维多利亚时代【英文】
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维多利亚时代【英文】 victorian period
Victorian Period
• Women for suffrage – did not succeed until 1918 (30 & over) • Universal adult suffrage 1928 extended vote to women at age 21 • Factory Acts – limited child & women labor • State supported schools est. in 1870; compulsory in 1880; free in 1891 • Literacy rate increased from 40% to 90% from 1840-1900.
• First Reform Bill in 1832 extended vote to all men who owned property worth 10 lbs • Second Reform Act in 1867 gave the right to vote to working-class men (except agricod
• Intellectual Progress
• Understanding of earth, its creatures & natural laws (geology, Darwin – theory of evolution) • Industrialization of England depended on and supported science and technology.
Victorian Period
• Paradox of progress
• Victorian – synonym for prude; extreme repression; even furniture legs had to be concealed under heavy cloth not to be “suggestive”
Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
TYPICAL INCOMES (YEARLY)
Aristocrats £30,000 Merchants, bankers £10,000 Middle-class (doctors, lawyers, clerks) £300-800 Lower middle-class (head teachers, journalists, shopkeepers, etc.) £150-300 Skilled workers (carpenters, typesetters,etc.) £75100 Sailors and domestic staff £40-75 Laborers, soldiers £25
19TH CENTURY ENGLAND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It accelerated the migration of the population from country to overcrowded c 1876 the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell The radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. The camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were all created during the Victorian Era. Factories began to be powered by steam. The police force was created during this period.
Great Expectations
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
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Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
英美Chapter 5 维多利亚的时代
Chapter 5: The Victorian Period （维多利亚时代）part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p156)1837-1901 to coincide with the reign of Queen Victoria（维多利亚女王的统治时期）➢Victorian Period can be divided into 3 parts/stages:The early Victorian period（早）The mid-Victorian period（中）The late Victorian period（晚）Victorian Period is an extremely diverse and contradictory age. (para.1, p156)维多利亚时代是一个极其多样化和矛盾的时代。
imperial expansion, political reform, scientific progress帝国扩张，政治改革，科学进步Cruel exploitation, social injustice, desperate poverty残酷的剥削，社会不公，极度的贫困It was an age of “paradise for the well-to-do, a purgatory for the able, and a hell for the poor. 那是一个富人的天堂，能人的炼狱，穷人的地狱的时代。
-John Morley 早期的维多利亚时代(para.2, p156)1.Industrial Revolution （工业革命）→introduction of coal & steam engine(煤和蒸汽机)→transportation --> world trade market(运输—世界贸易市场)→profound economic & social changes（深刻的经济社会变革）2.Industrial Revolution (工业革命)→make up a new kind of working class(组成了一种新的工人阶级)→horrifying slums & cramped row housing(可怕的贫民窟和拥挤的排屋)→A huge gap between the rich and the poor(贫富之间的巨大差距)3. THE REFORM BALL of 1832 (议会通过选举改革法案)①It extended the voting rights to the men of the middle class.它扩大了中产阶级男性的投票权。
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
Victorian Drama
The theater was a flourishing and popular institution during the Victorian period. The popularity of theater influenced other genres. Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British theater with their comic masterpieces.
Charles Darwin(达尔文）
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)
Charles Dickens
Pickwick Papers (1836-7) 《匹克威克外传》 Oliver Twist (1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》 The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) 《老古玩店》 Dombey and Son:(1846_48) 《董贝父子》 David Copperfield: (1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》 Bleak House (1854) 《荒凉山庄》 Hard Times (1854)《艰难时世》 Little Dorrit (1855-57)《小杜丽》 A Tale Of Two Cities (1859) 《双城记》 Great Expectations (1860_61) 《远大前程》
English Literature in the Victorian Period
Queen Victoria
English Literature in the Victorian Period
英国文学Victorian Era 维多利亚时代52页PPT
42、只有在人群中间，才能认识自 己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
英国文学Victorian Fra bibliotekra 维多利亚时代
41、俯仰终宇宙，不乐复何如。 42、夏日长抱饥，寒夜无被眠。 43、不戚戚于贫贱，不汲汲于富贵。 44、欲言无予和，挥杯劝孤影。 45、盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时 当勉励 ，岁月 不待人 。
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育； 而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联
英国文学Victorian Fra bibliotekra 维多利亚时代
41、俯仰终宇宙，不乐复何如。 42、夏日长抱饥，寒夜无被眠。 43、不戚戚于贫贱，不汲汲于富贵。 44、欲言无予和，挥杯劝孤影。 45、盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时 当勉励 ，岁月 不待人 。
41、学问是异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
The Victorian Age 维多利亚时代
Mid-Victoria (1855-1879)
Late-Victoria (1868-1902)
The predominant theme in the early Victorian literature.
The Progress of Reform
Political &Social Background
Charlotte Bronte
• Famous work: Jane Eyre
• Promoted the development of feminism.
• Pseudonym: Currer Bell
William Makepeace Thackeray
• Feature of his writing: His novels contain satirical portrayal of the upper stratum of society。
lawer’s clerk: full of self-conceit, prudishness, petty tyranny and ignorance Conclusion: They are pinned on that class, that it was
servile to its social superiors and despotic to its social inferiors.
• Works: Oliver Twist, The Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfeild, Great Expectations.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities
街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那 桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。
Late-Victoria (1868-1902)
The predominant theme in the early Victorian literature.
The Progress of Reform
Political &Social Background
Charlotte Bronte
• Famous work: Jane Eyre
• Promoted the development of feminism.
• Pseudonym: Currer Bell
William Makepeace Thackeray
• Feature of his writing: His novels contain satirical portrayal of the upper stratum of society。
lawer’s clerk: full of self-conceit, prudishness, petty tyranny and ignorance Conclusion: They are pinned on that class, that it was
servile to its social superiors and despotic to its social inferiors.
• Works: Oliver Twist, The Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfeild, Great Expectations.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities
街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那 桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
--The 1st Reform Act of 1832 and the 2nd Reform act of 1867 : reform in the electoral system leading to a more democratic society
---,1830, 1850, 1900, Public railway across England and an underground rail system beneath London ---Great Exhibition of 1851 and Crystal Palace (locomotives, machine tools, power looms, reapers, steamboat engines and etc)
huge profit worse living condition workers long-hour working never-adequate food
conflicts
the Chartist Movement
（宪章运动）
What is the Chartist Movement ? 宪章运动
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
◆ Historical Situation An Age of Unrest and Dispute
Social unrest unemployment, poverty, slums in large cites, terrible working conditions; Chartist Movement; petitions for women’s suffrage; the Married Women's Property Acts Intellectual diversity
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Children and crime: Many destitute children lived by stealing and they were seen as threats to society. Something had to be done about them to preserve law and order.
• The housing shortage: Workers wanted to live nearby their working places because it was time-saving. As a result of these demands and overcrowded conditions, the housing became scarce and expensive; therefore, so many people preferred slum-housing.
• Prostitution:Beginning in the late 1840s, major
Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901)
An age of transition Thanks to industry and trade, England became the wealthiest nation
“The sun never sets on England”
• Britain was unchallenged military power • Britain dominated Global trade and expanded as a colonial empire in India, Australia, Africa and Brazil
• Destitution: Many cases of death caused by starvation and destitution were reported. In 1850, an inquest was held on a 38 year old woman whose body was reported as being little more than a skeleton, and her child as a „skeleton infant‟. • Homeless children: There were children living with their families in these desperate situations but there were also numerous, homeless children living on the streets of London.
• Growth of the cities: Due to the industrialisation, people were flocking into cities to search for better lives. • The search for employment: Both unskilled and skilled people demanded work, so the wages were low. Life conditions were too hard. • Child Labour: Children had to work long hours and under difficult conditions to help the family budget.
Kellow Chesney made a description of slum-housing in his book “The Victorian Underworld” : „Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the, metropolis … In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room,‟
Henry Mayhew argued that: „since crime was not caused by illiteracy, it cannot be cured education … the only certain effects being the emergence of a more skilful and sophisticated race of criminals‟
• Society‟s attitude towards the poor: This is
clearly demonstrated in a hymn published in 1848 Cecil Frances Alexander: “The rich man in his castle, The poor man at his gate, God made them, high and lowly, And order’d their estate”
• Factories were foun important and profitable. • Railways, canals and steamships provided Britain with the transportation between Britain and its colonies. • Urbanization, poverty and child labour emerged.