英语句子结构和成分分析
英语句子结构分析成分
英语句子结构分析成分
英语句子的结构可以分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等成分。
1. 主语：句子中表达动作或状态的实施者或具有其中一种属性的人
或事物。
如：The cat caught a mouse.（猫抓住了一只老鼠。
）
2. 谓语：句子中表达动作、状态或存在的核心。
如：He is running.（他正在奔跑。
）
3. 宾语：句子中受到动作影响的人或事物。
如：She bought a book.（她买了一本书。
）
4. 定语：句子中修饰名词或代词的成分，用来描述、限定名词或代词。
如：I have a red car.（我有一辆红色的车。
）
5. 状语：句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词的成分，用来描述、限定
动词、形容词、副词。
如：He speaks English fluently.（他流利地讲
英语。
）
6. 补语：句子中用来补充说明主语、宾语或介词宾语的成分。
如：The soup tastes delicious.（这汤味道很好。
英语句子成分和句子结构分析
英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法微观遣词；句法宏观造句01词法微观遣词1. 实词：有实际意义的词;名词n.：表事物名称动词vi./vt.：行为,动态;vi.不及物动词,本身可以表达完整意义,后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词,本身无法表达完整意义,后面必须带宾语形容词adj.：修饰n.副词adv.：修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子代词Pron.：代替n.数词num.：表数量基数词,表顺序序数词2. 虚词：没有实际意义的词;介词prep.：说明词与词之间的关系连词conj.：说明句子与句子之间的关系冠词art.：在n.前,限定n.感叹词int.：表达感叹02句法宏观造句1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型：简单句,并列句,复合句6.复合句：名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句二、语法四大原则1. 词性决定词用2. 同类同用同种类型的词,用法相同,越细分,越一致3. 动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语,谓语部分最重要的就是动词4. 举一反三由表及里,发掘句子结构,归属；认识句子本质,由点及面,放大到句群;语法精讲2句子的成分主体：主语,谓语,宾语,表语次体：定语,状语,补语,同位语主语：一个句子的主体,是全句述说的对象;常由名词,代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任,一般放在句首;The sun名词n. rises in the east.W e代词pron. are friendsT wenty years数词num. is a short time in history.S eeing动名词 is believingT o be a teacher不定式is my dreamW hat he needs 句子is a book 主语从句I t 形式主语is time to go home真正的主语形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语：表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或动词词组担任,放在主语的后面W e study实意动词 EnglishI can情态动词do itI don’t助动词knowH e is系动词asleep.宾语：表示谓语行为的对象,常由名词,代词或相当于名词的词担任,一般放在及物动词或者介词之后;I play with him代词I like china名词H ow many do you need ——we need two数词I enjoy working with you动名词I hope to see you again不定式D id you write down what he said句子U nder the snow介宾短语,there are many rocks.H e gave me间接宾语a book直接宾语 yesterday表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态,一般由名词或者形容词担任;凡是系动词be 动词,感官动词等出现的地方,后面必定带着表语He is a teacher名词Seventy-four you don’t look it代词F ive and five is ten数词H e is asleep形容词T his picture is on the wall介词短语M y watch is missing/lost 形容词化的分词T o wear a flower is to say“ I’m poor ,I can’t buy a ring”不定式T he question is whether they will come句子语法精讲3定语：用来修饰或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任,形容词放在名词前面;相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面;H e is a clever boyT his is an apple treeT here are ten students in our classS he is Tom’s sisterH e bought some sleeping pillsT he girl in red is his sisterW e have a lot of work to doT he girl standing under the tree is his daughterD o you know the man who spoke just now.状语：用来说明动词,形容词,副词或者整个句子的成分;常由副词担任;修饰动词可放动词前,也可放在动词后；修饰形容词或者副词时放在他们前面;动词的八个状态：时间,地点,原因,状态,目的,结果,方式,程度T he students study hardI often write to himH e wrote with a red pencilH e went to see a filmT he students went away laughingI’ll write to you as soon as I get there .补语：表示补充说明,总是跟着宾语跑I found a book lying on the floor.D o you smell something burningS he asked me to go with her.独立成分：同位语,感叹语B ruce,my English teacher,is a cool man That’s great语法精讲4简单句的5种基本结构通过一个爱情故事掌握5种简单句;1, 主语+谓语：She comes.2, 主语+系动词+表语She is lovely.3, 主语+谓语+宾语I love her.4, 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾I gave her a rose.5, 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I made her happy. 2三大句子结构类型1, 简单句F rank and Eric are good friends.I make and have breakfast.2, 并列句I like English, but I don’t like math.I hate grammar,while he loves it.3, 复合句W hat she does is not good.T he man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.W hen you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.语法精讲5简单句T hat is what I want to tell you. 表语从句I t’s a question how he did it. 同位语从句T he man whom you talk with is my friend. 定语从句I f I am free,I will go shopping . 条件状语从句四种句子类型：01陈述句肯定,否定H e is six years old.S he doesn’t like English.02疑问句一般,特殊,选择,反义D o you like swimming ↑一般疑问句W hat are you doing ↓特殊疑问代词+一般疑问句=特殊疑问句I s this a pen ↑or a pencil ↓选择疑问句S he likes dancing↓,doesn’t she ↑反义疑问句;前肯后否或者前否后肯03祈使句：命令,要求,请求;一般会略去主语,动词开头B e careful , boysD on’t speak in class04感叹句：how/what 开头H ow clever the boy isW hat a nice day it is。
小学英语语法之句子结构分析详解
句法讲解一、句子成分句子成分大体可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、独立成分等。
1、主语：主语是句子叙述的主体，是全局述说的对象。
表明这句话描述的是什么，常有名词、代词充当。
例：We are students.2、谓语：谓语主要是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词词组担任。
放在主语的后面。
例：We are students. I like cats.3、宾语：宾语表示及物动词动作的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后，常用名词、代词充当。
例：Mike do the job. I like cats.4、表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。
表语放在连系动词（如be）之后表示主语的身份或特征，常用名词、代词、形容词充当。
例：The apple is red. Her voice sounds sweet.5、定语：用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。
例：This is a red sun. He is a tall boy.6、状语：用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。
常有副词担任。
修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。
例：The students study hard. I often write to him. The bag is too heavy.7、补足语：用于补充说明主语或宾语的性质、状态的句子成分。
由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等充当。
例：We call him Monkey. The tiger was caught alive.8、同位语：同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释，通常是由名词、数词、代词或从句等担任。
例：This is Mr.Li, our teacher.二、句子种类英语句子按照目的分为：陈述句，祈使句，感叹句，疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，反意疑问句）。
英语句子成分分析法结构解析
英语句子成分分析法结构解析很多同学对英语的句子成分搞不懂，所以就影响了他们的阅读和写作，以及做其他类型题目的能力。
今天店铺为大家带来了英语句子成分分析，欢迎大家阅读!英语句子成分分析篇一一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例：划出下列句子的主语，并在括号内写出它的词性或充当的是什么从句。
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.( )2. We often speak English in class.( )3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.( )4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.( )5. Smoking does harm to the health.( )6. The rich should help the poor.( )7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.( )8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.( )(三)谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
英语句子成分、结构分析+作文万能句子短语
句子成分分析句子成分划分巧计主在前，谓在中，宾语状语后面冲。
短语定语住宾后，形代定语住宾前。
间宾直宾紧相连，直间之间to, for 连。
宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。
一，主语：是一个句子的主体，一般放在谓语之前，是动作的实施者。
主语由名词，代词，数词，不定式，动词-ing形式或从句充当。
1.Mary is a good student.(名词)2.Unity is strength. ( 名词)3.He enjoys walking in the fields. （代词）4.Four plus six is ten.（数词）5.To work hard is important.（不定式短语）6.It is my job to teach them English. （不定式短语是真正的主语，it 为形式主语）7.Smoking is bad for health. （动词-ing形式作主语）8.When we shall go back has not been decided yet. （从句作主语，即主语从句）二，谓语：用来说明主语的动作或状态，表明主语是什么，做什么，或怎么样。
谓语由动词担当，可由各种时态的动词表示1.Great hopes make great men. （动词）2.She looked after him two years ago.（动词词组）3.I shall answer your question after class.（助动词＋动词）4.She can speak English very well. （情态动词＋动词）5.The dictionary is mine.（连系动词＋表语）6.She looks happy. （连系动词＋表语）三，宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，由名词，代词，不定式，相当于名词的词或从句充当充当,一般放在及物动词或介词的后面。
句子结构和成分分析
第一讲英语的句子结构和成分主讲张燮一. 主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）1.The sun is shining2.They talked for half an hour.3.The pen writes well.*主语：可以做主语的有名词（boy. fire. apple等）,代词（I, you ,it. she等），数词（two, thirteen）,动词不定式（to learn English, to take a taxi）,动词ing形式(playing football, watching TV)以及从句（what he did, That he is from Sichuan）.#不能做主语的是：动词及动词短语（do, do some cooking, listen to the radio）,介词短语（by bike, in the classroom.）学生常见错误如：1.Do something is better than do nothing.2.In the classroom have three boys.3.By bike is good for health.4.Listen to the music make me happy.*不及物动词（vi）指该动词不能跟宾语，也就是说该动词后没有宾语.（如上例）。
常见的不及物动词有（go, come, arrive, sleep, fall, appear, get. look, turn等）。
如：1.We go work every day. 2.My mother arrived Chengdu yesterday.3she often looks me.如果不及物动词后面跟宾语必须加介词过渡，转化为介词宾语。
1.we go to work every day.2.My mother arrived in Chengdu yesterday.3.She often looks at me.*谓语：由动词构成，位于主语之后。
考研英语句子结构及成分分析
把英语句子结 构比作“树状 形”，其结构 时候要用从句呢？
当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语因内容 太多而无法用单词或短语来实现要表达的意思是， 就要用到其对应的从句。
一个美丽的女孩。 A beautiful girl. 一个爱笑的女孩。 A girl who likes smile.
谓语
简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。 He loves you.
复合谓语 情态动词+不定式
I can speak a little English.
3、主谓宾结构
主语+动词+宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在动词或介词之后，
能作宾语的有名词，代词，动名词，数词，动词不 定式等。
We like English. I love you. I like singing I like to sing.
用作状语的通常是副词、介词短语、不定式和从句 等。
状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作 状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
I already have an apple. He lives in London. We learn a language in order to communicate. She already fell asleep when her mother came home.
主语从句？ 表语从句？ 宾语从句？ What makes me happy is the past. I am what I am. I heard (that) he passed the exam.
汉语句子结构像“波浪 形”，其结构宛如“万 顷碧浪，层层推进”。 其句子的关系通常是并 列平行的，是以时间顺 序或逻辑顺序排列的。 各种关联词的使用不如 英语那么频繁，分句与 分句的关系要透过上下 文才能决定，句子结构 通常比较松散
英语句子结构成分及分析举例
英语句子结构成分及分析举例
1. The cat is sitting on the mat.
句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语+状语
句子成分分析：
- 主语：The cat
- 谓语：is sitting
- 宾语：on the mat
-状语：无
2. John and Mary went to the park yesterday.
句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语+状语
句子成分分析：
- 主语：John and Mary
- 谓语：went
- 宾语：to the park
- 状语：yesterday
3. I bought a new car last week.
句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语+状语
句子成分分析：
-主语：I
- 谓语：bought
- 宾语：a new car
- 状语：last week
4. She is reading a book in the library.
句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语+状语
句子成分分析：
- 主语：She
- 谓语：is reading
- 宾语：a book
- 状语：in the library
5. The sun sets in the west.
句子结构：主语+谓语+状语
句子成分分析：
- 主语：The sun
- 谓语：sets。
英语句子结构和成分分析
英语句子结构和成分分析英语句子成分和结构分析句子成分主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语主语和宾语一般是名词，谓语是动词。
拿到一个句子以后，首先找到里面的动词，即是谓语，谓语左右两边的名词分别是主语和宾语。
I saw a film yesterday. 主谓宾一．主语：一般是名词A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. I don’t know if it will grow.One of them is English. To win the game is difficult. 二. 谓语: 一般是动词I saw a girl. I love you. You should work hard. You had better take a bus. Heis a handsome boy. 三．宾语：一般是名词 I saw a cat in the tree. We think you are right. My father bought me a book. We call him TOM. We find the littlegirl in the hill. 四．定语：一般是形容词 That is a beautiful flower. This is my book. I have a lot of things to do. 五．状语：一般有介词to表示目的，in, on, under等表示方位 He is playing under the tree.（地点） Ten years ago,She began to live in Dalian.(时间) The house is dirty for the reason that he didn’t clean it.(原因) He buys a gift to make her happy.（目地） If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. （条件）六.表语：系动词（be动词，感官动词和变化类动词turn，get, become）之后的都叫表语 These desks are yellow. We are happy now. It sounds good. It smells nice. Tom is a handsome boy 句子结构 (S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语) 一．S十V主谓结构 I swim. 主谓 They listened carefully．My homework has finished. 二．S十V十O主谓宾结构 I saw a film yesterday. 主谓宾 They found their home easily .They have takengood care of the children．三．S十V十F主系表结构（系动词） He is old. 主系动表语 The story sounds interesting. 主系动词表语 The desk feels hard He becomes a teacher． The treesturn yellow in the autumn. 四．S十V十IO十DO 主谓加间接宾语加直接宾语结构He gave me a book. 主谓间宾直宾 He brought me a pen. He offered me his seat He got me a chair 五．S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构） They made the girl angry. 主谓宾宾补 angry是对the girl的补充说明 They found her happy that day．I saw him in. I heard the glass broken just now. 句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词① Theteacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.④ To do tod ay's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二)选出句中谓语的中心词① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B.like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?A. DoB. usuallyC.goD. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. TomB. didn'tC. doD. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this.A. wantB. to tellC. youD. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor.A. WeB. hadC. sendD. doctor ⑨ He is interested in music.A. isB. interestedC. inD. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to?A. giveB.didC. whomD. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语1.My brother hasn't done his homework.2. People all over the world speak English.3.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语① Please tell us a story.② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 4.How many new w ords did you learnlast class? 5.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?6.The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.7.They made him monitor of the class.8.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9.You will find it useful after you leave school.10.They didn't know who \Christmas\really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表语① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定语① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name?③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语① She likes the children to read newspapers and books.② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七) 挑出下列句中的状语① There was a big smile on her face.② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.句子成分练习题( 二 )指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分： 1. Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .2. Peo ple’s standards of living are going up steadily .3. That was how they were defeated.4. The nursery takes good care of our children .5. I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .6. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .7. There are many film that I’d like to see.8. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?9. I have a lot of work to do . 10. We can send a car over to fetch you . 11. She had to work standing up . 12. Seeing this ,some comrades became veryworried .13. The bus arrived ten minutes late . 14. Some farmers saw something strange in thesky .15. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting . 16. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today . 17. It was in the library that I come today . 18. He l ikes drawing at times when he isn’t working . 19. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英语句子结构和成分分析
英语句子结构和成分分析英语句子结构和成分分析英语属于结构性语言。
英语的句子成分要按照特定的顺序（句子结构）来组织。
特定的句子成分要用特定的词性或语法结构来充当，特定的词性或语法结构只能充当特定的成分。
因此，要学好英语，一定要掌握好词性、句子成分和句子结构等内容。
学好这些内容是学习好其他语法知识的基础。
考点1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。
如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。
口诀：n.为名，v.为动；adv.副adj.形；prep.借，pron.代；num.数a rt.冠，conj.连interj.感叹考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。
)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。
)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
A. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。
如：The meeting began at six. < vi.>We began the meeting at six. < vt.>B. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。
如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词，“遛”)C. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。
He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。
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英语句子结构和成分分析英语属于结构性语言。
英语的句子成分要按照特定的顺序（句子结构）来组织。
特定的句子成分要用特定的词性或语法结构来充当，特定的词性或语法结构只能充当特定的成分。
因此，要学好英语，一定要掌握好词性、句子成分和句子结构等内容。
学好这些内容是学习好其他语法知识的基础。
考点1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。
如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。
口诀：n.为名，v.为动；adv.副adj.形；prep.借，pron.代；num.数a rt.冠，conj.连interj.感叹考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。
)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。
)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
A. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。
如：The meeting began at six. < vi.>We began the meeting at six. < vt.>B. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。
如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day.( walk及物动词，“遛”)C. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。
He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。
)D. 有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。
I don’t know what to do.I don’t know why/how/when to do.第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。
第二个句子需要在do后加it.E. think, insist, agree, reply等词，后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词。
I think it’s interesting.What do you think of the film?I replied that I was unable to help them. 我回答说我不能帮助他们。
He has not yet replied to my question. 他还没有回答我的问题。
He insisted that I (should) apologize to her. 他坚持我应该向她道歉。
He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。
He insisted on immediate payment. 他坚持要求对方立即付款。
考点3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。
实义动词也叫行为动词。
实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。
如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。
)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。
）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。
）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。
因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。
这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。
A. 帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying. (is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。
) He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。
)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。
）B. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。
)He does n’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。
)C. 帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。
) The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。
)D. 帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I would n’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。
)E. 帮助构成倒装句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。
did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。
)F. 帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。
did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。
)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, hav e，它们为基本助动词。
一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。
1 He did his homework at seven o’clock. (did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。
)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。
)2 He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。
has had一起构成了句子的谓语。
)情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。
因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。
情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。
如：He can swim across the river. (can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。
但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。
同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。
考点4. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语在下面画直线谓语在下面画曲线宾语在下面画双横线定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1. 名词2. 代词3. 数词4. 不定式5. 动名词6. 主语从句等表示。
7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。
如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。
On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isn抰 at home is not true..10. There comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes your turn.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
谓语的构成如下：A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.B. 复合谓语：1 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he come back?He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday.2 由系动词加表语构成。