专八必备人文知识
专八人文知识汇总
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain（England，Wales，Scotland）and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river（赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river），典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate）Ⅲ人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons，苏格兰人hospitable and generous，Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory：1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争，1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646（first civil war ），1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution）Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England（official church ，英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland（Presbyterian，长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会，the free churches 自由教，the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sunday（圣灵降临节，复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜，11月5日，燃放烟火的节日）Ⅷsports ，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August 到May），最典型的英国运动是cricket，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆（the British museum，the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery）Music (甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party（Tories 托利党）第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park（大平原地带），大峡谷（the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California ）ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits，also called Eskimos)Hawaii （Mauna Loa ，莫纳罗亚山，the world’s largest active volcano，盛产sugar cane and pineapple，首府是Honolulu）Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river （greatest continental rivers，American Ruhr ），Ohio river（俄亥俄河）3 the great lakes：lake Michigan（唯一一个在美国境内），lake superior（世界上最大的淡水湖），the lake Huron（休伦湖）lake Erie（伊利湖）and lake Ontario（安大略湖）Ⅳhistory1620，201 pilgrim，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, （英国承认其独立，签署停火协议），1789（established federal government），1812（和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要）1861-1865（civil war）,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20世纪初)，1949（north Atlantic treaty），1950s （civil rights movement）1950-1975（the Vietnam war），1972（Watergate scandal）1972 (访华)，1979（中美建交）ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，（1789讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
英语专八人文知识
1 英语词汇分为两大类：开放类词和封闭类词前者包括名词，动词，形容词和副词。
后者包括介词，冠词和连词等。
2 伦敦学派是现代语言学重要学派之一，创始人John Firth3 The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.4黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
5首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
6 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is __35h ___ president.7 The Missouri River 密苏里河 is the dividing line between the South and North.8美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
9 (Washington D.C)华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
华盛顿州（Washington）的最大城市是西雅图。
10 In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminar y , opened in __ Massachusetts ___ to serve the “ Muslim sex”.,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
11 the capital of U.S. is situated on the __ Potomac ___River banks.12 The Wars of Roses was ended by Henry VII13 All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly Pessimistic14 Edward I 在1301年征服了威尔士，收并为英国领土，为了稳定在那里的统治，他把儿子命名为威尔士王子。
专八人文知识吐血整理版
Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London，苏格兰（Scotland）首都爱丁堡（Edinburgh），威尔士（Wales）首都加的夫（Cardiff）北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%（13万平方公里）3 南面的（south）的英吉利海峡（English channel）与东面的（east）的北海（North sea）将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言（official language）是Irish，第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部（northernmost part）6 主要作物是大麦（wheat）和小麦（barley）7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部（northeast）8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业（service）9 农民仅占人口2%，管理70%的土地。
10 运输业，家庭取暖系统（domestic heating system），食品供应（food supply）很大程度上依赖于石油（oil ）11 在19世纪造船业（shipbuilding）中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）是英国最高的山（highest mountain）2 斯克菲尔峰（Scafell）是英格兰最高峰（highest peak）3 塞文河（Severn River）是英国最长的河（longest river）4 泰晤士河（Thames River）是英国第二大河和最重要的河流（second and most important river）5 内伊湖（Lough Neagh）是英国最大的湖（largest lake），位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡（The English Channel）是分隔England和France的狭窄海道，连接大西洋（Atlantic ocean）与北海（North Sea）7 英国是海洋性气候（the maritime type），由于受墨西哥湾流（the Gulf Stream）的影响，比同纬度其他地方温度高（warmer），温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，天气多变（changeable），有时会在一天经历四季变化。
专八人文知识presentation
百年战争(Hundred Years' War)是指英国和法国，以及后 来加入的勃艮第，于1337年 1453年间的战争，是世界最长 的战争，断断续续进行了长达 116年，百年战争中，发展出不 少新战术和武器。
英国内战（English Civil War ），是1642年至1651年在英国议会 派与保皇派之间发生的一系列武装 冲突及政治斗争；英国辉格党称之 为清教徒革命（英语：Puritan Revolution）。此事件对英国和整 个欧洲都产生了巨大的影响，并由 此将革命开始的1640年作为世界近 代史的开端。
北爱尔兰问题（The Troubles），简 称北爱问题，专指从1960年代后期开始 ，直至1990年代后期由1998年4月10日 签订北爱和平协议中止，在北爱尔兰发 生的参加者包括共和派与保皇派准军事 组织、皇家厄尔斯特警队，英国陆军与 其他人员的一段暴力活动时期，是爱尔 兰的周期性暴力冲突中的最新一轮。对 北爱问题的观点繁杂不一，称其为一场 多方冲突，游击战，低烈度冲突，甚至 内战。
现代足球起源于苏格兰 现代网球由英国人发明 美国最古老运动：棒球
1. The first known settlers of Britain were ____. A. the Celts
B. the Romans
C. the Iberians D. the Beaker of Fold
Washington New York Ottawa Toronto Sydney Auckland Dublin
加拿大
澳大利亚 Canberra 新西兰 爱尔兰
Wellington Dublin
二、国家历史知识
1. 最早居民或早期居民
英国：古伊比利亚人the Iberians
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结人文知识广泛涵盖了人类文化、历史、艺术、哲学等领域的知识内容，是对人类智慧和精神创造的总结与归纳。
在专八考试中，人文知识是一个重要的考察点，下面将对人文知识进行总结与梳理。
一、文化艺术1. 中国传统文化：中国悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴是中华民族的瑰宝，包括中国儒家思想、道家思想、佛教文化、中国古代文学、绘画、书法以及传统音乐、舞蹈等。
这些都是中国文化的精髓，也是中国人民的精神支柱。
2. 西方文化：西方文化源远流长，包括希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、文艺复兴运动、启蒙运动、现代主义艺术等。
西方文化对世界文化的发展和影响不可忽视，它形成了独特的西方审美观和艺术风格。
3. 艺术形式与艺术家：艺术是人类精神的表达和创造，包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑、文学等艺术形式。
世界上有很多伟大的艺术家，如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚、贝多芬等，他们的作品影响了世界，并成为人类文化的瑰宝。
二、历史1. 世界古代史：古代文明的兴衰是人类社会发展的缩影，从埃及、希腊、罗马到中国、印度等，每个古代文明都有其独特的历史背景和文化特点。
了解这些古代文明对于理解人类文明发展的脉络和演变具有重要意义。
2. 中国近现代史：中国的近现代史经历了清朝的衰落、封建社会的瓦解、列强入侵、辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放战争和新中国的建立等重大事件。
深入了解中国近现代史，可以理解中国社会的变革和现代化进程。
3. 世界现代史：20世纪是世界历史上变革最为剧烈的时期，包括两次世界大战、冷战、殖民地解放、科技革命等重大事件。
掌握世界现代史的知识，可以理解世界格局的演变和国际关系的发展。
三、哲学思想1. 中国哲学思想：中国哲学思想独具特色，包括儒家思想、道家思想、墨家思想、法家思想、名家思想等。
这些思想体系对中国社会和人民的思维方式和行为准则产生了深远影响。
2. 西方哲学思想：西方哲学思想源远流长，包括柏拉图主义、亚里士多德主义、康德哲学、黑格尔哲学、存在主义等。
英语专业八级人文常识
1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
专八人文知识
专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八人文知识
1、英语国家地理概况4分2、英美文学部分3分3、词汇部分3分这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！人文知识总结,希望在临考前有最好的冲刺状态.加油!美国概况:1.The traditional dividing line in America between " east" and " west" is The Mississippi River.2.The traditional dividing line in America between "South " and "North" is The Missouri River.3.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is Africa Americans .5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by The World War 2.7.In the United States, primary education requires6 years.8.Most college students in the United States are in public institutions.9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court.10.Louisana (which state ) is not governed by the common law.11.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.12.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Mid-west, West.13.The New England (Northeast)region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.14.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.15.＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American film.16.The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a Typical Continental climate.17.Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its Automobile industry.18.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.19.New York is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.20.Washington D.C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.21.American and British English are two varieties of the English language.22.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincon.23.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rohode Island.24.The number of the Representatives (众议院)from each American state depends on the population.25.The statue of liberty was given to American people by French as a gift in 1884.26.John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.27.In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ,opened in Massachusetts to serve the “ Muslim sex”.28.The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.29.Seattle is Washington’s largest city.30.Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the Potomac River banks.31.When did the American Civil War break out? 1861.32.In which day is Halloween celebrated? 31 October.33.The founding fathers of the American Republic :George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin.34.The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.35.The United States was rated 4 in the world in terms of land areas.36.The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by boards of education.37.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 .38.The United States produces as much as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.39.Televison invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”.40.The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John Locke.41.The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.42.The seats in the Senate(参议院) are allocated to different states equality (have two seats).43.The Rocky Mountains is located in the Northwest of America,44.Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles.45.Newsweek is American newspaper, The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph is England, The International Herald Tribune is French.46.The U.S. is called a “melting pot” because people from different races live there together .47.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.48.Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those who have given their life for country.(阵亡将士纪念日)49.“Trick or Treat” is a phrase that children often use when they celebrated Halloween.50.The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associated with Easter,are considered to present fertility and new life.51.The world-famous Havard University is in Massachusetts (Cambridge).52.Broadway (百老汇) is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.53.Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园), Grand Canyon(大峡谷), St. Patrick’s Cathedral(圣派翠克大教堂) are the tourist attraction in the United States.54.Ronald Reagan was an actor before he became the President.55.New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which come to stand for all Americans.56.On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in New York, which housed the government then.57.Henry Fond was the first man to mass production.The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
专八必背人文知识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by likeor as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration isused for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a yearor This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words suchas buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19. hypotaxis: 从属关系20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32. In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact. 33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -edin walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如 -ed在单词walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the northof London is Wembley.36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近,是著名的国际网球比赛地)37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m 和 bat中的 b46. polysemy: 一词多义47. patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神48. Parentese: 父母语49. back formation: 逆构词脱落一词的词缀以构成新词typewriter → typewrite50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.。