托福tpo66综合写作
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo66原文译文题目答案背景知识
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo66原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (23)原文 (23)译文 (27)题目 (30)答案 (38)背景知识 (39)阅读-3 (41)原文 (41)译文 (44)题目 (47)答案 (54)背景知识 (56)阅读-1原文The Actor and the Audience①Actors,even when they are well rehearsed,can never fully anticipate how well they will perform before an actual audience.The actor who has been brilliant in rehearsal can crumble before an audience and completely lose the“edge”of his or her performance in the face of stage fright and apprehension.The presence of an audience can affect performance in other ways as well.Or—and this is more likely —an actor who seemed fairly unexciting at rehearsal can suddenly take fire and dazzle the audience with unexpected energy,subtlety,and depth.One celebrated example of this phenomenon was achieved by Lee J.Cobb in the original production of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman,in which Cobb had the title role.Roles rehearsed in all solemnity can suddenly turn comical in performance;conversely,roles developed for comic potential in rehearsal may be received soberly by an audience and lose their comedic aspect entirely.②Sudden and dramatic change,however,is not the norm as the performance phase replaces rehearsal:most actors cross over from final dress rehearsal to opening night with only the slightest shift;indeed,this is generally thought to be the goal of a disciplined and professional rehearsal schedule.Holding back until opening night,the once-popular acting practice of restraining emotional display until opening night,is universally disavowed today,and opening night recklessness is viewed as a sure sign of the amateur,who relies primarily on guts and adrenaline to get through the performance.Deliberate revision of a role in performance,in response to the first waves of laughter or applause,is similarly frowned upon in all but the most inartistic of theaters today.③Nevertheless,a fundamental shift does occur in the actor’s awareness between rehearsal and performance,and this cannot and should not be denied;indeed,it is essential to the creation of theater art.This shift is set up by an elementary feedback:the actor is inevitably aware,with at least a portion of his or her mind,of the audience’s reaction to his or her own performance and that of the other players;there isalways,in any acting performance,a subtle adjustment to the audience that sees it.The outward manifestations of this adjustment are usually all but imperceptible:the split-second hold for a laugh to die down,the slight special projection of a certain line to make sure that it reaches the back row,the quick turn of a head to make a characterization or plot transition extra clear.④In addition,the best actors consistently radiate a quality known to the theater world as presence.It is a quality difficult to describe,but it has the effect of making both the character whom the actor portrays and the self of the actor who represents that character especially vibrant and in the present for the audience;it is the quality of an actor who takes the stage and acknowledges,in some inexplicable yet indelible manner,that he or she is there to be seen.Performance is not a one-way statement given from the stage to the house;it is a two-way participatory communication between the actors and the audience members in which the former employ text and movement and the latter employ applause,laughter, silence,and attention.⑤Even when the audience is silent and invisible—and,owing to the brightness of the stage lights,the audience is frequently invisible to the actor—the performer feels its presence.There is nothing extrasensory about this:the absence of sound is itself a signal,for when several hundred people sit without shuffling,coughing,or muttering,their silence betokens a level of attention for which the actor customarily ughter,gasps,sighs,and applause similarly feed back into the actor’s consciousness—and unconsciousness—and spur(or sometimes,alas,distract)the actor’s efforts.The veteran actor can determine quickly how to ride the crest of audience laughter and how to hold the line just long enough that it will pierce the lingering chuckles but not be overridden by them;he or she also knows how to vary the pace and/or redouble his or her energy when sensing restlessness or boredom on the other side of the curtain line. Performance technique,or the art of reading an audience,is more instinctual than learned.The timing it requires is of such complexity that no actor could master it rationally;he or she can develop it only out of experience.译文演员和观众①演员，即使是经过充分排练，也无法完全预测他们在真实观众面前的表现。
tpo综合写作范文
tpo综合写作范文TPO Integrated Writing Sample。
The passage discusses the decline of honeybee populations and its potential impact on the environment, while the lecture provides an alternative explanation for the decline and its potential consequences. 。
The passage suggests that the decline in honeybee populations could have serious consequences for the environment. It notes that honeybees are important pollinators for many crops, and their decline could lead to a decrease in crop yields. The passage also mentions that honeybees are important for maintaining biodiversity, as they pollinate a wide variety of plants. The passage concludes by stating that the decline in honeybee populations is a serious issue that requires immediate attention.The lecture, however, provides an alternative explanation for the decline in honeybee populations. The lecturer argues that the decline is not due to a decrease in the number of honeybees, but rather to changes in the way that honeybee populations are measured. The lecturer also suggests that the decline in honeybee populations is not as severe as the passage suggests, and that there are other pollinators that can take over the role of honeybees if necessary. 。
topik66届大作文
topik66届大作文英文回答：In the modern era, characterized by rapid globalization and technological advancements, nations and individuals alike are faced with a multitude of complex and interconnected issues that transcend geographical boundaries. Globalization has fostered unprecedented interconnectedness, creating both opportunities and challenges for societies around the world. These interconnected issues, such as climate change, economic disparities, and social inequality, require collaborative and innovative solutions that demand the active engagement of governments, organizations, and individuals across the globe.One of the most pressing issues confronting the international community is climate change. The scientific consensus is unequivocal: human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, are the dominant cause of climatechange. The consequences of climate change are alreadybeing felt around the world, with increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruption of ecosystems. Climate change poses asignificant threat to human health, food security, water availability, and economic stability. Addressing climate change requires bold and immediate action on a global scale.Economic disparities are another major issue thataffects societies globally. Globalization has led to increased economic interdependence, but it has also exacerbated inequalities between and within countries. The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, with a small number of individuals and corporations amassing vast wealth while many others struggle to meet their basic needs. Economic disparities fuel social unrest, political instability, and conflict. To address economic disparities, governments need to implement policies that promoteequitable distribution of wealth, invest in education and healthcare, and create opportunities for all citizens to participate in the global economy.Social inequality, closely intertwined with economic disparities, is a persistent challenge in many societies. Discrimination based on race, gender, religion, and other factors leads to unequal access to education, healthcare, housing, and employment. Social inequality perpetuates poverty, limits opportunities, and undermines social cohesion. Promoting social equality requires concerted efforts to eliminate discrimination, ensure equal access to essential services, and foster a culture of inclusion and respect for diversity.These interconnected issues require a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves multiple stakeholders. Governments have a crucial role to play in setting policies, regulating industries, and providing essential services. International organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, facilitate cooperation between nations and provide technical and financial assistance. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in providing humanitarian aid, advocating for social justice, and raising awareness about critical issues. Individuals also have a responsibility to contribute to positive changethrough their actions and behaviors.Addressing these interconnected issues requires a shift in mindset from short-term to long-term thinking. It demands a global perspective that recognizes the interconnectedness of all nations and peoples. It necessitates collaboration, innovation, and a commitment to sustainable development. By working together, governments, organizations, and individuals can create a better futurefor all, ensuring a more just, equitable, and sustainable world.中文回答：现代强调全球化、科技日益进步，各国以及个人都面临着各种复杂且紧密关联的问题，这些问题超出了地理界限。
托福tpo69综合写作范文
托福tpo69综合写作范文阅读部分观点及理由：阅读文章提出，在古代，有一个被称为“那加（Naga）”的文明是独立发展起来的，和其他周边文明没有太大联系。
理由一：那加的艺术风格独特。
那加的雕塑有着非常独特的风格，这些雕塑有着大大的眼睛、弯曲的身体，这种风格在周边文明的艺术作品里都看不到。
这就表明那加文明是独自发展的，没有受到周边文明艺术风格的影响。
理由二：那加有自己独特的文字系统。
这个文字系统和周边文明的文字完全不同，其他文明的文字可能是象形文字或者字母文字，而那加的文字有着独特的符号和书写规则，所以那加文明肯定是自己独立创造了文字，没有借鉴其他文明。
理由三：那加的农业体系与众不同。
那加主要种植一些特殊的农作物，这些农作物在周边地区都没有被广泛种植，而且那加的灌溉系统和耕种方式也和周边文明不一样。
这意味着那加文明在农业方面也是独立发展的，没有和其他文明进行交流合作。
听力部分观点及理由：听力反驳了阅读的观点，认为那加文明并非独立发展，而是与周边文明有着千丝万缕的联系。
理由一：关于艺术风格。
虽然那加雕塑看起来很独特，但其实这可能是因为保存问题。
其他周边文明的早期雕塑和那加雕塑有相似之处，但是由于周边文明的气候等因素，很多雕塑被侵蚀或者损坏了，所以现在看起来和那加雕塑差异很大。
实际上那加的艺术风格很可能受到了周边文明的影响，在发展过程中慢慢形成了现在所谓的“独特风格”。
理由二：针对文字系统。
那加的文字其实可能是从周边文明的文字发展而来的。
在那加文字出现之前，周边文明已经有了一些简单的符号和标记，那加人可能看到了这些符号，然后根据自己的需要进行了修改和创新，才形成了他们独特的文字系统。
所以那加文字并不是完全独立创造的。
理由三：对于农业体系。
那加种植特殊农作物是因为地理环境特殊，而不是独立于其他文明。
其实那加和周边文明之间存在贸易往来。
那加会用自己的特殊农作物去交换周边文明的其他物品，而且那加的灌溉技术可能是从周边文明那里学来的，只是根据本地的地理情况做了一些调整。
tpo66task2口语
tpo66task2口语口语题目，TPO 66 Task 2。
题目概述，该任务要求你就某个学术主题发表观点，并提供支持意见。
题目要求，Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for universities to invest in improving facilities, such as libraries and technology, than to spend money on hiring famous professors. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.回答：In my opinion, I partially agree with the statement that universities should prioritize investing in improving facilities rather than spending money on hiring famous professors. While having excellent facilities is undoubtedly important for students' learning experience, the role of professors in higher education should not beunderestimated.Firstly, investing in improving facilities, such as libraries and technology, is crucial for providing students with a conducive learning environment. A well-equipped library with a wide range of resources can enhancestudents' research capabilities and help them explore various academic disciplines. Similarly, up-to-date technology, such as advanced computer labs and online learning platforms, can facilitate interactive andefficient learning experiences. By investing in these facilities, universities can create an atmosphere that fosters intellectual growth and supports students' academic endeavors.However, the importance of hiring famous professors should not be overlooked. Professors play a fundamentalrole in imparting knowledge, guiding students, and shaping their critical thinking abilities. Famous professors often have extensive expertise and experience in their respective fields, which can greatly benefit students. Their reputation and accomplishments can inspire students tostrive for excellence and pursue their academic goals. Moreover, renowned professors can attract talented students to the university, thereby enhancing the overall academic reputation of the institution.Furthermore, hiring famous professors can contribute to research and innovation. These professors often engage in groundbreaking research and collaborate with other experts in their fields. Their presence in the university can attract research grants and funding, which can further enhance the institution's research capabilities. This, in turn, benefits both the professors and the students, as they have the opportunity to participate in cutting-edge research projects and gain valuable research experience.In conclusion, while investing in improving facilities is important for universities, hiring famous professors should not be neglected. Both aspects are crucial for providing students with a well-rounded education. By striking a balance between investing in facilities and hiring renowned professors, universities can create anenvironment that nurtures academic growth, fosters innovation, and prepares students for future success.。
托福听力TPO66 Script
Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and the literature professor.How was that conference last weekend? Professor Mouse.Great. I heard some really terrific presentations, refreshing topics too about authors you don't usually hear too much about.Why not?Oh well you know. It's a funny thing about academia. You'd think scholars would do research about every topic imaginable. But actually some authors, some genres aren't respected very much. So not very much is written about them. Uh Gothic literature, detective novels...But that's what the conference was about?Yeah, pretty much. It was kind of subversive, I guess. But there's a whole wealth of knowledge out there just waiting to be explored. I find that really exciting.Sure.Yeah uh anyway. You wanted to ask me about the final paper?Yeah which I see now ties into the theme of that conference. Since we're supposed to write about a book from one of those lesser genres. I was wondering what about science fiction?Sure, though it's a genre that's actually getting more and more respect within academia. There was even a talk at the conference about Jack Vance.Oh He wrote planet of adventure, right?Yeah He's a well researched-respected science fiction writer. If you're interested in science fiction, you could look them up. That lead you to lots of other authors and lots of possibilities for your paper.Great, well I'm relieved you think that's a good genre to study. I'll find a book that interests me and do the paper on that. It seems like most people assume that science fiction is kind of like, I don't know, junk literature.Yes, a lot of people do.Yeah. But I've read some things and I think that some of it is really well written and it takes so much imagination to write sci-fi.Well Careful though there's a difference between science fiction and sci-fi.What do you mean?Well see sci-fi, that's what you you tend to see in films. It has all the spaceships and robots. And it focuses on exotic technology. You know a wow factor let like special effects at the expense of a well written story. I think a lot of people don't realize this and tend not to make a distinction.Okay.But true science fiction is much more intellectual than that. The story is very important. And even though it might take place in an imaginary world, and it might have exotic gadgets, the focus is on the plot. Science fiction creates metaphors about our world. And well what it means to be human. It's meant to get people to think about real things like like history and human behavior. That's worthy of your time, butGreat. Well Uh can I let you know next week which book I want to write about? Sure.Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Okay. Today I want to talk about sleep. We all sleep, humans sleep, many animals sleep. When we sleep, we aren't actually unconscious, but in a state of reduced awareness of our surroundings. Now what does that mean for animals in the wild if they're in a state like that, unable to monitor their environment?Well they're helpless, vulnerable to predators, maybe?Right. They're vulnerable to predators, yet they sleep. So let's talk about why? The biology of sleep. So the first thing I want you to understand is that sleeps a very risky behavior. And risky behaviors don't evolve unless they bring the animals some kind of benefit that outweighs that risk. So sleep must have a really important function. And I wanna emphasize that there's a difference between sleep and other forms of inactivity, like regular rest. The insects, for instance, rest, but they don't sleep. What's specific to sleep is that the brain alters many of its usual activities, including its connection to sensory and motor organs. It it shuts those connections down. So a sleeping animal can usually neither sense nor move. And I say usually because well well we'll get to that in a minute.So basically all mammals and birds sleep, but there are some unusual ways of sleeping. Take marine mammals like dolphins, dolphins need to swim up for air once in a while. So they can't completely shut off all movement and sensation so their brain can't shut down completely. But dolphins get around this. How? Well, they sleep one brain hemisphere at a time. Sleeping dolphins actually look like they're just resting awake and occasionally swim up for air. So how can we even tell they're sleeping? Well we measured their brain activity, which showed that 1/2 was active while the other was sleeping. Oh that's some adaptation, Huh? So what is the function of sleep? As I said, it must be important. But why? Okay, I know you're all tempted to say um that sleeps when the whole body rests. That sleep is our mechanism to to recover from physical activity. And And it's true when you sleep, your muscles lose their tone, they relax, the body saves energy. But this could happen even during regular waking rest I mean that's probably what happens when insects rest. You don't need sleep for that. You can get the same benefit by resting awake. So this doesn't explain why sleep evolved. To explain the real function, the most important benefit of sleep. You'll need to focus on the brain, not the muscles. Remember how we can tell that a dolphin sleeping, not just resting? It's because of unique pattern of brain activity, which is a clue that sleeps function has to do specifically with the brain. And that's the general consensus, because that's what could explain why it evolved. It also explains why sleep is a characteristic of mammals and birds, because they have the most complex brains of all animals. The The simpler brain, uh like like a reptiles, gets by with little sleep or or even without sleep. Okay. So we we know that sleep benefits the brain, but in what way? We're not sure yet. OK. So one hypothesis is that um during sleep. thebrain synthesizers molecules that it needs for proper functioning when awake. The longer we stay awake, the more those molecules get depleted. So the brain needs to replenish them. And this supposedly happens during sleep. Uh I'm talking about uh energy sources like glycogen and some types of neurotransmitter as that are needed to transmit signals between nerve cells. So these get replenished during sleep. And the next morning our brain is working with a full supply of energy and neural transmitters again, well that that explains why we feel so alert and mentally refreshed after a night's sleep. Ah yes, Jim?Well you know, I don't..I don't work well in the morning at all.Yeah, I do my best work at night too.Not everyone's at their best in the morning. I'll grant you that. But that doesn't rule out the replenishment hypothesis. It's just a bit more complicated than I said. Then we're fairly sure that there's this other rhythm of mental activity going on that's independent of sleep. I's like a preprogrammed 24 hours cycle. Your mental activity peaks at a certain hour everyday, like at night for you two. And then it goes down at some other point. But the point is that after a sleepless night, that peak is not as high as it would normally be. And the longer you go without the lower those peaks get. So the replenishment may be needed to keep the metal peaks high. Does that make sense? The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. That's what I'm trying to say.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.So we'll continue today with the topic of fish movement. And we'll focus on the role of fins. Uh you can think of things pretty much like the arms and legs of humans. It's what allows movement, basically. But as we'll see, they also do a lot more. Before we go on with the function of specific fins, I'll just say a few general remarks, so you get an overall picture. Um Fins are mainly used for moving the fish forward for propulsion, as it's called, but they're also needed for stability, steering and braking. That's right, fish have to have a way to put on the brakes, too. Now some fish are so fast, they're not good at stopping even with their fins. Requiem sharks, for example, Well you know how sharks are built for speed. But these requiem sharks have difficulty stopping. They're unable to break themselves efficiently, so they must take sharp turns in order to slow down or stop. Because of this uh this brake problem. Requiem sharks avoid swimming into coral reefs. Carl reefs are usually crowded. Um don't allow a lot of space for large fish to take sharp turns. So these sharks roam around the outside of the coral reefs. Um a fish lives in a 3 dimensional world you know with forces pushing and pulling it in all directions. The forces I'm referring to are gravity, which pulls the fish downward, buoyancy, which holds it up in the water, uh and something called drag. Now, drag means to slow down uh to impede movement. It's a term that applies to the effect of the force acting on any object moving through a fluid or through air. So for instance, the force of air on an airplane, drag acts to pull the airplane in the opposite direction to the direction of motion. Well all of these forces, gravity, buoyancy, and drag could be potentially dangerous for fish if it weren't for the fact that they have, Yep you guessed it, fins. So fins allow fish to keep from rolling or flipping over, they stabilize the fishes' head. Fins are crucial for determining the speed at which fish travel to change direction. In a word, fins allow the fish to maneuver efficiently through the water.Okay. Remember, most fish have two general types of fins. The first type is median fins. Median fins are located along the mid-line of the fish, uh such as the door sills on the back and the caudal fins, um the tail fin. the other type of fin is the paired fins at each side of the fish. For today, the caudal fin is the one we'll focus on. The caudal fin, that is the tail fin is the main propulsive agent for most fish, it keeps them moving forward. Some fish have a broad tail that gives the fish a quick burst of speed from a standing position. And um this is useful for going after a meal or swimming away from a predator. You'll find that fast, long distance swimmers have a very long and narrow caudal fin, which is very efficient. Now, do all fish have caudal fins? No, not all. Some sea horses and deals get along without them just fine. Well a seahorse swims in an upright vertical position. Um. It looks like it's standing upright. so it uses a fin on its back. the dorsal fin, as if it were a coddle fin. And eels well don't really need to swim very rapidly. And like I said, most are missing the caudal fin, but but most fish do have caudal fins. I'll give you two examples of caudal fins, and we'll seehow they work. OK, let's see. Uh I'll focus on the tuna and the black fish. The tunas body is built for speed, but the caudal fin the caudal fin is key here, because it's moon shaped tail creates hardly any drag in the water, uh and it can reach really high speeds of even 60 to 80 kilometers per hour. That's pretty amazing. Then there's um the really interesting case of the black fish, which has a rounded caudal fin, as you can see. And in sudden bursts, it almost acts like a propeller on a plane that can even produce the sound that resembles an explosion. I bet you never thought a fish fin could do that. Um and you can see how this is useful to a fish when it goes to catch something, or tries to avoid a predator, it needs to accelerate in an instant.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee at the financial services office.Hi, how can I help you?Hi, my name's Arnie. This is my first semester here, and I'm hoping you might be able to help me. See. I don't know how to put this, but I'm having some trouble managing my money.You mean you didn't pay your tuition bill?No No, I'm okay with the big stuff. I mean I have student loans that pay for most of the tuition, but well it's it's the everyday things that add up.Oh You mean like books, food, things like that.Yeah. My parents give me an allowance for that stuff, but it's just not enough. I've asked them to increase it even a little, but they' think I need to learn to manage on my own.Well that's a really common problem with first year students. You've come to the right place. We have resources that can help. So first question, do you have a budget worked out for your spending?Um No, I don't.OK. I can send you a budget worksheet. I's a computer document, and it'll help you think through what your expenses are and where you can cut costs. You'll be surprised at how much the little things add up. You know If you spend $2 on a cup of coffee each morning, that's almost $200 a semester.So if I could, make my own coffee, that'd be great. But I can't since I live in the dorm. True, but that's just an example. I also have this other sheet with suggestions. It's just a list of money saving ideas, like by used books instead of new ones, uh and and buy a bike since that's cheaper than taking the bus or owning a car.Um I'd love to get a bike. Then I could even get a job in town.Well if you're thinking about a job. We do have postings for on campus jobs as well. They are on the bulletin board outside my office.Yeah I saw it on my way in. It's empty.Yes, well the positions get filled pretty quickly, but no one's open up to. Uh I I can't guarantee any thing, but if something becomes available, that's where you're going to find out about it.Well If I got a job, I'd certainly have a little more spending money. And that would show my parents I'm managing on my own.But what's your course load this semester? If you have more than four courses, you might want to work on your budget and monitor your spending rather than get a job for now.Well I have four courses, but one is biology. And there's a 3 hour lab each week. So it's really like a 5th course.You wanna think about it then, maybe try to work on your budget and spending for a month and see how you're doing. If you're still strapped for cash, but you're keeping up with all your course work, then you could try to find a job.Yeah and may be by then that bulletin board won't be empty.Lecture 3Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.So we talk less time about theory of mind. Can someone summarize what that refers to? Janice?It has to do with an ability to, well, isn't it like realizing that people can have different beliefs, that we don't all necessarily believe the same things?Right. The term theory of mind refers to a cognitive ability, which is the ability to it it's recognizing that other people have knowledge, ideas, beliefs that may be different from our own. So we say that people have a theory of mind, because we recognize that other people may have different beliefs than we do. It may sound trivial, but new born infants don't seem to have it. It seems to develop in children somewhere between the ages of three and five. A consequence of having a theory of mind is that we recognize other people's motivations and can sometimes predict what they'll do in certain situations. But the question for us is whether animals have a theory of might. Researchers who deal with primates, like monkeys, tend to accept the likelihood that monkeys have a theory of mind, particularly because they're social animals and live in groups. So they'd certainly benefit from the ability to uh understand motivations to predict the behavior of other monkeys. So for example..That’s..Excuse me?Sorry. But that's assuming it makes sense to say that animals have beliefs.Right. Of course. Yeah, we're assuming that we're inferring beliefs from behavior. They act one way for a reason, not just from instinct, but because they have certain knowledge and have reasoned that a particular course of action would be beneficial. One type of evidence that humans have a theory of mind is behavior like deception, because intending to deceive someone requires knowing that they can have different beliefs than you do. Well researchers who were observing a group of vervet monkeys in west Africa discovered just this type of behavior in vervets. Now vervets live in social groups, and occasionally a new member will try to join an established group. Well the researchers noticed that every time a new male would try to join the group, one particular low ranking male member of the group habitually made a false alarm call that a leopard was approaching the group. When the low ranking monkey did this, all the group members in the new comer would immediately retreat into the trees to safety. Obviously being a low ranked male, our friend had little interest in seeing a new male member who would almost certainly outrank him, join the group. And this tactic did stop that from happening.So the idea is that the monkey knew there was no leopard, but believed that the other monkeys would think there was a leopard? Realize that the others would have a different belief than he had?Right. We infer the monkey had a belief from its behavior. The researchers interpreted the vervets' behavior to mean that it had an understanding of other vervets' mind and how they react. However, this monkey's behavior, after issuing the falsealarm call, makes this interpretation somewhat less likely. After the alarm call, when all of the other monkeys had climbed up into the trees, our friend then came down from his own tree, crossed over to the tree of the intruder, the one who wanted to join the group, and issued the false alarm call again, perhaps to make sure the intruder really got the message. The problem is, if you really did have a theory of mind, he would have realized that climbing down from his tree would show the others that he was aware there was no leopard around. So maybe the alarm called doesn't show that this particular monkey had a theory of mind. May be he simply learned to associate his false alarm call with the action of monkeys retreating into the trees. May be he had learned to provoke a reaction without really understanding what motivated the other monkey's behavior.So how do we know which interpretation is right?Good question. That's often an issue with observational studies. They produce evidence that's well, like in this case, people who start out believing that animals have a theory of mind can always pick observations that best support their case. But those who doubt it can always find an alternative interpretation for what was observed. So is there some other methodology, lab experimentation, for example, that's more objective? That would produce more objective evidence about this?。
tpo综合写作题目难度排序
tpo综合写作题目难度排序
题目的难度排序因人而异，因为每个人的知识背景和思维方式不同。
但是以下是一些可能的TPo综合写作题目，按照一般
认为的难度进行排序：
1. 要求学生给出解决环境问题的建议，例如减少废物、节能、使用可再生能源等。
2. 阐述为何人们需要休假，以及休假对个人和社会的影响。
3. 比较两个历史时期中的艺术作品，并评估它们对当时社会的影响。
4. 探讨科学家是否应该有社会责任，以及为什么科学家对社会的影响力如此重要。
5. 分析一个关于教育系统的报道，并讨论其中涉及的问题和解决方案。
6. 探讨全球化对不同国家和文化的影响，包括经济、社会、文化等方面。
7. 讨论人工智能对就业市场的影响，包括哪些工作可能被取代，以及人们如何应对这种变化。
8. 分析一个关于自由言论的报道，并讨论言论自由的重要性以及可能的限制。
9. 比较传统教育和在线教育的优缺点，并讨论它们对学生学习的影响。
10. 讨论技术对人类社会的长期影响，包括社交媒体、人工智能和基因编辑等。
需要注意的是，这个排序是主观的，不同人可能对不同题目的难度有不同的看法。
而且具体的题目难度还取决于题目的具体内容和要求。
托福tpo 60综合写作范文
托福tpo 60综合写作范文一、阅读文章观点及理由。
阅读文章提出了一种观点，认为在公共图书馆放置电脑有很多弊端。
1. 干扰阅读氛围。
图书馆本应是安静阅读的地方。
电脑会发出各种声音，像按键声、提示音之类的。
人们在图书馆是想找个安静的角落沉浸在书的世界里，这些电脑的声音就像一个个小恶魔，打破了图书馆原有的宁静氛围，让那些想要好好读书的人不胜其烦。
2. 维护成本高。
电脑可不是个省心的家伙。
它需要定期更新软件，硬件要是出了毛病还得请专业人员来维修。
这可都是钱啊，图书馆的经费本来就有限，把钱花在这些电脑上，就会减少购买新书和其他资源的资金，这就像一个家庭本来打算买新衣服的钱，却拿去修那个总出故障的旧电器了。
3. 人们有其他上网途径。
现在这个时代，谁还缺个上网的地方呢？大家都有手机、平板电脑，家里也有电脑。
在公共图书馆设置电脑就有点多余了，就像在到处都是卖水的地方还非要在一个读书的地方摆个卖水的摊位一样。
二、听力文章观点及理由。
听力文章则对阅读文章的观点进行了反驳，认为在公共图书馆放置电脑是很有必要的。
1. 合理管理可避免干扰。
关于干扰阅读氛围这个事儿，其实很好解决。
图书馆可以专门划分出电脑区，就像把调皮捣蛋的孩子和认真学习的孩子分开一样。
在电脑区，大家可以自由使用电脑，而在阅读区，就还是安静的读书天堂。
而且，电脑也可以设置成静音模式，再加上现在的无线设备，很多操作都可以无声无息地进行。
这就好比把爱闹的小动物关进一个专门的小笼子，让它们在里面撒欢儿，却不影响其他动物休息。
2. 电脑带来新的资源和功能。
电脑虽然有维护成本，但是它带来的好处更多。
图书馆可以通过电脑提供电子书籍、在线数据库等资源。
这些资源可比单纯的纸质书丰富多了。
而且电脑还能提供一些特殊的功能，比如盲人可以使用电脑上的语音功能来听书。
这就像给图书馆这个知识宝库又开了几个新的大门，让更多的人可以用不同的方式获取知识，不能因为怕花钱就把这些好东西拒之门外啊。
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托福综合写作备考策略
托福综合写作是托福考试中的一个重要组成部分，它要求考生通过对阅读材料和听力材料的理解和分析，写出一篇摘要或综述。
由于综合写作需要考生具备较高的语言水平和逻辑思维能力，因此备考难度较大。
本文将介绍一些托福综合写作的备考策略。
一、提高语言能力
托福综合写作需要考生具备较高的语言水平，包括听力、阅读和写作等方面。
因此，考生在备考过程中要提高语言能力，包括扩大词汇量、提高听力水平、加强写作能力等。
扩大词汇量可以通过阅读英文原版材料或使用词汇书进行练习。
提高听力水平可以通过听英文广播、看英文电影或听英文讲座等方式进行。
加强写作能力可以通过练习写作、背诵范文和进行修改等方式进行。
二、熟悉评分标准
托福综合写作的评分标准包括内容的完整性和准确性、文章的组织结构、词汇和语法的正确性和准确性等。
考生要熟悉这些评分标准，并在日常练习中注意提高这些能力。
三、注重逻辑思维能力
托福综合写作需要考生具备较强的逻辑思维能力。
考生要通过阅读和听力材料的理解和分析，推断出作者的观点和立场，并在此基础上进行反驳或支持。
因此，考生在备考过程中要注重提高逻辑思维能力。
四、练习写作技巧
托福综合写作需要考生具备较高的写作技巧。
考生要通过练习，提高自己的写作速度和表达能力。
同时，考生要注意使用正确的语法和词汇，避免使用生僻词汇和语法错误。
五、注重练习
托福综合写作需要考生具备较高的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力，而这些能力的提高需要通过不断的练习。
考生要在日常练习中注重提高语言能力和逻辑思维能力，并进行反复修改和完善。