上财会计与财务研究方法论李增泉教授课件
上财财政学第二章ppt课件

财政的资源配置职能的目标—效率。
(即资源配置的最佳状态)
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二、收入分配
收入分配(income distribution)
--指社会产品在不同的社会成员以及各经济实体之
间的归属。收入分配反映了社会经济中人与人之
间的关系,它关注在社会收入总量既定条件下各
(%) 1.4% 2.2% 2.7% 3.2% 3.7% 4.0% 5.2% 6.6% 7.1% 6.9% 6.8% 6.8% 6.5%
(%) 15.0%
16.1%
15.7%
16.2%
财 15.1%
15.9%
政
19.2%
23.9%
第二章 22.4%
21.8%
22.6%
24.6%
25.3%
学
财政政策的目标
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I
M( X 资源)
O’
b1 F a4
b2
J
E
H
a3
b3 a2
D
a1
O
I
N(Y资源)
图2-1 用两种资源去生产两种产品的埃奇沃斯箱形图
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二、生产效率(续)
2、等产量曲线
--表示生产既定产量的所有资源组合。表示不同 产量的等产量曲线构成了生产函数。
3、生产效率须满足的条件: A产品资源MRS=其他产品资源MRS
(当等产量线相切时满足以上条件)
4、几何意义:
A产品和B产品的等产量曲线相切,即等产量曲 线的斜率相等。
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二、生产效率(续)
5、生产效率曲线(亦可称生产可能性曲线) 所有满足生产效率的资源配置点的连线,
上海财经大学会计学课件chap21_第二十一章 预算

EVA价值管理体系
➢经济增加值EVA=税后利润-(总资产-流动 负债)×加权平均资金成本 ➢EVA指标要求管理者注重股东财富的增加,计 算长期资本和营运资金的成本,只有在税后利 衡计分卡
➢平衡计分卡由四个部分组成: ➢财务(financial) ➢客户(customer) ➢内部经营流程(internal business process) ➢学习和成长(learning and growth)
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总预算执行过程中的控制与业绩评价
➢预算执行过程中的控制 ➢一是正确计量实际的结果; ➢二是将实际的结果与预算进行对比,并采取措施使 实际与预算尽量保持一致。
➢总预算执行过程中的控制属于反馈性控制,是收入产 生及成本发生过程中的控制,也称为日常控制。
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总预算执行过程中的控制与业绩评价
➢传统财务指标考核业绩的方法的主要缺陷: ➢所提供的信息不能全面反映企业未来的发 展战略。 ➢忽略了非财务指标的重要性 ➢导致短期行为
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预算编制的其他方法(四)
➢滚动预算
•滚动预算,又称连续预算或永续预算,是指预算期为一年,每过 去一个月(季、年)就在期末增加一个月(季、年)的预算。 •在编制滚动预算过程中,应随时根据市场情况,企业内部情况变 化,对预算进行调整,它一般适用于年度预算和长期预算的编制。 •用滚动预算编制年度预算可按月或按季编制。 •滚动预算的优点是,预算与生产过程一致,使其保持连续不断; 能促使企业管理人员对未来经营活动作出全面的、长远的规划, 从而保证企业经营管理工作有条不紊地进行。
预算编制的其他方法(二)
➢零基预算(参见编制示例)
•零基预算编制预算时是从零开始。 •零基预算对所有的费用开支比较讲究其必要性和成本效益。 •零基预算从业务角度来考虑问题,对每一项费用都要进行分析,按主 次来确定其费用水平。 •零基预算不是根据预算增加与否来拓展新业务,而是根据该业务的重 要与否来决定,并相应增加预算数。 •零基预算的优点是对传统预算编制方法的挑战,一切从零开始,可以 排除前期预算的不良影响,节约费用支出,提高使用资金的使用效果。 但是,在编制预算时,工作量比较大,因而可二﹑三年编制一次。
上海财经大学财务管理课件—财务报表分析

财务报告分析
1.2 损益表
意义:是反映企业在一定会计期间经营成果的财务报表, 是动态性财务报表。
格式:将经营成果分层报告,从产品销售收入到本期净 利润,中间一般包括主营业务利润(新准则实施以前)、 营业利润、利润总额和净利润等四个部分。
财务报告分析
会计利润和现金流量差异考察
• 分析人员重视现金流 • 商誉摊销和亏损 • 折旧
财务报告分析
会计利润信息含量丰富
• 配比原则 • 收入和费用的因果关系:费用是为了获取经济利
益而发生的支出,是收入的因。 • 根据会计等式“收入-费用=利润”,收入和费用
必须按照一致的期间和规则予以确认,等式才有 意义,即所谓的配比。 • 企业的日常经营中可能碰到的情况: 1.本期内收到(支出)本期应当获取的收入(费用) 2.本期内收到(支出)非本期应当获取的收入(费用) 3.本期内未收到(支出)本期应当获取的收入(费用)
财务报告分析
4.2 资产周转比率
• 总资产周转率 • 固定资产周转率 • 存货周转率 • 应收账款周转率
财务报告分析
A.总资产周转率
• 总资产周转率=销售收入总额/总资产平均余 额
• 反映公司运用全部资产创造收入的效率。 • 可以结合销售利润率进行分析 • “薄利多销”就是充分利用资产周转效率
思想的实践。
要! • 分析人员使用报告中的历史信息,关心的却是公司的未
来业绩!
财务报告分析
财务报表分析的目标
• 公司基本目标:生存与发展 • 公司财务目标:股东价值最大化 • 财务报表分析:分析公司的经营活 动能否实现公司目标
上财会计与财务研究方法论课件

上财会计与财务研究方法论课件注册会计师考试讲座注册会计师提纲一、什么是注册会计师二、为什么要考注册会计师三、什么是注册会计师考试四、如何考注册会计师注册会计师什么是注册会计师注册会计师英文缩写为CPA ,是指依法取得注册会计师证书并接受委托从事审计和会计咨询、会计服务业务的执业人员,注册会计师不仅要鉴证一个公司是否遵循了法律、法规和制度,而且还要判定其会计报表是否遵循了真实性、公允性和一贯性原则。
由注册会计师依法执行审计业务出具的报告,具有证明效力。
注册会计师什么是注册会计师关心股市的人可能注意到,所有上市公司的年度或年终财务报告在公布前都须经过注册会计师审计。
注册会计师主要承接的工作有审查企业的会计报表,出具审计报告;验证企业资本,出具验资报告;办理企业合并、分立、清算事宜中的审计业务,出具有关的报告;法律、行政法规规定的其他审计业务等。
注册会计师什么是注册会计师一个CPA和一个歌星聊天,歌星说:“我的知名度很大,我一唱歌,全体育场都很激动。
”CPA说:“我的知名度也很大,我一签字,整个股市都很震动。
”歌星说:“全国各地都有喜欢我的歌迷。
”CPA说:“全国各地都有痛恨我的股民。
”相关链接:美国安然事件和安信会计师事务所注册会计师为什么要考注册会计师理由一:注册会计师是有“成就”的表现理由二:注册会计师有前途,又有“钱途”理由三:注册会计师资格是就业的“敲门砖”理由四:考注册会计师是学习会计等相关知识的有效途径和手段注册会计师注册会计师是有“成就”的表现在财经业内,注册会计师的地位毋庸置疑。
业内用“注会就是管会计的”这句话来简单形容注册会计师的身份和其工作性质,虽然也不尽然,但与持证人数高达1200万的会计人员相比,注册会计师人数寥寥无几,注册会计师成为爬上金字塔顶的极少数人群。
自1991年试行注册会计师考试以来,截止现在全国17次考试中已有近16万人通过全部科目考试。
注册会计师注册会计师是有“成就”的表现这16万人中,真正从事注册会计师行业,具有执业资格的大约占一半,约7万人。
会计学讲义

• 编制步骤
总分类帐的借方合计数和贷方合计数 计算每个帐户的余额 汇总各帐户
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试算
试算表的作用
• 当试算表借贷相符时,可以确定
全部经济业务均以相等的金额记入借方和贷方 试算表所列帐户余额的加总正确
• 以下错误不会导致试算不平衡
借贷同时漏记 借贷同时重复记帐 借方或贷方发生相等数额的错误
总价法(常用) 净价法
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应收帐款
• 总价法的会计处理
发生时
应收账款(总) 主营业务收入
付款时
银行存款 财务费用(如有折扣) 应收账款
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应收帐款
坏账
• 确认
债务人死亡,以其遗产清偿后仍然无法收回 债务人破产,以其破产财产清偿后仍无法收回 债务人较长时期内未履行其偿债义务,并有足够的证 据表明无法收回或收回的可能性极小
有借必有贷 借贷必相等
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帐户结构汇总
帐户类别 帐户借方帐户贷方帐户余额 资产类帐户 增加 减少 借方 负债、所有者权益类帐户减少 增加 贷方 费用类帐户 增加 减少 无 收入类帐户 减少 增加 无
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第三章 会计循环
会计循环 记帐与帐簿 试算与调整 结帐与编表
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会计循环概述
• 处理
直接转销法 备抵法
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应收帐款
• 备抵法下的账务处理
主要方法 • 赊销百分比法 • 应收账款余额百分比法 • 账龄分析法
• 会计处理
确认 • 资产减值损失
坏账准备
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应收帐款
发生
坏账准备 应收账款
Hale Waihona Puke 新收回应收账款 坏帐准备 银行存款 应收账款
第四章 会计理论研究方法论 《会计理论》 ppt课件

会计理论 4.2 哲学方法论
4.2.1辩证唯物论
1、会计的物质观
辩证唯物论认为,物质是世界的本源,物质决定意识,意识是大脑 的机能,是对客观存在的反映。会计作为一项复杂的社会活动, 其实践的对象即资金及其流转是物质的价值;会计作为一个信 息系统,输出的会计信息的本源是客观存在的。
2、会计的运动观
运动是物质的根本属性,是物质的存在方式,没有不运动的物质, 也没有脱离物质的运动。企业的整个生产经营活动,实质上就 是资金的流转过程。会计反映的是企业的资金营运状态和经营 成果,也就是对运动中的资金进行描述,所以会计核算要坚持 运动观。
美国
美国注册会计师协会(AICPA)在有关审计准则和职业 道德准则中规定,注册会计师在审计意见书中必须同时 说明,企业的财务报表是否兼备符合公认会计原则,前 后期是否保持一致和能否公允的表达财务状况、经营成 果和财务状况的变动。
国际会计准 财务报告经常被描述为:按真实和公允的观点反映企业 则委员会 的财务状况、经营成果和财务状况的变化。
会计理论 4.1会计理论研究方法概述
4.1.1会计理论研究方法及其特征
1、什么是会计理论研究方法
会计理论研究方法是我们(认识主体)把握会计这一事物(认识客 体)的途径、手段、工具和方式的总和,所要解决的是“怎么 办才能正确认识会计”这个问题。 会计理论研究方法有着丰富 的内涵与外延(包括认识的途径、手段、工具和方式的总和), 但也容易和其他的概念相混淆。首先,会计理论的研究方法应 该与会计技术方法(如复式记账等)相区别,理论的研究方法 是指认识的方法,而会计的技术方法则是指解决问题的方法; 其次,会计理论研究方法应该与方法论相区别,在我们看来, 方法、方法论、基本方法、具体方法既有联系,又有区别,在 认识运动的过程中所处的层次和地位不同。
上海财经大学财务管理课件— 财务报表分析66页PPT
1、战鼓一响,法律无声。——英国 2、任何法律的根本;不,不成文法本 身就是 讲道理 ……法 律,也 ----即 明示道 理。— —爱·科 克
3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科 克 4、一个国家如果纲纪不正,其国风一 定颓败 。—— 塞内加 5、法律不能使人人平等,但是在法律 面前人 人是平 等的。 ——波 洛克
谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路,那么,任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远,韩非
上海财经大学会计学课件chap14第十四章 资产负债表和利润表.ppt
流动性
企业短期偿债能力主要反映在流动性上。
资本结构
企业的长期偿债能力一方面取决于它的获利 能力,另一方面取决于它的资本结构。
财务弹性 资产负债表所展示的资源分布情形及对资源所有
权,有助于解释、评价、预测企业的财务弹性。
资产负债表的局限性
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资产负债表(二)
资产负债表项目分类
资产负债表项目的基本分类:
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资产负债表(三)
按流动性分类
负债类项目——流动负债
短期借款 应付票据 应付帐款 预收帐款 其他应付款
负债类项目——长期负债
长期借款
应付债券
长期应付款
负债类项目——递延税款
所有者权益项目
所有者权益是企业投资人对企业净资 产的所有权,一般按实收资本(股 本)、资本公积、盈作公积、未分配 利润分别列示。
会计处理
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利润表
利润表作用 利润表编制
项目 一、主营业务收入
减:主营业务成本 主营业务税金及附加 二、主营业务利润 加:其他业务利润 减:存货跌价损失
营业费用 管理费用 财务费用 三、营业利润 加:投资收益 营业外收入 营业外支出 四、利润总额 减:所得税 五、净利润
利润表编制练习
上年数(略)
上海财经大学会计学课件
会计学是以研究财务活动和成本资料的收集、 分类、综合、分析和解释的基础上形成协助决 策的信息系统,以有效地管理经济的一门应用 学科,可以说它是社会学科的组成部分,也是 一门重要的管理学科。会计学的研究对象是资 金的运动。
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第十四章 资产负债表与利润表 本章结构 财务报告概述 所得税 利润表与利润分配表 资产负债表
非货币性项目——以实物形态存在的资产或将以非货币性资
L1会计研究方法论简介
PPT文档演模板
L1会计研究方法论简介
PPT文档演模板
L1会计研究方法论简介
实证研究 Vs 规范研究
n 实证研究是根据假设去寻求论据,从现实资料和 数据来证实或证伪所提出的假设;眼光向下,寻 求事实。
n 规范研究则相反,从更高抽象层次的公理、定律、 法则或学说出发,运用逻辑推理(包括数学计算) 得出支持或否定假设的结果,眼光朝上,寻找公 理、原理。
n 发现自己研究所得的结论与前人不同时,除非证实自己 的数据、方法、观点严重偏差,否则决不可因为任何非 关学术的理由而放弃,应该坚持到底。
n 研究者不可以现有既存的答案为满足,应该学习从“多 元角度”观察问题的态度,包括从反对的“负面角度” 考虑问题。
n 掌握不同的统计手段,避免途径依赖。 n 研究生的训练,基本的统计知识。
n 管理会计研究 (EVA, ABC, B-Crds, EPR, JIT, etc.) n 财务会计研究 (CG, EM, EMH, Asset-Pricing, ERC,
Fundamental Analysis, Valuation model, Disclosure model, etc.)). n 审计研究 (the selection of CPA firms, Auditing fees, the changes of CPA firms, Auditing model, Auditor qualification and EM, etc.)). n 税收研究 (Tax and Dividend Policy, Tax and Accounting Choices, Tax and Capital Structure, Tax and Compensation (option), etc.)).
李增泉
Prof. Li Zengquan zqli@ SUFE/20131研究的概念y 研究成果的三要素 y 研究的问题 y 研究的方法 y 研究的结论 y 研究成果的贡献点 y 问题 y 理论 y 方法y 数据 y 计量y 写作2引子:独立董事的价值3引子:独立董事的价值4引子:独立董事的价值5引子:独立董事的价值2010年度优秀独立董事证监会是否应该规定公司必 须聘请独立董事?9能够监督内部人 9能够为公司提供咨询 9能够降低监管部门的责任 9能够为会计教授提供赚钱机会 9不能够监督内部人 9不能够为公司提供咨询 9不能够降低监管部门的责任 9不能够为会计教授提供赚钱机会他们真的很厉害?可以抑制掏空、提供咨询、 扶贫教授、保护官员?答案好像是唯一的!推理可信吗?事实可靠吗?以独立董事为例有人发现,独立董事越多(比例 或人数,或有/没有)的公司,价 值(会计指标或股价指标)越高。
该发现可 以说明独 立董事的 价值吗?疑问1:有其他解释吗? 疑问2:穷尽了任何公司的任何时点吗? 疑问3:事实可信吗?(何谓公司价值)以上例子中的方法论问题y 研究问题:实证性命题(是什么?为什么)与规范性命题(怎么办?) y 检验方法:推理与感知、归纳与演绎 y 计量方法:内生性PART I: The nature of theory11Nature of accounting theoryy Positive and normative propositions y Positive propositions are concerned with how the world works. They take the form ‘if A then B’ and are refutable y Normative propositions are concerned with prescriptions. They take the form ‘ given the sets of conditions C, alternative D should be chosen. y Positive theory does not make normative propositions unimportant, and visa. y The objective of accounting theory is to explain and predictaccounting practicey Explanation means providing reasons for observed practice (includingaccounting and auditing practice) y Prediction of accounting practice means that the theory predicts unobserved accounting phenomena, which are not necessarily future phenomena.12Nature of theoryy The choose of theoryy We can’s find a theory that explains and predicts allaccounting phenomena. The reason is that theories are simplifications of reality and the world is complex and changing. y What determines the success and survival of a theory?y One important determinant is the value of the theory to users y We choose the theory which best holds its own in competition withother theories; the one which, by natural selection, proves itself the fittest to survive (Popper, 1959)13Robert W. Holthausena, Ross L. Watts In Journal of Accounting and Economics 31 (2001) 3–75Outliney This paper will discuss y What’s the underlying theory of value-relevance literatures? y Why they are not descriptive? y What should we do?the underlying theoryy What is the value-relevance literature? y papers investigate the empirical relation between stock market values (or changes in values) and particular accounting numbers for the purpose of assessing or providing a basis of assessing those numbers’ use or proposed use in an accounting standard.the underlying theoryy Three types (24-53-7/62)y Relative association studies compare the association betweenstock market values (or changes in values) and alternative bottomline measures. y Incremental association studies investigate whether the accounting number of interest is helpful in explaining value or returns (over long windows) given other specified variables. y Marginal information content studies investigate whether a particular accounting number adds to the information set available to investorsthe underlying theoryy Theories underlying such studies y In direct valuation theory accounting earnings is intended to either measure, or be highly associated with, equity market value changes or levels (via permanent income).y Given direct valuation theory, standard setters would beinterested in the results of a study of the relative stock price associations of alternative accounting earnings or book value of equity measures.the underlying theoryy In inputs-to-equity valuation theory, accounting’s role is toprovide information on inputs to valuation models that investors use in valuing firms’ equity.y Under an inputs-to-equity valuation theory standard setters aremore likely to be interested in a study that suggests investors could use an accounting number or a potential accounting number in their valuation models.the underlying theoryy In both cases, earnings would measure, or be highlyassociated with equity market values or changes in equity market values, and equity book values would measure, or be highly associated with, equity market values. y Essentially value-relevance studies imply accounting’s role is to provide estimates of equity market values or linear transformations of equity market values (direct equity valuation).Why are the theories not descriptive?y The GAAP Statement y The practice of accounting y The valuation modelFASB statements and value-relevance theoriesy three assumptions made by value-relevance studies thatare inconsistent with FASB statementsy users and uses of financial reporting y Whether do the stock prices adequately represent equityinvestors’ use of information in valuing equity securities y Whether do the stock price- based tests of relevance and reliability measure relevance and reliability as defined by FASB statementsValue relevance and GAAPy Balance sheet y The nature of the balance sheety the balance sheet still consists mostly of individual, separableassets and liabilities just as it did prior to the Securities Acts. y The treatment of goodwilly The evolution of the balance sheety There is some suggestion that other factors, in particularregulatory and litigation concerns, also played a role in determining the balance sheet’s nature y write-upsValue relevance and GAAPy The conservatism of the income statementy Contracting y Litigation y Regulation y Taxy Articulation of the balance sheet and the incomestatement and the nature of dirty surplusy consistent with forces other than equity valuationinfluencing accounting standard setting, in particular contracting.y The centrality of non-valuation factors in accountingpracticeThe valuation modely Balance sheet modely MVE =MVA +MVL + MVC; y The presence of rents could affect the sign of the coefficientof an asset or liability.y Earnings modely earnings changes are transient for extreme earningsy The Ohlson modely it does not allow for the existence of optionsy The valuation models employed in the value-relevance and capital markets literatures have no role for accountingConclusionsy While the existing value-relevance literature is large, itscontribution to standard setting seems modest.y The major reason is that the literature does not seek todevelop a descriptive theory of accounting and standard setting.y Standard setters would be aided if accounting researchersspent more resources investigating the many forces that shape accountingPart II: Evolution of accounting theory27Evolution of accounting theoryy Before 1950s,normativey In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, accountingwriters were primarily concerned with describing observed practices and with providing pedagogical rules for classifying those practices y After 1933 and 1934, accounting theorists became much more concerned with prescribing how firms should reporty In the 1950-70, early economics based empirical researchy the accounting became to test hypotheses in the existingaccounting literature as the result of developments in finance. y Particularly, the efficient markets hypothesis eventually had a major impact on accounting research.28A case: Ball and Brown(1968)y A common hypothesis underling the prescriptions in theearly 1960s accounting literature is that corporate accounting reports are the only source of information on the corporation.y The argument leads to the prescription that all corporationsshould be required to use the same accounting procedures y The argument also led to criticisms of the calculation of accounting earnings29y The EMH’s implication y EMH suggests that this sole source hypothesis is unlikely to be descriptive and the stock market is not systematically misled by accounting earnings. y EMH implies that if there is an empirical association between earnings and stock prices, earning can be useful even if they are not calculated consistently in terms of a formal definition of income y Underlying the EMH is competition for information30y The EMH’s contradictions led to researchers’ addressingtwo questionsy Do changes in accounting methods and their earnings effectssystematically mislead the stock market? y Are accounting earnings associated with stock prices or changes in stock prices?31y Ball and Brown (JAR,1968) investigate the relationbetween the sign of unexpected earnings and mean abnormal rates of returny Abnormal return measuresy Market modely Unexpected earnings measuresy Random walk y Market adjusted model3233y The early economics based empirical studies inaccounting tested hypotheses in the existing accounting literature and investigated the relation between accounting numbers and economic variables and the time series of accounting numbers y That research takes the EMH as given and views accounting’s role as the supply of information to the capital markets, and find thaty Earnings reports supply information to the capital markets y Other accounting numbers reflect CAPM variables y Annual earnings are well described by a random walk34y Many of the studies assumed that the choice of accountingtechniques was irrelevant to the valuation of the firm, then they didn’t provide an explanation for the accounting practicey Attempts to discriminate between the EMH and theMechanistic hypothesis raised the possibility that tax-neutral accounting procedures have cash flow effects35y By the mid-1970s, positive accounting theory based oneconomics was emergingy The development of finance research y Accounting researcher’s observationy What is the objective of disclosure regulation? y Why do managers care about accounting procedures?y Implicationsy Dropping of the zero contracting costs assumption provided thedemand for a new positive accounting theory based on Neoinstitutional Economics36y Based on the theory of property right, the accountingpractice or accounting procedures are explained in such a way:y Contract costs and information costs are nonzero in thefirm’s contracting process and in the political process y Accounting is an integral part of the contracts that define the firm.y Accounting plays an important role both in contract terms and inmonitoring those terms y Contract costs vary with different accounting procedures y Survivorship principle implies that the procedures used to calculate accounting numbers used in those contracts are more efficient than are alternative procedures37y The contract roles of accounting based on the theory offirmy Accounting and auditing are used in compensation and debtcontract to reduce agency costs (Jensen and Meckling, 1976)y With competition and rational expectations, the agent bears thefull agency costs, the agent has the incentive to contract for the monitoring y The accounting and auditing is used to ensure the principals (shareholders and debt holders) that the contract has not been breached38y The role of accounting in the politicalprocess is different from that in the market processy Political process is viewed as a competition for wealthtransfers y The higher costs of concentrating property rights of improved monitoring implies that the political process will exhibit more opportunistic behavior than the market process39y Accounting numbers are often used in the political processas examples of a perceived crisis, through which the wealth is transferred to the government’s officersy y y yAsymmetric loss function Effects of potential crises Rate regulation taxes40y three hypothesis y Bonus plan hypothesisy Managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to chooseaccounting procedures that shift reported earnings from future periods to the current period manger is to select accounting procedures that shift reported earnings from future periods to the current periody Debt/equity hypothesisy The larger a firm’s debt/equity ratio, the more likely the firm’sy Size hypothesisy the larger the firm, the more likely the manager is to chooseaccounting procedures that defer reported earnings from current to future periods41y Summary y The accounting procedures used in the firm’s contracts are an integral part of the contracting technologyy the accepted set evolves as part of the contracting technology andmaximizes the firm value y Managers choose procedures that maximized their utility, and their choices can result in wealth transfers among the contracting partiesy Test of the theory have focused on manager’s opportunisticbehavior and not on the choice of the accepted set of procedures42y However, the prediction and explanation of the acceptedset of procedures rather than managers’ choice from among the set is likely to be productive. It would enable better design of contractsy A survey of accounting procedures and contractingstructures used in different industries y Examine cross-sectional differences in contracts and accounting procedures across countries431990‐2000 (Fields, Lys and Vincent,2001JAE)y We conclude that research in the1990s made limited progressin expanding our understanding of accounting choicey one reason is that researchers generally focus on refiningknowledge of specific accounting choices or on narrow problems that accounting choices are presumed to address. y second reason is that accounting research generally fail to distinguish appropriately between what is endogenous and exogenous y Finally, absent a theory, researchers apparently limit their inquiries to the pathological, and perhaps less frequent, use of accounting choice and ignore the major role of accounting in normal, day-to-day situations.44After 2001 (Armstrong,Guay,Weber,JAE2010 )y In the governance area, papers have begun to explore howa commitment to financial reporting quality influences both board structure and ownership structure, although the causality of this relation is likely to go in both directions. y In the executive compensation area, a large literature on the relation between executives’ equity incentives and financial reporting quality has emerged. y Empirical research on the role of financial reporting in debt contracting has grown rapidly in recent years.45Accounting research in China46Part III: Accounting Research on China47节选自《制度、治理与会计》第一章 李增泉、孙铮著 (格致出版社、上海三联书店、上海人 民出版2009年出版)48提纲y 引言 y 理论框架 y 文献综述 y 未来研究方向 y 结论49引言y 本文的研究问题y 中国的会计问题应如何进行设问?y 讨论分析框架 y 综述国内文献 y 提出未来研究方向y 本文的基本假设y 实证会计的目的在于解释和预测会计实践(Watts and Zimmerman,1986),因此中国实证会计的目的在于解释和预测中国的会计实践 y 并非综述所有会计文献,仅针对需要的部分实证文献y 本文的基本观点y 未来的研究应基于中国的实践,运用产权理论分析制度与会计之间的关系。
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– Reality could be characterized by opposites
– There is an essential duality in all things
– The translation of the abstract ideas in this theoretical explanation into concrete, explicitly identifiable ideas
– The development of measures of the important variables in the theoretical explanation
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– The development of a research design to guide the inquiry into the research problem
– The collection of the research data
– The analysis of this information in the context of the proposed explanation
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Individual subject knowledge beliefs
perceptions appearance
reason
External object
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• Epistmology or what is knowledge
Research Methodology and Method in Accounting and Finance
Li Zengquan
SUFE/2011
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引子:独立董事的价值
2010年度优秀独立董事
证监会是否应该规定公司必 须聘请独立董事?
✓能够监督内部人 ✓能够为公司提供咨询 ✓能够降低监管部门的责任 ✓能够为会计教授提供赚钱机会
– The interpretation of the information, or integration of the findings of the research with the existing knowledge base
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Some issues on philosophy
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• Research in accounting and finance is generally accepted as being social scientific, as appropriate standards of scientific enquiry are applied to social issues rather than natural phenomena, which is taken to be the domain of the natural sciences and of physics in particular
• Why is research methodology important?
– When a piece of research is characterized by poor technique, a critic may argue that the research is defective, weak or misapplied, however, when a methodological dispute is involved the research is simply labeled as ‘nonsensical”.
该发现可 以说明独 立董事的 价值吗?
疑问1:有其他解释吗?
疑问2:穷尽了任何公司的任何时点吗?
疑问3:事实可信吗?(何谓公司价值)
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以上例子中的方法论问题
• 研究问题:实证性命题(是什么?为什么 )与规范性命题(怎么办?)
• 检验方法:推理与感知、归纳与演绎 • 计量方法:内生性
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• What is research?
– Research is a process of intellectual discovery, which has the potential to transform our knowledge and understanding of the world around us.
✓不能够监督内部人 ✓不能够为公司提供咨询 ✓不能够降低监管部门的责任 ✓不能够为会计教授提供赚钱机会
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他们真的很厉害?
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推理可信吗?
事实可靠吗?
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以独立董事为例
有人发现,独立董事越多 (比例或人数,或有/没有 )的公司,价值(会计指 标或股价指标)越高。
6
Part I: Methodology
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Chap 1: The Philosophy of finance and accounting research
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Research Progress
• The Research Progress
– The statement of the research problem or issue to be investigated, or the theoretical explanation to be tested
– Research methodological varied with such assumptions about
• The nature of reality • The role of theory • The significance of empirical experimentation