工程造价专业课程名翻译
工程造价专业英语
v.成功，做成，达到目的；接替
n.成功，成就，胜利；成功者 n.一连串的事物，一系列
succession
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specific a.特有的，具体的
e.g. The money is to be used for one specific purpose: the building of the new theatre. （这笔钱有专门用途：就是建造新剧院）
你真有心。 considering[kən'sidəriŋ] prep. 鉴于，考虑到;conj. 就 ... 而言
In considering this problem, you should grasp its essentials.
在考虑这一问题时，你应当抓住实质。
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undertaking n.所承担的工作、任务、项目 e.g. He is interested in buying the club as a commercial undertaking.
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就业方向：学生毕业后能够在工程（造价） 咨询公司、建筑施工企业（乙方）、建筑 装潢装饰工程公司、工程建设监理公司、 房地产开发企业、设计院、会计审计事务 所、政府部门企事业单位基建部门（甲方） 等企事业单位，从事工程造价招标代理、 建设项目投融资和投资控制、工程造价确 定与控制、投标报价决策、合同管理、工 程预（结）决算、工程成本分析、工程咨 询、工程监理以及工程造价管理相关软件 的开发应用和技术支持等工作
pass through : experience(经历）
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Paragraph 5
4)Each structure is tailored to…arranged to…and designed to… be tailored to
最全大学课程英文名称
高级语言程序设计Advanced Language Programme Design工程造价治理Project Pricing Management工业行业技术评估概论Introduction to Industrial Technical Evaluation 公共关系Public Relations公关礼仪Etiquette for Public Relations治理沟通Managerial Communication国际关系与政治International Relationship and Politics国际技术贸易International Technology Trade机械制图Mechanical Drawing运算机科学Computer Science技术创新Technological Innovation技术经济Technological Economics价钱学Pricing建筑项目预算Constructive Project Budgeting金融治理软件Financial Management Software经济文献检索Economic Document Searching经济文写作Economic Article Writing经贸科研论文与写作Research Project on Economics & Trade伦理学Ethics逻辑学Logic社会保障Social Security社会调查Social Survey社会学Sociology世界经济概论Introduction to World Economy世界经贸地理World Geography for Economics and Trade世界市场行情World Market Survey世界政治经济与国际关系World Politics, Economy and International Relations 数据结构Database Structure数据库治理Database Management数据库及其应用Database and Applications数据模型与决策Digital Models and Decision-making外国经济地理Economic Geography of Foreign Countries外国经济史History of Foreign Economies外贸函电Business Correspondence for Foreign Trade外贸口语Oral English for Foreign Trade外贸实务Foreign Trade Practices物流运输打算治理Logistics Planning & management系统工程System Engineering现代国际政治与经济Contemporary International Politics and Economics信息分析Information Analysis信息技术与新组织Information Technology and New Organisations形式逻辑Formal Logic英语经贸文章选读Selected English Readings of Economic and Trade Literature 营销治理Marketing Management营运治理Operation Management运筹学Operations Research战略治理Strategic Management职业道德伦理Professional Ethics中国对外经贸政策与投资环境Chinese Foreign Trade Policy and Investment Environment中国对外贸易史History of Chinese Foreign Trade中国外贸概论Introduction to Chinese Foreign Trade资刊选读Selected Reading from Foreign Magazines组织行为学Organisational Behaviour大学课程英文名称（做英文成绩单有效）Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 高等计算流体力学Advanced Mathematics 高等数学Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析Algorithmic Language 算法语言Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计Audit 审计学Automatic Control System 自动操纵系统Automatic Control Theory 自动操纵理论Auto-Measurement Technique 自动检测技术Basis of Software Technique 软件技术基础Calculus 微积分Catalysis Principles 催化原理Chemical Engineering Document Retrieval 化工文献检索Circuitry 电子线路College English 大学英语College English Test (Band 4) CET-4College English Test (Band 6) CET-6College Physics 大学物理Communication Fundamentals 通信原理Comparative Economics 比较经济学Complex Analysis 复变函数论Computational Method 计算方式Computer Graphics 图形学原理Computer Interface Technology 运算机接口技术Contract Law 合同法Cost Accounting 本钱会计Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术Database Principles 数据库原理Design & Analysis System 系统分析与设计Developmental Economics 进展经济学Digital Electronics 数字电子电路Digital Image Processing 数字图像处置Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处置Econometrics 经济计量学Economical Efficiency Analysis for Chemical Technology 化工技术经济分析Economy of Capitalism 资本主义经济Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves 电磁场与电磁波Electrical Engineering Practice 电工实习Enterprise Accounting 企业会计学Equations of Mathematical Physics 数理方程Experiment of College Physics 物理实验Experiment of Microcomputer 微机实验Experiment in Electronic Circuitry 电子线路实验Fiber Optical Communication System 光纤通信系统Finance 财政学Financial Accounting 财务会计Fine Arts 美术Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变换Fundamentals of Law 法律基础Fuzzy Mathematics 模糊数学General Physics 一般物理Graduation Project(Thesis) 毕业设计（论文）Graph theory 图论Heat Transfer Theory 传热学History of Chinese Revolution 中国革命史Industrial Economics 工业经济学Information Searches 情报检索Integral Transformation 积分变换Intelligent robot(s); Intelligence robot 智能机械人International Business Administration 国际企业治理International Clearance 国际结算International Finance 国际金融International Relation 国际关系International Trade 国际贸易Introduction to Chinese Tradition 中国传统文化Introduction to Modern Science & Technology 今世科技概论Introduction to Reliability Technology 靠得住性技术导论Java Language Programming Java 程序设计Lab of General Physics 一般物理实验Linear Algebra 线性代数Management Accounting 治理会计学Management Information System 治理信息系统Mechanic Design 机械设计Mechanical Graphing 机械制图Merchandise Advertisement 商品广告学Metalworking Practice 金工实习Microcomputer Control Technology 微机操纵技术Microeconomics & Macroeconomics 西方经济学Microwave Technique 微波技术Military Theory 军事理论Modern Communication System 现代通信系统Modern Enterprise System 现代企业制度Monetary Banking 货币银行学Motor Elements and Power Supply 电机电器与供电Moving Communication 移动通信Music 音乐Network Technology 网络技术Numeric Calculation 数值计算Oil Application and Addition Agent 油品应用及添加剂Operation & Control of National Economy 国民经济运行与调控Operational Research 运筹学Optimum Control 最优操纵Petroleum Chemistry 石油化学Petroleum Engineering Technique 石油化工工艺学Philosophy 哲学Physical Education 体育Political Economics 政治经济学Primary Circuit （反映堆）一回路Principle of Communication 通信原理Principle of Marxism 马克思主义原理Principle of Mechanics 机械原理Principle of Microcomputer 微机原理Principle of Sensing Device 传感器原理Principle of Single Chip Computer 单片机原理Principles of Management 治理学原理Probability Theory & Stochastic Process 概率论与随机进程Procedure Control 进程操纵Programming with Pascal Language Pascal语言编程Programming with C Language C语言编程Property Evaluation 工业资产评估Public Relation 公共关系学Pulse & Numerical Circuitry 脉冲与数字电路Refinery Heat Transfer Equipment 炼厂传热设备Satellite Communications 卫星通信Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体变流技术Set Theory 集合论Signal & Linear System 信号与线性系统Social Research 社会调查SPC Exchange Fundamentals 程控互换原理Specialty English 专业英语Statistics 统计学Stock Investment 证券投资学Strategic Management for Industrial Enterprises 工业企业战略治理Technological Economics 技术经济学Television Operation 电视原理Theory of Circuitry 电路理论Turbulent Flow Simulation and Application 湍流模拟及其应用Visual C++ Programming Visual C++程序设计Windows NT Operating System Principles Windows NT操作系统原理Word Processing 数据处置姓名NAME性别SEX入学时间1ST TERM ENROLLED IN系别DEPARTMENT专业SPECIALITY毕业时间GRADUATION DATE 19XX-19YY学年度第一/二学期1st/2nd TERM. 19XX-19YY课程名称COURSE TITLE学分CREDIT成绩GRADE高等数学 Advanced Mathematics工程数学 Engineering Mathematics中国革命史 History of Chinese Revolutionary程序设计 Programming Design机械制图 Mechanical Drawing社会学 Sociology体育 Physical Education物理实验 Physical Experiments电路 Circuit物理 Physics哲学 Philosophy法律基础 Basis of Law理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Material Mechanics电机学 Electrical Machinery政治经济学 Political Economy自动控制理论 Automatic Control Theory模拟电子技术基础 Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique 数字电子技术 Digital Electrical Technique电磁场 Electromagnetic Field微机原理 Principle of Microcomputer企业管理 Business Management专业英语 Specialized English可编程序控制技术 Controlling Technique for Programming 金工实习 Metal Working Practice毕业实习 Graduation Practice。
工程造价 英语 短语翻译
⏹（一）1.政府机构governmental agency2.承包商contractor3.分包商subcontractor4.建筑师architect5.保险公司insurance company6.担保公司surety company7.材料商material dealer/supplier8.施工现场construction site⏹（二）项目规划设计和施工project planning, design and construction临时设施temporary job facilities项目预算project budget投资和合同授予过程bidding and contract award process质量控制quality control项目的监督project supervision7.进度款progress payment合同变更contract change满足业主要求suit the individual owner's requirements以业主的名义in the name of the owner◆（三）卷入诉讼------ be involved in litigation公共工程------ public work承包商的注册-- contractors’ register某此因素------ certain factors合同工期------ duration of contract相对重要性---- relative importance担保能力------ bonding capacity现有工作任务-- current workload⏹（四）投标公告notice to bidders招标邀请函invitation to bidders标书格式bid forms标书分析bid analysis主要供应商major supplier投标保函bid bonds未预见情况unforeseen circumstances质量保证期quality guarantee period标书接收的地点和时间the time and place for the receipt of bids警察，消防和街道代表police, fire, and street department representatives●（五）材料价格material price分包商的报价subcontractor's quotation机具设备租赁费equipment hire rates向供应商询价enquire supplier工程量清单bill of quantitie s墙砖wall tiles / brick防潮层damp-proof courses水泥cement粗骨料coarse aggregates回扣discount◆（刘）平面布置图和立面图schematic layouts and elevations规划许可planning permission建筑业管理许可building regulations approval工程质量project quality装修工程的造价the cost of decoration projects合同文本contract documents合同图纸contract drawings承包人义务contractor's obligations指定供应商和分包商specified suppliers and subcontractors 开工和竣工时期the start and completion dates中期付款interim payments缺陷责任期the defects liability period⏹（七）法律框架legal framework相关各方parties concerned标准文本standard forms标准条款standard clauses特殊条款special clauses业主姓名the name of the employer工料测量师quantity surveyor公共机构public bodys签名和印章signature and seal印花税stamp duty●（八）投标明细或价值明细表bid breakdown or schedule of values污水处理厂wastewater treatment plant地下管线underground utility lines道路改建roads improvements开挖与回填excavation and backfill筑堤embankment延长英尺linear feet平方英尺square feet延期罚款条款liquidated damages clauses for delay工程造价construction pricing /cost of construction管理费和利润overhead and profit合同管理contract administration（九）造价师/工料测量师quantity surveyor建筑设计阶段building design stage 可行性分析阶段feasible analysis stage概算approximate estimate施工图设计阶段construction drawing design stage建筑面积floor spac e成本效益分析cost and profit analysis养护费maintenance cost◆（十一）项目经理project manager现场管理Management of construction field项目成本和时间控制project cost and time control技术复杂性technical complexity施工方法construction methods设计阶段design stage材料替代material substitute/alternatives管理机构regulatory agency材料和设备供应商material and equipment suppliers材料和设备的运输时间the delivery times of materials and project equipment●Twelve总承包商the general contractor业主the owner影响费用impact costs间接损失consequential damages项目总进度计划overall project schedule项目网络图project network变更条款change clauses备忘录memoranda延迟提交索赔defer claims submission提出索赔file a claim。
《工程造价专业英语》教学
《工程造价专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：《工程造价专业英语》课程编码：暂空英文名称：Special English in construction cost总学时：30 学分：2适应层次：本科、专科专业英语学习开课学期：第四学期适用专业：工程造价（半脱产）课程类别：理论课程性质：专业拓展课先修课程：计价与控制建筑工程招投标与合同管理工程建设法规与案例学习形式：课堂多媒体教学一、课程性质及目的（一）课程性质本课程为工程造价文科专业拓展课。
本课程主要讲述工程造价专业相关理论的英语表述方法，并结合新的科技文献开拓学生视野，从而使学生掌握专业文献的特点及常用词汇以及相关的工程造价知识在专业英语中如何描述，使学生基本能够阅读和翻译本专业各种体裁的英文文献，具备初步的英文文献写作能力。
（二）课程目的通过对本课程的学习，目的是使使学生掌握专业文献的特点及常用词汇以及相关的工程造价知识在专业英语中如何描述，使学生基本能够阅读和翻译本专业各种体裁的英文文献，具备初步的英文文献写作能力。
教学目标：1.基础知识目标了解工程造价专业英语的特点；掌握工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧；熟悉工程造价专业英语单词、句子成分、词类转化、词序转变、被动语态、后置定语、长句的翻译法及握撰写英文摘要的方法和技巧。
2.能力训练目标能运用所学习知识顺利阅读专业英语文章，初步具备阅读和翻译专业外文文献的能力。
3.个性品质目标培养学生专业外语的兴趣，积极了解专业知识的最新国外动态，主动拓展所学专业学科知识的能力。
二、课程内容及学习方法（一）课程内容序号教学内容内容要点教学标准一绪论1 工程造价专业英语的特点；2工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧概述；3学习工程造价专业英语的目的和要求。
1.了解工程造价专业英语的特点；2.掌握工程造价专业英语的学习方法和翻译技巧。
二专业英语翻译法1 单词的翻译法2 词类转化的翻译法3 句子成分转化的翻译法4 词序转变的翻译法5 被动语态的翻译法6 后置定语的翻译法7 长句的翻译法1.了解词类转化、词序转变、被动语态、后置定语、长句的翻译法；2.熟悉并掌握工程造价专业英语单词、句子成分。
(完整word版)工程造价英语专业英语期末考试必备答案
Unit11.政府机构-governmental agency2.承包商—contractor3.分包商—sub—contractor 4。
建筑师—architect5.保险公司-insurance company6.担保公司-surety company7.材料商—material dealer 8。
施工现场—construction site9.合同承包 contract letting 9.各行各业 walks of life10.全靠胆量 by sheer courage 11.土木工程 civil engineeringUnit21.项目规划、设计和施工-project planing，design，and construction2.临时设施-temporary job facilities3.项目预算—project budget4.投标合同授予过程—bidding and contract award5.质量控制—quality control6.项目的监督—project supervision7.进度款—progress payments 8。
合同变更-contract changes9.满足业主要求-suit the owner’s requirements10.以业主的名义-in the name of ownerUnit31.卷入诉讼-involve someone litigation2.公共工程—public work3.承包商的注册—contractor’s register 4。
某些因素-certain factor 5.合同工期-duration of contract 6.相对重要性—relative importance 7.担保能力-bonding capacity 8。
现有工作任务—current workloadUnit41.招标公告—notice to bidder 2。
工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照
外文文献：Project Cost Control: The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway.But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall see, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include theBusiness Case, the Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization's ability to effectively control project costs.FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phases. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events.In the project's Concept Phase• EvEry projEct starts with somEonE idEntifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed, and that person often becomes the project's sponsor.• to dEtErminE thE suitability of thE potEntial projEct, most organizations call for the preparation of a "Business Case" and its"Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that it can be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio.• thE cost of thE work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporate management overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward?• if thE businEss casE has sufficiEnt mErit, approval will bE givEn to proceed to a Development and Definition phase.In the project's Development or Definition Phase• thE objEctivE of t he Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.• in a formalizEd sEtting, EspEcially whErE big projEcts arE involved, this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital) Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request (CAR).• this rEquirEs thE collEction of morE dEtailEd rEquirEmEnts and data to establish what work needsto be done to produce the required product or "deliverable". From this information, a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.• in a lEss formalizEd sEtting, EvEryonE just triEs to muddlE through.Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter• if thE dElivErablE consists of a numbEr of diffErEnt ElEmEnts, thEsE are identified and assembled into Work Packages (WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).• Each wp involvEs a sEt of activitiEs, thE "work" that is plannEd and scheduled as a part of the Project Management Plan. Note, however, that the planning will still be at a relatively high level,and more detailed planning will be necessary during execution if the project is given the go ahead.• this projEct managEmEnt plan, by thE way, should bEcomE thE "bible" for the execution phase of the project and is sometimes referred to as the "Project Brief" or the "Project Charter".• thE cost of doing thE various activitiEs is thEn EstimatEd and thEsE estimated costs are aggregated to determine the estimated cost of the WP. This approach is known as "detailed estimating" or "bottom up estimating". There are other approaches to estimating that we'll come to in a minute. Either way, the result is an estimated cost of the totalwork of the project.Note: that project risk management planning is an important part of this exercise. This should examine the project's assumptions and environmental conditions to identify any weaknesses in the plan thus far, and identify those potential risk events that warrant attention for mitigation. This might take the form of specific contingency planning, and/or the setting aside of prudent funding reserves.Request for capitalConverting the estimate• howEvEr, an EstimatE of thE work alonE is not sufficiEnt for a capital request. To arrive at a capital request some conversion is necessary, for example, by adding prudent allowances such as overheads, a contingency allowance to cover normal project risks and management reserves to cover unknowns and possible scope changes.• in addition, it may bE nEcEssary to convErt thE Estimating data into a financial accounting formatthat satisfies the corporate or sponsor's format for purposes of comparison with other projects and consequent funding approval.• in practicE all thE data for thE typE of "bottom up" approach just described may not be available.In this case alternative estimating approaches are adopted that provide various degrees of reliability in a "top down" fashion. Forexample:Order of Magnitude estimate – a "ball park" estimate, usually reserved for the concept phase onlyAnalogous estimate – an estimate based on previous similar projects Parametric estimate –an estimate based on statistical relationships in historical data• whichEvEr approach is adoptEd, hopEfully thE sum thus arrivEd at will be approved in full and proves to be satisfactory! This is the trigger to start the Execution Phase of the projectNote: Some managements will approve some lesser sum in the mistaken belief that this will help everyone to "sharpen their pencils" and "work smarter" for the benefit of the organization. This is a mistaken belief because management has failed to understand the nature of uncertainty and risk in project work. Consequently, the effect is more likely to result in "corner cutting" with an adverse effect on product quality, or reduced product scope or functionality. This often leads to a "game" in which estimates are inflated so that management can adjust them downwards. But to be fair, management is also well aware that if money is over allocated, it will get spent anyway. The smart thing for managements to do is to set aside contingent reserve funds, varying with the riskiness of the project, and keep that money under careful control.Ownership of approved capital• if sEnior managEmEnt approvEs thE rfa as prEsEntEd, thE sum in question becomes the responsibility of the designated project sponsor. However, if the approved capital request includes allowances such as a "Management Reserve", this may or may not be passed on to the project's sponsor, depending on the policies of the organization.• for thE approvEd rfa, thE projEct sponsor will, in turn, further delegate expenditure authority to the project's project manager and will likely not include any of the allowances. An exception might be the contingency allowances to cover the normal variations in work performance.• thE nEt sum thus arrivEd at constitutes the project manager's Approved Project Budget.Note: If management does not approve the RFA, you should not consider this a project failure. Either the goals, objectives, justification and planning need rethinking to increase the value of the project's deliverables, or senior management simply has higher priorities elsewhere for the available resources and funding.The Project's Execution PhaseThe project manager's Project Budget responsibility• oncE this approvEd projEct budgEt is rElEas ed to the project manager, a reverse process must take place to convert it into a working control document. That is, the money available must be divided amongstthe various WBS WPs that, by the way, have probably by now been upgraded! This results in a project execution Control Budget or Project Baseline Budget, or simply, the Project Budget. In some areas of project management application it is referred to as a Project Cost Plan.• on a largE projEct whErE diffErEnt corporatE production divisions are involved, there may be a further intermediate step of creating "Control Accounts" for the separate divisions, so that each division subdivides their allocated money into their own WBS WPs.• obsErvE that, sincE thE total projEct budgEt rEcEivEd formal approval from Executive Management, you, as project manager, must likewise seek and obtain from Executive Management, via the project's sponsor, formal approval for any changes to the total project budget. Often this is only justified and accepted on the basis of a requested Product Scope Change.• in such a casE thE projEct's sponsor will EithEr draw down on thE management reserve in his or her possession, or submit a supplementary RFA to upper management.• now that wE havE thE projEct budgEt monEy allocatEd to Work Packages we can further distribute it amongst the various activities of each WP so that we know how much money we have as a "Baseline" cost for each activity.• this providEs us with thE basE of rEfErEncE for thE cost controlfunction. Of course, depending on the circumstances the same thing may be done at the WP level but the ability to control is then at a higher and coarser level.Use of the Earned Value technique• if wE havE thE nEcEssary dEtails anothEr control tool that wE can adopt for monitoring ongoing work is the "Earned Value" (EV) technique. This is a considerable art and science that you must learn about from texts dedicated to the subject.• but EssEntially, you takE thE costs of thE schEdulE activitiEs and plot them as a cumulative total on the appropriate time base. Again you can do this at the activity level, WP level or the whole project level. The lower the level the more control information you have available but the more work you get involved in.The Cost Baseline• this plannEd reference S-curve is sometimes referred to as the "Cost Baseline", typically in EVparlance. That is, it is the "Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled" (BCWS), or more simply the "Planned Value" (PV).• Observe that you need to modify this Cost Baseline every time there is an approved scope change that has cost and/or schedule implications and consequently changes the project's Approved Project Budget.• now, as thE work progrEssEs, you can plot thE "actual cost of workPerformed" (ACWP or simply "Actual Cost" - AC).• you can plot othEr things as wEll, sEE diagram rEfErrEd to abovE, and if you don't like what you see then you need to take "Corrective Action".CommentaryThis whole process is a cyclic, situational operation and is probably the source of the term "cycle" in the popularly misnamed "project life cycle".As an aside, the Earned Value pundits offer various other techniques within the EV process designed to aid in forecasting the final result, that is, the "Estimate At Completion" (EAC). EAC is what you should really be interested in because it is the only constant in a moving project. Therefore, these extended EV techniques must be considered in the same realm of accuracy as top-down estimating. They are useful, but only if you recognize the limitations and know what you are doing!But, as we said at the beginning, it is a lot more difficult to do in practice –and involves a significant amount of work. But, let's face it, that's what project managers are hired for, right?中文译文：项目成本控制：它的工作方式R.马克斯怀德曼我们在最近的咨询任务中意识到，对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的这个问题，我们仍有一些缺乏了解。
外文翻译-工程造价管理浅论(中英文对照)
the stage of the project cost managementAbstract：Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：project cost；the current stage of the project；project cost management；Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light onthe cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology，First，the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. Ithas a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information cannot be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project andhad to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects: Implementationof the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.A realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriously functional analysis，multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation，and the final technologically advanced，functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects，thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of theamount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time，China's building control very effective，- investment projects is not uncommon，this will affect owners of investment returns，it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on. Hence，the control of the project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primary means of control design，Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact，it is wrong，on the contrary，Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design，construction methods，materials and equipment types，models of the project cost is of critical significance，design optimization phase of the program or minor changes，project cost will have a significant impact，Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.Otherwise，in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market，compared to select the best design units.Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France，in accordance with applicable，economic，aesthetic principles and advanced technology，reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements，comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design，selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology，unique novelty，adaptability，as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea，contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality，strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design，maturetechnology，reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program，in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved，excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control，construction began at best to save and invest 20%，the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates，to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options，the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study，to the design staff costs，to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design，even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates，guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget，according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits，and every one professional，each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process，designers should progress to more programs，design optimization，ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable，innovative，stylish，and do not break the limit investment objectives，thus eliminating theengineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the technical feasibility of the program，rather than economic rationality phenomenon，the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis，is a modern scientific management technique，is a new techno-economic analysis，is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies，construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period，a lot of wastage，poor quality，high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object，on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise，in the investment decision-making stage，the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits，strive in various construction projects rational use of human，material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy，to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex，this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process，it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is theimplementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management，construction management and settlement management.Bidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means，bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects，shortening the construction cycle return on the investment，construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise，in the tender document to include not only the usual content，like tender notes before schedule，tender notes，the conditions of the contract，the contract terms of the agreement，contract format，technical specifications，drawings，tender documents and other reference format，it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory，Bidding as a reference document of the important components.Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory，in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects，unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules，according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged，obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective，impartial，scientific，and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget，and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience，and the material and mechanical construction technology forcomprehensive scientific knowledge，in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules，and the sub-projects division engineering units，and in accordance with design drawings，design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general，the entries must be simple，while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division，the situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers，seriously study design drawings，Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements，all familiar with the process，and to the scene of serious investigation，is forecast to make possible the construction of the case，right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition，because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units，clearly paying the price for the same overall price，the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements，and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineeringassessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work，construction program，a comprehensive technical evaluation process，thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract，while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable，legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A，B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract，effective control of the works investment costs.After the signing of the contract，to do the management contract documentation，contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved，in addition to establishing a technical files，Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis，results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target，Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small，but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work，a reasonable construction plan，shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project，improving economic efficiency，Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared，through qualitative and quantitative analysis，the quality，time，Cost three technical and economic indicators，be rational，and effective use of manpower，material and financial resources，achieve better economic efficiency，good construction management relations，a comprehensive cost management is an important way.Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons，including works poorly designed，so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore，in the construction process，we must tighten customs change，through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents，the best implementation of the "grade control，visa quota" system. Right to change the design，particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units，construction units scene representatives，supervision engineers common signature，and should be ahead of this type of change，reduce losses，because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents，it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore，the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site，to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system，the establishment of specialized departments，Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas，not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building，Supervisor，the construction site together representatives signed the way toensure that change，visa authenticity，legitimacy，economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction，the construction units to enhance on-site construction management，supervision and construction side according to the drawings，and strictly control the change of the negotiations，materials substitution，the scene visas，and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards，after money，Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level，things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project.Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record，particularly concealed records and visas，reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious，works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble，lead to considerable economic losses，the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories，Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects，occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology，life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original，itemized checking identification，inconsistent make revisions.Control material consumption，rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main，the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion，usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%，representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices，so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels，variety and price range materials，construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates，with the progress of the scene，the market，hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.Technology and economic integration，strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment，from organizational，technical，economic，contracts，and other measures. Therefore，the construction units must strengthen management，engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept，the quality of education，Training pragmatic working style，the construction side to help improve construction design，reasonable security，financial，and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions，overcome the waste caused by command，to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation，is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender，contract negotiations，costing the budget，signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts，a cost analysis，the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.。
工程造价英语
Aabandoned tender 废标acceptance 验收,承兑acceptance certificate 验收证书acceptance inspection 验收检查acceptance lot 验收批量acceptance of divisional work 分部工程验收acceptance of sub-divisional work 分项工程验收acceptance of tenders 接受投标acceptance of works 工程验收acceptable quality 合格质量accepted bid 中标accepted bidder 中标者accessories 附件accessory building 附属建筑accommodation 住处，膳宿，适应性调节acknowledge 告知已收到action 对……起诉addenda 补遗，附录additional building 附加房屋additional charges 附加费用additional clause / article 附加条款additional regulations 补充规定additional remarks 补充说明additional document 补充文件additional protocol 附加议定书adjudication 裁判,裁决，裁定adjusted manhours 修正的人工时估算值administration 管理advance 预付款；预付；预付的（款项）advanced charge 预付费用advance payment 预付advance payment for material 预付材料款advertisement for bids 招标广告advisory architect 顾问建筑师advisory engineer 顾问工程师affix 贴上,盖（印章）agency 代理机构aggregate cement ratio 骨料水泥比agreement by piece 计件合同allocate 分配,配给alternate material 代用材料amalgamation 合并,混合物amend 修正amount of work 工作量amplify 详述，进一步补充说明analysis estimate 分析估算annulment 宣告无效，废止，取消annex 附件,附属建筑anticipated approved cost 认可的预计费用apparatus 设备,壮志,器具appendix 附录，附件applicable 适用的application for payment 付款申请书approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段核算approved client change 认可的用户变更approximate calculation 近似计算approximate estimate on cubic meter basis 单立方概算approximate estimate on square meter basis 单方概算appurtenant work 附属工程arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 仲裁协定arbitrator 仲裁人architect in charge 主任建筑师architect—engineer / architectural engineer 建筑工程师architect’s approval 建筑师认可证明architect's basic services 建筑师基本服务项目architect's office 建筑师事务所architecture 建筑architectural area 建筑面积architectural control 建筑管理architectural decoration / ornament 建筑装饰architectural design 建筑设计architectural discipline 建筑专业architectural drawing 建筑图architectural firm 建筑师事务所architectural sketch 建筑草图architectural volume 建筑体积area planning 区域规划around-the-clock job 昼夜施工，日夜施工arrangement 筹备,安排,准备as—built drawings 竣工图asset 资产，财产assign 受让人assistant engineer 助理工程师assistant architect 助理建筑师associate / associated architect 合作建筑师association of architects 建筑师协会attached drawing 附图attachment 附件attorney 代理人authenticate 鉴定，证明authoried change 批准的变更authorization 授权，许可auxiliary project / building 附属工程/建筑average contingency 基本不可预见费average cost 平均成本award 裁决，授予Bbackfilling plate 垫板base bid 基本标价base bid specifications 基本标价清单，基本标价项目说明书basic services 基本服务项目be attributable to 把……归因于,认为……系某人所为,可归因于bearing plate 支撑板beneficiary 受益人bid date 招标期限bid price 标价，投标报价,递价，出价bid tabulation 标价汇总表bid time 招标期限biding 有约束力的bidding documents 招标文件bidding period 招标期bidding sheet 标价单bill of estimate 估价单bill of materials 材料表bill of quantities 工程数量表，数量明细表blank endorsed or blank endorsement 空白背书block planning 建筑用地规划bond 担保，保函cost of bulk material 散装材料费用/ 散装材料购买费用block 砌块block masonry 砌块砌体block masonry structure 砌块砌体board 板材bonded prestressed concrete structure 有粘接预应力混凝土结构brake member 制动构件breadth of wall between windows 窗间墙宽度brick masonry 砖砌体brick masonry column 砖砌体柱brick masonry wall 砖砌体墙bonus and penalty contract 奖罚合同bonus clause 奖金条款bonus for completion 竣工奖金budget 预算budget control 预算控制budget documents 预算文件budget items 预算项目budget making 预算编制budget sheet 预算表budget statement 预算书budgeter 预算员budgetary planning 预算budgetary engineer 预算工程师buildable area 可建面积builder’s risk insurance 建筑工程风险保险building act / law 建筑法building alteration 改建工程building area 建筑占地面积building authorities 建筑主管部门building codes and standards 建筑法规和标准building codes of practice 建筑执行法规building contract 建筑合同building construction company 建筑工程公司building / construction / job site 建筑施工/工地building contractor 建筑承包商building cost 建筑造价building cost analysis 建筑造价分析building cost index 建筑造价指数building cost estimate 建筑估价building fund 建筑资金building industry 建筑业building lot 建筑用地building material 建筑材料building permit 建筑许可证,施工许可证，施工执照building project 建筑工程building regulation / rule 建筑条例building site 施工现场building standards 建筑标准building structural materials 建筑结构材料building structural unit 建筑结构单元building structure 建筑结构，房屋结构Ccaisson method 沉箱法caisson work 沉箱施工法call for bids 招标capital construction project 基本建设项目capital expenditure 基本建设费用capital works 基本建设工程capital repair 大修carcassing work 主体工程certificate 证书，证件certificate for payment 付款证明书certificate of completion by stages 分期竣工证书certificate of completion of works 工程竣工证书certificate of conformity 合格证明书certificate of inspection 合格证certificate of occupancy 建筑使用证书certificate of quality 合格证，质量证明change in the work 工程变更change order 工程变更通知单charges prepaid 预付费用check and acceptance 验收chief architect 总建筑师circulating fund 周转资金civil 土建的，土木的civil engineering 土木工程clause 条款check estimate 核定估算clear 付清，清算client change / contract change 业主变更/合同变更commencement time of the work 开工时间commencement of works 工程开工commercial invoice 商业发票commission 委托，佣金commitment 承诺。
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2
思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics and
fun dame ntals of law
0.5
公共必修课
Public compulsory
大学央语3级College English 3 levels
2.5
大学央语4级College English 4 levels
Professi onal
结构力学Structural Mecha nics
4
工程项目管理Project Man ageme nt
3
courses
建筑结构识图与工程量计算Buildi ng structure is figure
and calculati on of qua ntities
3
工程定额Project quota
2.5
计算机操作基础Basic computer skills
0.75
文子处理技术Word process ing skills
1.25
电子表格应用Spreadsheet applicati ons
1.25
演示文稿制作Making prese ntatio ns
0.75
咼等数学2-1 Advaneed Mathematics 2-1
4
专业必修课
Professi onal
courses
土木工程概论In troduct ion of civil engin eeri ng
2
工程制图Engin eeri ng draw ing
3
认识实习Cogn iti on practice
1
管理学Management
2
课外教学
The extracurricular teach ing
1
施工图识读实训Con struct ion pla ns literacy training
2
土木工程材料Civil En gi neeri ng Materials
2
课外教学
The extracurricular teach ing
体育4-2 Physical education 4-2
1
导师课The tutorial
体育4-1 Physical education 4-1
1
军训和军事理论Military trai ning and military theory
2
导师课The tutorial
0.5
管理学分Man ageme nt of credit
0.5
1stHalf Total
通识选修课
Gen eral elective course
2.5
程序设计Program desi gn
2
咼等数学2-2 Advaneed Mathematics 2-2
4
专业必修课
Professi onal
courses
土木工程CAD Civil engineering CAD
2
土木工程CAD课程实训Civil engineering CAD course trai ning
2
工程算量实训Count the amount of training projects
3
通识选修课
Gen eral elective course
大学生心理健康教育导论The in troduction of
psychological health educati on of College Stude nts
2
思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics and
fun dame ntals of law
1
管理学分Man ageme nt of credit
0.5
1stHalf Total
通识必修课
Gen eral compulsory courses
中国马克思主义概论In troduction to Chi nese Marxism
4
通识选修课
Gen eral elective course
思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics and
0.5
通识公选课Gen eral
Public compulsory
大学央语5级College English 5 levels
2.5
大学央语6级College English 6 levels
2.5
线性代数Lin ear Algebra
2
专业必修课
Professi onal
工程造价
Course
工学学士Bachelor of Engineering
Major
工程造价
Cost Engin eeri ng
Unit Type
Year 1
Un it Name
Credit
Poi nts
通识必修课
Gen eral compulsory courses
中国近现代史纲要Modern History of Chi na
2
通识选修课
Gen eral elective course
思想道德与法律基础Cultivation of ethics and
fun dame ntals of law
0.5
公共必修课
Public compulsory
大学央语1级College English 1 levels
2.5
大学央语2级College English 2 levels
0.5
管理学分Man ageme nt of credit
0.5
2ndHalf Total
Year Total
Unit Type
Year 2
Un it Name
Credit
Poi nts
通识必修课
Gen eral compulsory courses
马克思主义基本原理概论Basic Prin ciples of Marxism
fun dame ntals of law
0.5
公共必修课
Public
compulsory
大学央语7级College English 7 levels
2.5
大学央语8级College English 8 levels
2.5
概率论与数理统计Probability and Statistics
2
专业必修课
courses
工程力学Engin eeri ng mecha nics
2
房屋建筑学Hous ing architecture
4
建设法规Buildi ng regulati ons
2
课外教学
The extracurricular teach ing
体育4-3 Physical education 4-3