2014年北京科技大学硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课111单独考试思想政治理论试题
2014年北京科技大学852社会学理论考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年北京科技大学852社会学理论考研真题北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题编号：852试题名称：社会学理论一、名词解释（每小题5分，6小题共30分）1．文化2．社会互动3．社会群体4．社会组织5．虚拟社区6．社会现代化二、简答题（每小题15分，共60分）1．请简述社会化的主要类型。
2．谈谈社会角色失调的一般状况。
3．请简述结构功能主义的基本特征。
4．请简述齐美尔（西美尔）关于资本主义文化矛盾的基本观点。
三、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1．西方社会学理论至今经历了哪几个发展阶段？请举出每个阶段的一位主要代表人物及主要观点。
2．请结合实际，谈谈你对延迟退休的看法。
2014年北京科技大学852社会学理论考研真题及详解北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题编号：852试题名称：社会学理论一、名词解释（每小题5分，6小题共30分）1．文化答：文化是指与自然现象不同的人类社会活动的全部成果，它包括人类所创造的一切物质的与非物质的成果。
是人类社会区别于动物界的根本标志。
社会文化是人类社会所独有的，人类社会的生活方式和行为方式是按照一定的文化逻辑来进行的。
文化的主要特征包括：超生理性、超个人性、象征性、全括性、整体性、传递性与变迁性。
2．社会互动答：社会互动，又称社会交往活动或社会交互作用，是指社会主体之间为了满足各种需要而发生的、以信息传播为基础而形成的个人与个人、个人与群体以及群体与群体之间的相互沟通、相互作用和相互了解，从而在经济、政治、文化及心理等方面产生相互影响和相互依赖的社会行动过程。
社会互动可以从以下几个方面来理解：①社会互动必须发生在两个或两个以上的社会主体（包括个体与群体）之间；②社会主体之间发生以信息交流为基础的相互依赖性关系和行为是社会互动的前提条件；③社会互动可以是面对面的，也可以借助媒介进行；④社会互动与特定的社会情境密切相关，并形成特定的互动模式；⑤社会互动不仅会影响互动关系，而且会对复杂的社会关系网络和社会结构产生影响。
北京科技大学考研初试科目
胡乃联 李仲学 杨 鹏 李翠平 陈广平 吴爱祥 蔡嗣经 吕文生 王进强
李仲学 胡乃联 吴爱祥 蔡嗣经 杨 鹏 李翠平 陈广平 吕文生 王进强
孙体昌 孙春宝 林 海 王化军 杨慧芬 段旭琴 孙刚邹健
冯雅丽 孙春宝 孙刚
孙春宝 孙体昌 林 海 王化军 杨慧芬 肖宝清 段旭琴
倪 文 孙春宝 杨慧芬
林 海 冯雅丽
或837地质学或847安全原理 左右。
_ 05地压控制理论与技术 _ 06矿山岩石力学 _ 07边坡工程 _ 08爆破工程 _ 09采动灾害控制 _ 10矿山生产安全 _ 11数字矿山 _ 12矿山自动化与信息化 _ 13工程地质及灾害防治
蔡美峰 姜福兴 吴爱祥 宋卫东 明世祥 高永涛 金爱兵 蔡嗣经 杨 鹏 毛世龙 王洪江 吕文生 韩 斌 王贻明
第7页
第8页
_ 27产业安全技术
金龙哲 张英华 刘仁生 刘双跃
083000环境科学与工程001组
083000环境科学与工程002组
_ 01环境管理与规划
汪群慧 王 琪 汪 莉 施春红 陈月芳 王金南 姚俊夏新
①101思想政治理论②201英
语一或202俄语或203日语③
302数学二④832环境规划与 按一级学科招生，下设二个二
导师
招生人数 考试科目
备注
001土木与环境工程学院
324
070901矿物学、岩石学、矿床 学001组
070901矿物学、岩石学、矿床 学002组
①101思想政治理论②201英 语一或202俄语或203日语③ 302数学二或617晶体光学④ 806结晶学与矿物学或837地 质学或878矿床学
7
①111单独考试思想政治理论 ②240单独考试英语或241单 独考试俄语或242单独考试日 语③610单独考试数学或617 晶体光学④806结晶学与矿物 学或837地质学
2014年北大政治学理论考研真题及官方解析(育明教育武学员回忆版)
育明教育专注于北京大学考研专业课辅导始于2006，八年辅导经验北京大学招收攻读硕士学位研究生专业目录（政治学理论）北京大学政管学院政治学理论考研参考书目考试科目一：政治学原理1、王浦劬主编：《政治学基础》，北京大学出版社，2006年版。
2、莱斯利·里普森著：《政治学的重大问题》，华夏出版社，2001年版。
3、李景鹏著：《权力政治学》，北京大学出版社，2008年版。
4、俞可平著：《权利政治与公益政治》，社会科学文献出版社，2005年版。
5、燕继荣著：《现代政治分析原理》，高等教育出版社，2004年版。
考试科目二：综合一1．中共中央党史研究室编：《中国共产党历史》（第一卷、第二卷），中共党史出版社，2011年。
（用胡绳版本的就可以）2． G.萨托利著：《政党与政党体制》，商务印书馆，2006年。
3． [美]加布里埃尔·A.阿尔蒙德等著：《当代比较政治学：世界视野》，杨红伟等译，上海人民出版社，2010年。
4． [美]加布里埃尔·A.阿尔蒙德、西德尼·维巴著：《公民文化——五个国家的政治态度和民主制》，徐湘林等译，东方出版社，2008年。
5．唐晓、王为、王春英著：《当代西方国家政治制度》，世界知识出版社，200 5年。
6．梁琴、钟德涛著：《中外政党制度比较》，商务印书馆，2000年。
7．谢庆奎主编：《当代中国政府与政治》，中国高等教育出版社，2003年。
8．杨凤春著：《中国政府概要》，北京大学出版社，2008年。
9．江荣海主编：《中国政治思想史九讲》，北京大学出版社，2012年2月第二版。
10．陈哲夫、江荣海等主编：《现代中国政治思想流派》（上、中、下）当代中国出版社，1999年。
11．陈哲夫著：《20世纪中国思想史》，山东人民出版社，2002年。
育明教育考研咨询QQ1559022430 徐老师政治学原理（育明教育武学员回忆版）一．名词解释1.合法性2.实证主义3.以刑止刑4.群众型政党二．简答1.大同思想2.协商民主的理论意义？3.中外政治思想史上“知识统治”思想？三．论述1.十八届三中全会提出全面推进···对提高中国治理体系和治理能力的意义？2.比较古今中外政治思想史上的革命思想？综合1.全国人大的立法程序62.中央政法委73.国务院机构类型74.西方国家行政主导原因？5.政党制度对政府形成的影响6.毛泽东《菩萨蛮·黄鹤楼》是在革命的哪个关键阶段写的提出了什么论断7.抗战胜利后国共两党对形势的分析并采取了什么措施以导致中国不同命运？8.论述一：建国以来反腐倡廉机制···9.论述二：设计一个比较政治研究框架比较若干国家的政治参与10.论述三：群众路线在革命和建设时期作用？···北大政治学考研经验贴（育明教育武学员）2014年考研早已结束，按理说我应该早点把自己的经验写下来与大家分享。
2014年考研政治理论马原理大纲对比表
（五）资本主义的形成及其本质
1．资本主义的形成及以私有制为基础的商品经济的矛盾资本主义生产关系的产生。资本的原始积累。资本主义生产方式的形成。商品经济产生的历史条件。商品的二因素和生产商品的劳动二重性。商品价值量的决定。商品的价值量与劳动生产率的关系。价值形式的发展与货币的产生。货币的本质和职能。价值规律及其作用。私有制基础上商品经济的基本矛盾。马克思劳动价值论的理论和实践意义。深化对马克思劳动价值论的认识。2．资本主义经济制度的本质劳动力成为商品的基本条件。劳动力商品的特点。货币转化为资本。所有制和所有权。资本主义所有制及其本质。资本主义生产过程的两重性及其特点。剩余价值的含义。资本的本质。不变资本和可变资本的区分及其意义。剩余价值率。绝对剩余价值生产和相对剩余价值生产。超额剩余价值。生产自动化条件下剩余价值的源泉。资本主义简单再生产和扩大再生产。资本积累的本质与后果。影响资本积累规模的因素。资本有机构成。相对过剩人口。资本积累的历史趋势。资本循环。资本周转。资本循环与周转规律发挥作用的制约因素。社会再生产的核心问题及实现条件。资本主义工资的本质和形式。利润和平均利润。马克思剩余价值理论的意义。资本主义基本矛盾及其深化。资本主义经济危机的实质、根源和周期性。3．资本主义的政治制度和意识形态资本主义国家的职能本质。资本主义民主制度与法制、政权组织形式、选举制度、政党制度。资本主义政治制度的进步作用和局限性。资本主义政治制度的本质。资本主义国家意识形态的产生和确立。资本主义国家意识形态的本质。辩证地分析资本主义意识形态。
2014年考研政治理论马原理大纲对比表
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้章节
2014北京大学政治学考研真题解析及答案
2014北京大学政治学考研真题解析及答案1．才思考研名师解析论述题在考研专业课中属于中等偏上难度的题目，考察对学科整体的把握和对知识点的灵活运用，进而运用理论知识来解决现实的问题。
但是，如果我们能够洞悉论述题的本质，其实回答起来还是非常简单的。
论述题，从本质上看，是考察队多个知识点的综合运用能力。
因此，这就要求我们必须对课本的整体框架和参考书的作者的写书的内部逻辑。
这一点是我们才思考研专业课讲授的重点，特别是对于跨专业的考生来说，要做到这一点，难度非常大。
2．才思考研答题攻略：论述题三步走答题法是什么——》为什么——》怎么样第一，论述题中重要的核心概念，要阐释清楚；论述题中重要的理论要点要罗列到位。
这些是可以在书本上直接找到的，是得分点，也是进一步分析的理论基点。
第二，要分析目前所存在问题出现的原因。
这个部分，基本可以通过对课本中所涉及的问题进行总结而成。
第三，提出自己合理化的建议。
3．才思教育答题示范例如：结合治理理论，谈谈我们政府改革。
第一，阐释“治理”的定义，然后分段阐释“治理理论的核心主张，包括理论主张和政策主张”。
第二，分析目前“政府改革”中存在的问题及其原因。
第三，结合治理理论的理论和政策主张，并结合相关的一些理论提出自己的改革措施。
我们才思考研经过长期摸索，总结了一套考研专业课答题模板。
4．危机应对万一遇到自己没有碰到的问题，特别是没有关注到的热点问题怎么办呢？其实，论述题虽然是考察考生运用知识点分析问题的能力，其核心还是在于课本知识，在于理论。
因此在回答的时候一定要紧扣理论不放松。
5．才思考研温馨提示第一，回答的视角要广，不要拘泥于一两个点。
第二，在回答论述题的时候一定要有条理性，但是条数不宜过多，在5-8条为主。
字数在1500左右。
用时为25-30分钟。
（四）案例分析题《才思教育：五阶段考研复习法》转自才思教育网把考研作为一种娱乐，而不是被娱乐。
过程完美了，一切水到渠成，结果自然不错。
北京科技大学马克思主义哲学原理2011年考研专业课初试真题
北京科技大学
2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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试题编号： 625 试题名称：马克思主义哲学原理（共 2 页）
适用专业：马克思主义基本原理、思想政治教育
说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、简答题（每题10分，共40分）
1．如何理解“时间和空间是运动着的物质或物质运动的存在形式”？
2．为什么说“意识不仅仅是自然界长期发展的产物，更重要的是社会的产物？”
3．简述生产力的基本要素和特征。
4．简述国家的本质和职能。
二、辨析题（对所给命题或观点进行辨别、分析，要求观点正确、言之有理。
每题10分，共20分）
1．承认辩证矛盾也就是允许逻辑矛盾。
2．“人类之‘类’本身并不是一种实体性的存在，作为类的实体而存在的人只能是现实的个人。
”
三、论述题（对所给问题进行全面阐述，要求言之有理、论述充分。
每题15分，共30分）
- 1 -。
北科2014分数线
计算机与通信工程学院2014年硕士研究生入学考试复试工作方案根据《北京科技大学关于做好2014年硕士研究生招生复试、录取工作的意见》要求，为圆满完成我院2014年硕士研究生入学考试复试工作，结合我院实际情况，特制定如下复试工作方案。
一、组织管理成立以院长、书记为组长的复试领导小组，各相关人员为成员的复试工作小组，负责复试的各环节工作，所有参与复试工作的教师，都要秉承公平、公正的基本原则，严格按照工作规范落实各项工作。
1、领导小组组长：隆克平、黄武南副组长：张晓彤、韩伯涛、苏栋成员：王昭顺、马忠贵、解仑、朱岩职责：统筹管理学院的复试工作，监督各复试环节工作的落实情况。
2、复试小组组长：张晓彤副组长：王昭顺、马忠贵、解仑、朱岩成员：滕丽丽、各系复试教师职责：负责复试考生的资格审查、报到、资审材料整理、报送工作；具体落实各复试环节工作，包括笔试、面试工作，笔试试卷集中保密管理，集中阅卷工作安排及笔试成绩录入；计算复试考生综合成绩并报送拟录取名单。
二、准备工作1、复试教师遴选、培训每个复试小组由3名复试教师组成，并有一名成员兼任秘书记录工作。
复试教师是从学院教授、副教授中按照德学兼备、有相关工作经验的原则选拔，有亲属及其它关联关系学生参加复试的教师，不得担任复试教师。
学院复试领导小组负责对复试教师进行集中培训，重点讲解复试工作的重要性和工作规范，保证复试结果的客观公正。
要求命题小组成员确保试卷和试题的严格保密，要求面试教师详细记录面试内容，并根据考生的面试表现给出客观公正的评价，任何人不得在复试前与考生接触。
2、复试考生资格审查成立资格审查工作小组，集中受理复试考生的复试报到及资格审查工作，工作小组成员严格按照资格审查要求，认真审查复试考生的各类证件及材料，做好登记工作并整理归档。
3、复试小组的安排各学科根据招生计划确定复试小组数和复试教师名单，并根据复试教师的研究方向确定各复试小组成员和复试时间地点。
北京科技大学历年考研真题和江西师范大学历年考研真题【圣才出品】
北京科技大学历年考研真题2014年北京科技大学625马克思主义哲学原理考研真题试题编号：625试题名称：马克思主义基本原理适用专业：马克思主义理论一、简答题（简要回答下列各题，要求简明扼要，层次清晰。
每题10分，共40分）1．简述马克思主义理论三个基本组成部分的关系。
2．为什么说唯物辩证法是客观辩证法与主观辩证法的统一？3．简述价值评价及其特点？4．如何正确理解社会形态更替的必然性与人们的历史选择性之间的关系？二、辨析题（对所给命题或观点进行辨别、分析，要求观点正确、言之有理。
每题10分，共20分）1．“观念的东西不外是移入人的头脑并在人的头脑中改造过的物质的东西而已。
”2．有人认为第二次世界大战后资本主义是“垂而不死，腐而不朽”。
三、论述题（对所给问题进行全面阐述，要求言之有理、论述充分。
每题15分，共30分）1．如何理解马克思所说的“在我们这个时代，每一种事物好像都包含有自己的反面。
……技术的胜利，似乎是以道德的败坏为代价换来的。
随着人类愈益控制自然，个人却似乎愈益成为别人的奴隶或自身和卑劣行为的奴隶。
……”（《马克思恩格斯文集》第2卷，人民出版社2009年版，第580页。
）？2．1558年英国金融政治家托马斯•格雷钦发表了“劣币驱逐良币”的见解。
他发现，等值流通而实际价值不同的货币在流通时，实际价值较高的“良币”必然退出流通——它们被收藏、熔化或被输出国外；实际价值较低的“劣币”则充斥市场。
这就是所谓的“格雷钦法则”（Gresham’sLaw）。
请用马克思主义政治经济学有关货币的原理对“劣币驱逐良币”的现象进行评析。
四、分析题（结合所学知识或原理，分析有关材料并回答问题，要求紧扣主题，理论联系实际。
每题30分，共60分）1．英国学者伊格尔顿在其《马克思为什么是对的》一书中列举了当代西方反对马克思的10个观点并一一加以反驳。
书中所列的一个反马克思的观点认为：“马克思主义不过是乌托邦之梦。
它将希望寄托于一个完美的社会，那里没有艰难，没有痛苦，没有暴力，也没有冲突。
北科大各专业指定用书
《工程热力学》高等教育出版社沈维道;《工程热力学》高等教育出版社华自强
872文学原理
《文学理论教程》高等教育出版社,童庆炳
874综合英语
《英语国家概况》(第二版)外语教学研究出版社余志远主编;《美国文学简史》(第二版)南开大学出版社常耀信主编;《语言学教程》(2001版)北京大学出版社胡壮麟主编;《新编英国文学选读》(修订版)北京大学出版社罗经国主编
875固体物理
《固体物理导论》1-9章化学工业出版社C.基特尔著,项金钟、吴兴惠译
876量子力学
《量子力学教程》高等教育出版社周世勋
877综合考试
《知识产权法》中国人民大学出版社2000年第2版刘春田;《合同法》法律出版社2003年第3版崔建远;《民事诉讼法》高等教育出版社2004第二版江伟;《法理学》高等教育出版社2004第二版张文显。（合同法30%；知识产权法30%；民事诉讼法20%；法理学20%）
804物理化学A
《物理化学》(上、下册)高等教育出版社,第四版,胡英主编
805普通地质学
《普通地质学》地质出版社夏邦栋
806结晶学与矿物学
《结晶学与矿物学》(第3版)地质出版社潘兆橹
807传输原理
《冶金传输原理》冶金工业出版社张先耀
808统计物理
《热力学统计物理》高等教育出版社，汪志诚
809冶金物理化学
考试科目
考试范围
101政治理论（含法律硕士）
教育部指定教材
111单独考试政治理论
哲学与时事(哲学70%时事30%)
199MBA联考综合能力
MBA指导委员会指定教材
201英语（含法律硕士）
教育部指定教材
202俄语（含法律硕士）
2014年北京科技大学硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课240单独考试英语试题
北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题北京科技大学本校各专业考研资料北科考研就找老大哥QQ 931679601 店铺 老大哥整理发布============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 240 试题名称：单独考试英语（共10页）适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=========================================================================================================== Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. If you your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.A. lessenB. moderateC. dismissD. overcome2.The professor's argument was reasonable, but the audience did not agree with his conclusion.A. suspiciouslyB. seeminglyC. criticallyD. theoretically3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job；I'll either have to find a rich wife or starve. A．otherwise B. that's why C. else D. on the other hand4.Many photographers prefer to take pictures when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.A．at twilight B. at noon C. in the morning D. in the fall5. The finance question must be answered with in order to relieve the investors' fears of fraud.A．accuracy B. exactness C. precision D. correction6. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A．ratio B. proportion C. rate D. scale7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln.A．live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject.A．acquired B. attained C. achieved D. obtained9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was in his failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. decisiveD. obvious10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living in this area. A．traverses B. spans C. protects D. overlooksSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word.11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it.A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis.A．troubled B. bothered C. influenced D. stricken13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went.A．continually B. hard C. easily D. continuously14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English.A. indifferentB. indivisibleC. essentialD. elective15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. A．materials B. substances C. possessions D. qualities16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure.A．make up B. make out C. make for D. make in17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so.A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest.A．in connection with B. in case ofC．along with D. together with19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends.A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record.A．if only B. for fear that C. unless D. otherwisePart II Cloze Test(20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases __21__ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be __22__ in our past experience, which are brought into the present __23__ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep __24__ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is __25__ when a rat gives up eating grain because he hassniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory __26__ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer __27__ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for __28__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total __29__ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and __30__ of words.21. A. of B. to C. for D. on22. A. keep B. found C. sought D. stored23. A. by B. from C. with D. in24. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information25. A. called B. taken C. involved D. included26. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems27. A. to B. with C. against D. for28. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective29. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount30. A. combinations B. connections C. co-ordinations D. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs.Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying theboundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables.The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total speciesB. the ways to protect endangered speciesC. the characteristics of threatened speciesD. the significance of protecting threatened species32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the totalgenetic losses?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Enthusiastic.33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife.B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost.C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources.D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species.34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except ________.A. highway and housing developmentB. poor erosion controlC. overpopulation of shellfishD. lowering of water tables35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection?A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction.B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species.C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete.D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value. Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise.When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to delivermedicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it.Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer.And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year.Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease."We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic."36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy?A. They were very lucky.B. They were very confident.C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy.D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high.37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________.A. proudB. optimisticC. anxiousD. serious38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except __________.A. Down's syndromeB. Parkinson's diseaseC. oral cancerD. peripheral arterial disease39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy?A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected.B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now.C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far.D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy.40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy?A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. indifferentD. neutralPassage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed--no examination is perfect--but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher.Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if external examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school's reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favored school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are presumably selected by some computer.These people are not just against school organization, but are at war with the whole idea of modern competitive society and they are using children in schools for their destructive purposes. There is no reason why we should allow such people to determine the way our schools are organized when it is to the obvious disadvantage of the pupils, of the schools and of our society asa whole.41. What is the opinion of the writer?A. We cannot have standards because examinations are not perfect.B. Without examinations there would be no standards.C. Standards must keep changing in order to achieve equality.D. Changing the standards could mean the end of equality.42. What is the situation at the moment?A. A school's reputation is not very important, as long as a certificate.B. A bright child doesn't need certificates to get a job.C. Children attending well-respected schools do not get certificates.D. Many children who are suitable for a job have no proof of their suitability.43. According to the writer, what would happen if external examinations were taken away?A. Children from poor families would not be able to change school.B. There would be no more opportunities and no more excellence.C. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.D. Going to a favored school would be the only way to get a good job.44. According to the writer, the opponents of the examination system say that ________.A. computers should be selected to take over many jobsB. particular people should not be chosen for particular jobsC. examinations are only bad when they show differences between peopleD. schools specializing in academic subjects should be done away with45. In what way do the opponents of the examination system want to influence schools?A. They want children to compete more in school.B. They want to reorganize schools.C. They want schools to be more modern.D. They want to destroy schools.Passage FourQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying.Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone can criticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization.Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world.In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America.46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11?A. Domestic economy.B. Politics.C. National Security.D. Global unity in fighting terrorism.47. What does Hormats argue for?A. The developing countries have to help themselves.B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well.C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism.D. The foreign aids rarely work.48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's?A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point.B. The author didn't like the talker personally.C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization.D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable.49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph?A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy.B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more.C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition.D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of theglobalization.50. The topic that best fits the passage is ___________.A. The National Security Strategy of the USAB. The Globalization of Economy and National Security Strategy of the USAC. The World Economic ForumD. International Economic GlobalizationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the information from the passage in NO MORE THAN 10 words for each sentence.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we human can look forward to increasing happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth triumphant: the Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people's self-assessment of their own happiness. "There has not been improvement in average happiness in the United States over almost a half century-a period in which real GDP per capita more than doubled," Easterlin reports.The explanation for this paradox may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin's word: "As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate the expected growth in happiness due to higher income."Money can buy happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one's amounts get bigger and other people aren't getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater's finding that Americans' perception of income "necessary to get along" rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well off is equated with being happy.Easterlin's findings challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of wants" as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people's basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin's evidence points to the persistence of materialism."Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world,"Easterlin observes, "Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense." The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of the economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase onward. Economists are accustomed to deflating the money value of national income by the average level of prices to obtain "real" income. The process here is similar-real income is being deflated by rising material aspiration, in this case to yield essentially constant subjective economic well-being. While it would be pleasant to envisage a world free from the pressure of material want, a more realistic projection, based on the evidence, is of a world in which generation after generation thinks it needs only another 10% to 20% more income to be perfectly happy.Needs are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Eaterlin's view."The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, it is a world founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in the last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.51. What does "this paradox" in paragraph 3 refer to?52. Why will higher income not always bring more happiness?53. When will a person feel happy according to Easterlin?54. How does Easterlin's findings differ from Maslow's theory?55. What does Easterlin think of the future of the world?Part IV Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )Section ADirections:Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.56. We often hear that computers are cold and inhuman, but in fact many people are more comfortable with a computer than with another person. Computers are patient and do not judge the people who use them. Many students who would be embarrassed to show a teacher that they do not understand something are happy to ask a computer questions. Some patients would rather explain their health problems to a computer than to a doctor. There is even a computer program which deals with psychological problems. The program has become popular because many people feel uncomfortable discussing such problems with another person.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.57. 教育不是目的，而是达到目的的一种手段。
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北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题北京科技大学本校各专业考研资料北科考研就找老大哥QQ 931679601 店铺 老大哥整理发布============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 111 试题名称：单独考试政治理论（共 7 页）适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
=============================================================================================================一、下列每题的选项中，有一项是最符合题意的。
请将此项前的字母依次写在答题纸上。
（每小题1分，共30分）1.2013年1月18日，一年一度的最高国家科技奖评选揭晓，他们分别是中国爆炸力学奠基人（）院士和中国著名雷达专家、现代预警机事业的开拓者和奠基人（）院士。
A.郑哲敏王小谟B. 吴文俊王永志C.吴征镒李振声D. 袁隆平黄昆2.2013年1月26日，我国自主发展的（）大型运输机首次试飞取得圆满成功。
该型飞机是我国依靠自己的力量研制的一种大型、多用途运输机。
A.运8B.银河C.运20D.运103.我国第一部老龄事业发展蓝皮书指出，截至2012年底，我国老年人口数量达到1.94亿，占总人口的（）%。
A.13.5B.14.3C.15.4D.12.54. 清华大学和中科院物理所4月10日宣布，他们组成的团队从实验中首次观测到量子反常霍尔效应。
这一重大发现可能加速推进（）革命。
A.信息技术B.生物技术C.月球探索D. 太空探索5. 中国和俄罗斯军方2013年7月1日宣布，于7月5日至12日在日本海彼得大帝湾举行（）中俄海上联合军演。
A.“海上联合—2013”B.“联合军演—2013”C.“海上军演—2013”D.“巅峰对决—2013”6. 国务院2013年7月3日原则通过了《中国（）自由贸易试验区总体方案》。
A.北京B.上海C.广州D.重庆7. 2013年7月31日，国务院总理李克强主持召开国务院常务会议，部署加强城市基础设施建设。
会议确定：“十二五”末，城市污水和生活垃圾无害化处理率分别达到（）和（）左右。
A、80%、90%B、85%、90%C、90%、90% D.90%、95%8. 国务院发布的“宽带中国”战略及实施方案提出，到（）年，宽带网络全面覆盖城乡。
A.2015B.2020C.2025D.20309. 2012年，我国对外直接投资创下流量878亿美元的历史新高，同比增长17.6%，首次成为世界（）大对外投资国之一。
A、三B、四C、五 D.六10. 美国联邦储备委员会2013年9月18日宣布，将维持现行的宽松货币政策，暂时不削减第（）轮量化宽松货币政策规模。
A、一B、二C、三 D.五11. 伊朗核问题六国与伊朗在日内瓦举行的伊核问题谈判10月16日结束，各方首次达成（）。
A、共识B、谈判协议C、共同声明 D.合作协议12. 法国巴黎当地时间2013年11月5日下午4时许（北京时间5日23时许），中国教育部副部长、中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会主任（）当选联合国教科文组织第三十七届大会主席。
这是联合国教科文组织成立68年来，中国人首次当选“掌门人”。
A.鲁昕B.刘利民C.杜占元D.郝平13.恩格斯认为，全部哲学、特别是近代哲学的重大的基本理论问题是( )A.哲学与人类生存活动之间的内在联系问题B.人与周围世界的基本联系问题C.思维和存在的关系问题D.关于人的本质问题14.列宁对辩证唯物主义物质范畴的定义是通过（）A.物质和意识的关系界定的B.哲学与具体科学的关系界定的C.主体和客体的关系界定的D.一般和个别的关系界定的15.唯物主义和唯心主义是哲学上的两大阵营。
划分唯物主义和唯心主义的标准是（）A.物质和意识的关系问题B.重视物质生活还是重视精神生活C.对思维和存在哪个是世界本原的不同回答D.承认物质的决定作用，又承认意识的能动作用16.恩格斯说，“旧唯物主义是半截子的唯物主义”，这是指 ( )A.旧唯物主义是形而上学的唯物主义B.旧唯物主义在社会历史观上是唯心主义C.旧唯物主义是机械唯物主义D.旧唯物主义是割裂了运动与静止的辩证法17.辩证唯物主义认为事物发展的规律是 ( )A.思维对事物本质的概括和反映B.用来整理感性材料的思维形式C.事物内在的本质和稳定的联系D.事物联系和发展的基本环节18.“坐地日行八万里，巡天遥看一千河”，这一著名诗句包含的哲理是( )A.物质运动的客观性和时空的主观性的统一B.物质运动无限性和有限性的统一C.时空的无限性和有限性的统一D.运动的绝对性和静止的相对性的统一19.认识任何事物都要以时间、地点、条件为转移。
这主要是因为（）A.事物是普遍联系的B.事物的联系是具体的有条件的C.普遍联系是事物存在的基本条件D.主观和客观是联系在一起的20.老子说：“合抱之木，生于毫末；九层之台，起于垒土；千里之行，始于足下。
”这句话反映道理的是（）A.质量互变规律B.对立统一规律C.否定之否定规律D.辩证的否定观21.下列说法中体现辩证否定观的是（）A.因地制宜，对症下药B.取其精华，去其糟粕C.水滴石穿，铁杵成针D.由此及彼，由表及里22.主观辩证法与客观辩证法的关系是 ( )A.反映与被反映的关系B.唯心主义与唯物主义的关系C.抽象与具体的关系D.唯心辩证法与唯物辩证法的关系23.实践是检验真理的唯一标准，这主要是因为（）A.实践是一个无限发展的过程B.实践是人类生存和发展的基础C.实践是认识的来源和目的D.实践有联系主观和客观的功能24. 马克思指出：“搬运夫和哲学家之间的原始差别要比家犬和猎犬之间的差别小得多，它们之间的鸿沟是分工掘成的。
”这表明（ )A.人的聪明才智无先天区别B.人的聪明才智的大小主要取决于主观努力的程度C.人的聪明才智主要来源于后天实践D.人的聪明才智由人的社会政治地位决定25.“此亦一是非，彼亦一是非”的命题，其含义是（ )A.强调真理的客观性B.否认真理的客观性C.强调真理具有客观标准D.否认真理具有客观标准26.马克思主义认为，主客体之间的价值关系是指（ )A.主体对客体的物质欲望和要求B.主体对客体的能动反映C.主体对客体的改造和变革的结果D.客体对于主体的有用性和效益性27.社会意识相对独立性的最突出表现是它（ )A.同社会存在发展的不同步性B.具有历史的继承性C.对社会存在具有能动的反作用D.同社会经济的发展具有不平衡性28.社会形态是（ )A.生产力和生产关系的统一B.同生产力发展一定阶段相适应的经济基础和上层建筑的统一体C.社会存在和社会意识的统一D.物质世界和精神世界的统一29.社会历史发展的总趋势（）A.前进的、上升的，发展的过程是曲折的B.倒退的、下降的C.曲折的D.一帆风顺的30.人民群众是历史的创造者，其根本原因在于人民群众（ )A.占人口大多数B.是社会生产力的体现者C.具有先进思想D.掌握历史发展规律二、下列每题的选项中，至少有一项是符合题意的，请将此项前的字母依次写在答题纸上。
少选、多选，错选，该题不给分。
（每小题2分，共20分）31. 社会主义核心价值体系的主要内容包括（）。
A.马克思主义指导思想B.中国特色社会主义共同理想C.以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神D.社会主义荣辱观32. 十八届三中全会明确提出要维护宪法法律权威。
宪法是保证党和国家兴旺发达、长治久安的根本法，具有最高权威。
要( )。
A.进一步健全宪法实施监督机制和程序，把全面贯彻实施宪法提高到一个新水平B.建立健全全社会忠于、遵守、维护、运用宪法法律的制度C.坚持法律面前人人平等，任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法法律的特权，一切违反宪法法律的行为都必须予以追究D.使宪法赋予公民更多的政治权利和政治自由33. 党的十八届三中全会指出，把权力关进制度笼子的根本之策是( )。
A.坚持用制度管权管事管人B.让人民监督权力C.让权力在阳光下运行D.提高官员道德品质34. 十八届三中全会明确提出要建立( )。
A. 国家安全委员会B.国家安全局C. 全面深化改革领导委员会D. 全面深化改革领导小组35.中共十八届三中全会的主题是全面深化改革。
全会充分肯定党的十八大以来中央政治局的工作。
一致认为，面对十分复杂的国际形势和艰巨繁重的国内改革发展稳定任务，中央政治局全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届一中、二中全会精神，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，团结带领全党全军全国各族人民，坚持稳中求进的工作总基调，着力( )。
A.稳增长B.调结构C. 促转型D.促改革36.马克思说：“社会生活在本质上是实践的。
”这一命题的主要含义是( )A.实践是社会历史的客体B.实践是社会历史的主体C.实践构成了社会生活的现实基础D.实践是社会生活的本质内容37.真理和价值的对立统一关系表现在（ )A.实践是检验真理和价值的共同标准B.实践与价值在实践和认识活动中是相互制约、相互引导、相互促进的C.真理原则侧重于客体性，价值原则侧重于主体性、目的性D.价值的形成和实现以坚持真理为前提，而真理又必然是具有价值的38.实践在认识中的决定作用表现在（ )A.实践提出了认识的课题B实践创造出必要的物质条件和手段，使认识成为可能C.实践是认识的唯一来源D.实践是检验认识真理性的唯一标准39.列宁说：“只要再多走一小步，仿佛是向同一方向迈的一小步，真理便会变成错误。
”这说明（ )A.真理和谬误没有确定的界线B.真理和谬误的对立只有在非常有限的领域内才有绝对的意义C.真理和谬误在一定条件下可以转化D.沿着真理的方向继续前行会使真理变成谬误40.正确评价历史人物的方法是（ )A.古为今用方针B.历史分析方法C.彻底批判的革命精神D.阶级分析方法三、简答题（每小题6分，共12分）要求回答紧扣题义，简明扼要。
41.如何理解中国梦的科学内涵？42.如何理解协商民主？四、辨析题（每小题6分，共12分）要求对所给命题和观点进行辨别、分析，观点正确，言之成理。
43.否定就是新旧事物之间“一刀两断”。
44.凡是亲眼所见，亲耳所听都是直接经验，是对客观事物本质的、真实反映。
五、论述题（每小题13分，共26分）要求论述紧扣题义，合乎逻辑。
45.在改革开放初期，我们没有现成的经验可学，不可能提出一揽子解决方案，所以提出要“摸着石头过河”进行改革试验，逐步探索；而在已经推进30 多年改革开放、取得一系列重要改革经验的新形势下，对全面深化改革进行“顶层设计”已经具备可行的条件。