinding carbon tool steel front-fast finishing horn of rigid steelDouble or multiple-side flank before the dip angle oblique angleSurface-radius Slice root for curlingRough and finishing toolCutting speed only in the surface roughness not required when it is not important. Rough the most important thing is to remove the excess material scattered. Only in surface roughness of the finishing time is important. Unlike rough, finishing the slow processing speed. Chip off with the D-knives, better than the standard point of knives, in Figure 9-10 A, is designed for cutting depth and design, for example, a 5 / 16-inch box cutter blade of the maximum depth of cut 5 / 16 inches, and an 8 mm square block will be cutting knives Corner to 8 mm deep, this tool will be very fast Corner block removal of surplus metal. Slice merits of the deal with that, in a small blade was close thinning. This tool is also a very good finishing tool. But please do not confuse the thin band Tool and Tool-off crumbs. A chip-off is actually counter-productive tool to cut off the chip flakes.And the standard tool of the Corner, compared with chip breaking tool for the Corner is in its on and get grooving, Figure 9-10 B. This tool generally used to block the Corner of rough finishing. While this tool Corner blocks have sufficient strength to carry out deep cut, but the longer the chip will cut off the plane around after shedding a lot of accumulation. Chip is so because the tangles and sharp, and theoperator is a dangerous, so this is a chip from the need to address the problem. Double, or triple the speed of the feed will help to resolve, but this will require greater horsepower and still easily chip very long. Because of the slow processing, however, this action will be a good tool but also because of the small root radius of the processing will be a smooth surface. Especially when processing grey cast iron especially.Cutting Tools appearanceAppearance, sometimes called the contour of the floor plan is where you see the vision or the top down or look at the surface. Figure 9-11 illustrate some of the most common form, those who could be on the cutting tools and grinding out successfully be used. National Standards in its thread-cutting tool on a tiny plane can be as GB thread, the Anglo-American unity and international standards screw threads. A special tool to outline the thread of the plane is to be ground into the correct size.Tools Corner fixedCorner to a number of knives around the 15 degree angle while the other knives and cutting of the straight. When the mill in Figure 9-12 A and 9-12 B, for example by the space and the inclination, these must factor into consideration in the review. Figure 9-12 B Tool Corner block the angle is zero, compared with 9-12 A map is a heavier cutting tools, and the 9-12 A map will take more heat. The same amount of space in front of the two cases are the same.Tool Corner block component and the angleFigure 9-13 Tool Corner block an integral part of the name, and plans 9-14 point of the name, is the machinery industry standards.Grinding Wheel Tool Corner BlockWhen the cutter is fixed in the middle of Dao, Tool Corner block can not be the grinding. Can not do so for the reasons: because of the large number of Dao and extra weight, making Corner together with the grinding is a clumsy and inefficient way. Too much pressure could be added to round on the sand. This can cause the wheel Benglie wheel or because of overheating and the rift on the Corner Tool damage. There are grinding to the possibility of Dao.GrindingA craftsman in his toolbox, should always be a small pocket lining grinding tool. Alumina lining a grinding tool as carbon tool steel and high speed steel tool tool. The silicon carbide lining grinding tool grinding carbide cutting tools. Cutting Tools should always maintain smooth and sharp edge, so that the life expectancy of long knives and processing the surface smooth.Cutting tool materialsCarbon tool steel cutter Corner block usually contains 1.3 percent to 0.9 percent of carbon. These make use of the cutting tool in their tempering temperature higher than about 400 degrees Fahrenheit (205 degrees Celsius) to 500 degrees Fahrenheit (260 degrees Celsius) remained hardness, depending on the content of carbon. These temperature higher than that of carbon tool steel cutter will be changed soft, and it will be the cutting edge. Damaged. Grinding blades or cutting speed faster when using carbon tool steel cutter will be made of the blue, this will be in the imagination. Toolwill be re-hardening and tempering again. So in a modern processing almost no carbon as a tool steel blade.Low-alloy steel cutting tool in the carbon steel tools added tungsten, cobalt, vanadium alloying elements such as the consequences. These elements and the hardness of high-carbon carbide. Increased tool wear resistance. Alloy tool steel that is to say there will be no hard and fast with hot red when the knife's edge can still continue to use it. Low-alloy steel cutting tool is relatively small for a modern processing.High-speed steel with tungsten of 14 percent to 22 percent, or Containing 1.5% to 6% of the W-Mo (molybdenum which accounted for 6 percent to 91 percent). From high-speed steel tool made of a rigid heat, some high-speed steel also contains cobalt, which is formed of rigid factor. Cobalt containing high-speed steel tool can maintain hardness, more than 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (or 540 degrees Celsius) blade will become soft and easily damaged. After cooling, the tool will harden. When grinding, you must be careful because of overheating and cold at first, so that profile Benglie Zhucheng a variety of metal alloy materials have a special name called Carbide, such as containing tungsten carbide cobalt chrome. In little or iron carbide. However, its high-speed steel cutting speed than the maximum cutting speed is higher 25 percent to 80 percent. Carbide Tool General for cutting force and the intermittent cutting processing, such as processing Chilled Iron.The past, Carbide Tool is mainly used for processing iron, but now carburizing tool for processing all the metal.Carbide Tool into the body than to the high-speed steel tool or casting - lighter alloy cutting tools, because tend to be used as a tool carbide cutting tools. Pure tungsten, carbon carburizing agent or as a dipping formation of the tungsten carbide, suitable for the cast iron, aluminum, non-iron alloy, plastic material and fiber of the machining. Add tantalum, titanium, molybdenum led to the carbon steel The hardness of higher tool, this tool suitable for processing all types of steel. In manufacturing, or tungsten steel alloy containing two or more of a bonding agent and the mixture is hard carbon steel tool, is now generally containing cobalt, cobalt was inquiry into powder and thoroughly mixed, under pressure Formation of Carbide.These cutting tools in the temperature is higher than 1,660 degrees F (870 degrees C) can also be efficiently used. Carbide Tool hardware than high-speed steel tool, used as a tool for better wear resistance. Carbide Tool in a high-speed Gangdao nearly three times the maximum cutting speed of the cutting rate cutting.Made from diamonds to the cutting tool on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the high demand and carbide cutting tools can be competitive, but these tools processing the material was more difficult, and difficult to control. Metal, hard rubber and plastic substances can be effective tool together with diamonds and annoyance to the final processing.Ceramic tool (or mixed oxide) is mixed oxide. With 0-30 grade alumina mixture to do, for example, contains about 89 percent to 90 percent of alumina and 10 percent to 11 percent of titanium dioxide. Other ceramic tool is used with the tiny amount of the second oxides Mixed together the cause of pure alumina.Ceramic tools in more than 2,000 degrees F (1095 degrees C) temperature of the work is to maintain strength and hardness. Cutting rates than high-carbon steel knives to 50 percent or even hundreds of percentage. In addition to diamonds and titanium carbide, ceramic tool in the industry is now all the materials of the most hard cutting tool, especially at high temperatures.Tao structure easily broken in a specific situation, broken only carbon intensity of the half to two-thirds. Therefore, in cut, according to the proportion of cutting and milling would normally not be recommended. Ceramics cutting machine breakdown of failure is not usually wear failure, as compared with other materials, their lack of ductility and lower tensile strength.In short, the most widely used by the cutting tool material is cut high-speed steel, low alloy materials and carbide.Gap and dipSpace and inclination of the principle is the most easily to the truck bed lathe tool bladed knives to illustrate. Shape, size of the gap, and dip the type and size will change because of machining. Similarly a grinding tool Corner block is just like brushing your teeth.Gap tool to stop the edge of friction with the workpiece. If there is no gap in Figure 9-15A in the small blades, knives and the side will wear will not be cutting. If there are gaps in Figure 9-15 B, will be a cutting tool. This basic fact apply to any type of tool.Clearance was cutting the size depends on material and the cutting of the material deformation. For example, aluminum is soft and easy to slightly deformed or uplift, when the cutter Corner into space within the perspective and the perspective of the space under, the equivalent in steel mill and will very quickly broken. Table 9-1 (No. 340) that different materials grinding space and perspective.The correct amount of space will be properly protected edge. Too much space will cause the blade vibration (fibrillation), and may edge of total collapse. Tool Corner for the slab block must have a backlash, behind (in front) gap, knife and cut-corner. The main cutting edge is almost as all the cutting work at the cutting edge of the cutting tool on the edge, on the left or right-lateral knives, or cutting tool in the end, cut off on a cutter.Backlash angle for example, the role of a lathe tool Corner to the left block when it mobile. If there is no backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 A, with the only tool will be part of friction rather than cutting. If a suitable backlash Kok, Fig 9-16 B, will be cutting edge and will be well supported. If I have too many gaps, Fig 9-16 C, the edge will not support leading tool vibration (fibrillation) and may be completely broken.Tool gap to the front or rear of the role when it fixed to zero, as shown in Figure 9-17. If not in front of the Gap. Figure 9-17 A, the tool will not only friction and cutting. If a suitable space in front, Fig 9-17 B, but also a good tool will be cutting edge will be well supported. If a big gap in front of Ms, Fig 9-17 C, the tool will lack support, will have a vibrate, and cutting edge may be pressure ulcer.Figure 9-18 illustrate the gap in front of a lathe tool, when it with a 15 degree angle when fixed. The same amount of space on the front fixed to zero, and around thecutter, but the tool is the relatively thin. So the heat away from the blade less. Typically, front-side or front-not too big in Figure 9-19. It is usually from zero degrees to 20 degrees change, an average of about 15 degrees. There are clear advantages, according to the following: good cutting angle so that the cutting edge of the work was well, but relatively thin chips. Cutting Tools is the weakest part. By the former angle, the blade In the form of points around the workpiece. Cutting Edge shock will cause the entire tool vibration. When cutting the work nearly completed, the final section of metal was to ring, packing iron sheet or tangles in the form of the metal ball away gradually replaced by direct removal. Pressure tends to stay away from the workpiece cutting tool rather than narrow the gap between its parts. 9-19 A in the plan was an example of the use of a 30-degree lateral Cutting Angle tool processing thin slice example. A mathematical proof of the plan 9-19 B in the right-angle triangle trip is to expand the use of a map 9-19 A right triangle in the same way, that is, in the direction of upward mobility to feed a 0.010 inch. Right triangle adjacent to the edge (b) and feed 0.010 feet equivalent.The following formula using triangulation to explain:Kok cosine A = right-angle-B / C XiebianOr cosine of 30 degrees = b / c0.886 = b/0.010b = 0.866 * 0.010b = 0.00866 (bladed too thin)When the mobile tool, the purpose of front-to be processed to eliminate from the surface of the cut-cutting tools. This angle is usually from 8 degrees to 15 degrees, but in exceptional circumstances it as much as 20 degrees to 30 degrees. If there is no gap in Figure 9-20 A, cutting tools will be tied up, sharp beep, and the rivets may be the first to die away. The appropriate space, in Figure 9-20 B, cutting tool will be cutting well.A manufacturing plant or cut off the fast-cutter blade with three space, in a root-surface or surface and the other in bilateral level, in Figure 9-21. If a tool Corner block from the date of the face, It can have up to five space, in Figure 9-22. Grooving tool sometimes known as area reduction tool used to cut a groove in the shallow end of the thread.Inclination is the top tool inclination or, in the Tool Corner block on the surface. Changes depending on the angle of the cutting material. Improvement of the cutting angle, the blade shape, and guidelines from the chip from the edge of the direction. Chip dip under the direction named. For example, if a chip from the edge cutter outflow, it is called anterior horn. If the chip to the back of the outflow, that is, to the Dao, which is known as the horn. Some mechanical error and the staff horn as a front-or knife corner.Single tool like Tool Corner block may be the only edge of the blade side oblique angle, or in the back, only to end on the edge of the horn, or they may have roots in the face or front surface of the main Cutting edge of the blade and cutting edge of the horn and a roll angle of the portfolio. In the latter case, cut off most of the surface with a cutter and a chip to the point of view in the tool horn and roll angle in bothdirections has been moved out.Two different roll angle in Figure 9-23 A and 9-23 B was an example. Angle depends on the size and type of material was processed.9-24 A map in Figure 9-24 B and gives examples of zero to a fixed cutter after the two different angle. In Figure 9-25 B and 9-25 A Tool to the regular 15-degree angle. Figure 9-26 tool to display a 15 degree angle fixed, but in this case a tool to roll angle after angle and the combination of form close to the workpiece. Double or multiple chips to lead the inclination angle of a mobile or two away from the edge of the back and side to stay away from the cutter.Comparison of various horn, shown in Figure 9-27, Corner of the horn of a negative point of view, and zero is the point of view. These dip in the Corner cutter on the manifestation of a decision in the hands of the processing needs of the pieces. After Kok was the size of the type of materials processing, and knives in Dao fixed on the way.The type of lateral oblique angleFigure 9-28 examples of tools Corner blocks and four different types of lateral oblique angle of the cross-sectional. Figure 9-28 A, is zero lateral oblique angle, like some of the brass materials, some bronze and some brittle plastic material is particularly necessary. Standard side oblique angle, in Figure 9-28 B, is the most common one of the bevel side. In the ductile material on the deep cut, easy to chip in the tool around the accumulation of many, and this will cause danger to the operator. The chip will become a deal with the problem. Such a tool to cut off the grey cast iron is the most appropriate.Chip laps volumes, Figure 9-28 C, is one of the best types of inclination, especially in the ductile material on the special deep cutting. Chip small crimp in close formation against the Dao of bladed knives against the will of the rupture. The chip rolled up to maintain a narrow trough of the chip will guarantee that the width of closely Lane V ol. The chip is very easy to handle. V olume circle with a chip is not a cut-chip.Chip cut off, in Figure 9-28 D, leading to chip in the corner was cut off, and then to small chips fell after the chip. The need to cut off a chip provides up to 25 percent of the force. This inclination of the stickiness of the steel is good.Gap KokWhen cutting any material time, the gap should always be the smallest size, but the gap should never angle than the required minimum angle small space. The gap is too small knives Kok will lead to friction with the workpiece. Choice of space at the corner to observe the following points:1. When processing hardness, stickiness of the material, the use of high-speed steel tool cutting angle should be in the space of 6 to 8 degrees, and the use of carbon tool steel cutter at the corner of the gap in size should be 5 degrees to 7 degrees.2. When the processing of carbon steel, low carbon steel, cast iron when the gap angle should be the size of high-speed steel tool 8 degrees to 12 degrees, and carbon tool steel cutter 5 degrees to 10 degrees.3. Scalability when processing materials such as copper, brass, bronze, aluminum,iron, etc. Zhanxing materials, space Kok should be the size of high-speed steel tool 12 degrees to 16 degrees, carbon steel knives 8 degrees to 14 , Mainly because of the plastic deformation of these metals. This means that, when the cutter and around them, the soft metal to some minor deformation or protruding, and this tool will be friction. At this time, we must have a tool on the additional space.刀具目的在完成这一个单元之后，学生将会能够:* 解释粗加工和精加工之间的差别。

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襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目超声波简介及其应用专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级机制0712姓名刘康学号07116201指导教师职称李梅副教授2011年5月25日Introduction and application of ultrasonic Ultrasonic is a mechanical waves which frequency above 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic inspection commonly used in the frequency of 0. 5~5 MHz. The mechanical waves in the material spread in a certain speed and directions, acoustic impedance different heterogeneous interfaces such as defect is encountered or the bottom surface of the object being tested, will reflections. This reflection phenomenon can be used to ultrasonic testing , most common is pulse echo testing method testing , pulse oscillator issued of voltage plus in probe with pressure electric ceramic or quartz chip made of detection components , probe issued of ultrasonic pulse by sound coupled media such as oil or water , entered material and in which spread , encountered defects , part reflection energy along original way returns probe , probe will change it in electric pulse , by instrument zoom and display in oscilloscope tubes of screen . Depending on where the flaw echo on the screen and amplitude of reflection wave with artificial defects in a reference block rate compared to defect location and approximate dimensions. Apart from Echo method, and use another probe to the other side of the workpiece to accept signal penetration method. When use ultrasonic detection the physical properties of materials, also often take advantage of ultrasonic in sound velocity, attenuation and resonance characteristics of workpiece.Ultrasonic characteristics: 1, ultrasonic beam to focus on a specific direction, along the straight lines in the media, has a good point. 2, ultrasonic wave propagation in the media, attenuation and scattering occurs. 3, ultrasonic wave on the interface of heterogeneous media will make reflection, refraction and mode conversion. Using these features, you can get the defective interface from reflected reflection, so as to achieve the purpose of detecting defects. 4, ultrasonic energy is power than sonic. 5, the ultrasonic loss is very small in solid transmission , probe depth, as occurs in the hetero - interface by ultrasonic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, especially not by gas - solid interface. If the metal air holes, flaws and layer defects such as defects in a gas or a mixture, when defects at the interface of ultrasonic propagation to the metal and on all or part of the reflection. Reflected ultrasonic probe received, handled through circuits inside the instrument, on the screen of the instrument will show a different height and have a certain pitch waveform.Based on waveform characteristics of determine defect depth, location, and shape of the workpiece.Non - destructive testing is not damaged parts or raw materials subject to the status of the work, a means of detection of surface and internal quality checks, Nondestructive Testing abbreviations short for NDT. Ultrasonic testing is also called ultrasonic, ultrasonic flaw detector, is a type of non - destructive testing. UT is on industrial ultrasonic testing non - destructive testing methods. Ultrasonic enters objects when a defect is encountered, some sound waves produce reflection, transmit and receive an analysis of the reflected wave, exception can accurately gauge the flaws. And is able to display the location and size of internal defects, determination of material thickness.Advantages of ultrasonic inspection is to detect thickness, high sensitivity, high speed, low cost, is harmless to human body, can be positioned and quantitative defects.Display of ultrasonic detection on defects are not intuitive, testing of technical difficulty, vulnerable to subjective and objective factors, and inspection results are not easy to hold, ultrasonic testing requirements on the work surface smooth, requiring experienced inspectors to identify defects types, suitable for the part of considerable thickness inspection, ultrasonic inspection has its limitations.Variety of ultrasonic flaw detector, but most widely application of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector. In general, in uniform material, presence of defect will create material discontinuity,this often acoustic impedance of the discontinuity is inconsistent , by the reflection theorem we know that, in two different acoustic impedance by ultrasonic reflection on the interface of media occurs. Size and interface on both sides of the reflected energy media differences in acoustic impedance and orientation, relative to the size of the interface. Pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is designed according to this principle. Most of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is a scan, the so-called A-scan display is the way the display of ultrasonic detection in materials is the horizontal coordinate of transmission time or distance, the ordinate is the amplitude of ultrasonic reflected wave. Such as , in a workpiece in the exists a defects , because defects of exists , between defects and material formed a different media junction surface, interface of sound impedance different , when launch of ultrasonic encountered this interface will occurs reflection , reflection back of energy and probe received it, in monitor screen in the horizontal of must of location on will display out a reflection wave of waveform , horizontal of this location is defects wave in was detection material in the of depth . The reflected wave height and shape of different because of different defects, reflecting the nature of the defectNow is usually on the measured object, human launch industrial materials such as ultrasound, and then use its reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to get the formation of internal information and processing of measured object image. Ultrasonic flaw detector which more general Doppler effect method is using ultrasonic in encountered movement of object Shi occurs of more general Doppler frequency moved effect to came the object of movement direction and speed , characteristics ; transmission rule is by analysis ultrasonic penetrating had was measuring object of changes and came object of internal characteristics of , its application currently also is development stage ; ultrasonic flaw detector here main describes of is currently application up to of by reflection method to gets object internal characteristics information of method. Reflection method is based on ultrasonic in by different sound impedance organization interface will occurs strong reflection of principle work of , as we all know , When sonic from a media spread to another media in the interface will occurs reflection , and media of differences more large reflection will more large , so we can launch out penetrating force strong , and to line spread of ultrasonic to a object , and on reflection back of ultrasonic for received and under these reflection back of ultrasonic , and range , situation on can judgment out this organization in the contains of various media of size , and distribution situation and various media of comparison differences degree , information which reflection back of ultrasonic of has can reflect out reflection interface away fromdetection surface of distance , range can reflect out media of size , and comparison differences degree , characteristics , ultrasonic flaw detector to judgment out the was measuring object is has exception . In this process involves many aspects of content, including produce, receive, ultrasonic signal conversion and processing. One method is through the circuit of ultrasonic excitation signals to crystals such as quartz, lithium sulfate, with the piezoelectric effect, making it resulting in ultrasonic vibration ; receives the reflected ultrasonic waves when the piezoelectric crystals, there will be pressure from the reflected sound waves and electrical signals and transferred to the signal processing circuit for a series of processing, observation of ultrasonic flaw detector resulting images for people to judge.Types of image processing can be divided into A type display display, M and B type show, C-type display, such as F-type display. Which A type display is will received to of ultrasonic signal processing into waveform image , under waveform of shape can see was measuring object inside is has exception and defects in there , and has more large , ultrasonic flaw detector main for industrial detection ; M type display is will a section after fai of processing of detection information by time order expand formation a dimension of " space more points movement timing figure " , for observation internal is movement state of object , ultrasonic flaw detector as movement of organ , and artery vascular; B type display is will side - by - side many section after fai of processing of detection information group synthesis of second dimension of , and reflect out was measuring object internal fault section of " Anatomy image " hospital in using of B Super is with this principle do out of , ultrasonic flaw detector for observation internal is static of object ; and c type display , and F type display now with was comparison less . Detection of ultrasonic flaw detector can be very accurate, and more convenient, fast compared to other testing methods, nor harmful to detect objects and actions, so welcomed by the people more and more popular, has a very broad prospects for development. With the further development of electronic technology and software technology, digital ultrasonic flaw detector there are broad development prospects. Believe in the near future, more advanced new generation of digital intelligent ultrasonic flaw detector will gradually replace traditional analog detector, mainly for image display detector will be widely used in industrial inspection.Ultrasonic characterization of defects is always a difficult problem, still mainly relies on experience and analysis of inspection personnel, and poor accuracy. Development of the modern discipline of artificial intelligence for the realization of instrument automatic defect characterization offers the potential. Application of pattern recognition technology and expert systems, various characteristics of a large number of known defects input sample library, to accept the equipment people experience, and after studying with automatic defect characterization capabilities.超声波简介及其应用超声波是频率高于20千赫的机械波。