肺癌相关英文词汇

相比于单纯使用CT 或PET，将CT 和PET 技术结合 (PET-CT)可提高非小细胞肺癌的分期诊断的准确性50. Pathologic confirmation of lung cancer is established by examination of sputum cytology and/or tumor biopsy by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, percutaneous needle biopsy, or open-lung biopsy 肺癌可以通过以下途径进行病理诊断：痰标本的细胞学检查和/或通过支气管镜、纵膈镜、经皮细针穿刺或开胸肺活检采集的组织标本进行肿瘤活检51. a thorough history 完整的病史52. physical examination 体格检查53. detect signs and symptoms of the primary tumor监测原发肿瘤的症状和体征54. regional spread of the tumor 肿瘤的局部转移55. ability to withstand aggressive surgery or chemotherapy 耐受积极手术或化疗的能力56. The World Health Organization 世界卫生组织57. a TNM staging classificationTNM 分期系统58. primary tumor size and extent (T) 原发灶大小及范围59. the regional lymph node involvement (N),区域淋巴结浸润60. the presence or absence of distant metastases (M) 是否存在远处转移61. A simpler system is commonly used to compare treatments 通常，应用另一个相对简单的分期系统来确定治疗方案62.Stage I includes tumors confined to the lung without lymphatic spreadI 期疾病包括病灶局限于肺部并且没有淋巴结转移63. stage II includes large tumors with ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar lymph node involvementII 期疾病包括巨大肿瘤伴随同侧支气管周围或纵膈淋巴结侵犯。

64. stage III includes other lymph node and regional involvementIII 期疾病包括其他淋巴结及局部侵犯。

65. stage IV includes any tumor with distant metastasesIV 期疾病包括任何原发情况并伴随远处转移。

66. A two-stage classification is widely used for SCLC 小细胞肺癌一般分为两个阶段。

67. Limited disease is confined to one hemithorax and can be encompassed by a single radiation port.病情局限于一侧胸腔并且在一个照射野内。

68. All other disease is classified as extensive其他的情况被归为广泛期69. The stage of NSCLC and the patient' s comorbidities and performance status determine which treatment modalities will be used. 非小细胞肺癌的分期、病人合并症情况以及身体状况共同决定了治疗的方式70. The intent of treatment —curative orpalliative —influences the aggressiveness of therapy 治疗的目的不同，根治性或姑息性会影响治疗的强度71. Local disease （stages IA, IB, and IIA）is associated with a favorable prognosis. 病灶局限（IA ，IB，IIA 期）预后较好。

72.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and may be used with radiation and/or adjuvant （postoperative） chemotherapy 手术是主要的治疗方法，并且可与放疗和/或辅助化疗联用。

73.Patients with locally advanced disease （stages IIB and IIIA） may undergo surgery. 局部进展期患者（IIB 、IIIA 期）也可采用手术治疗74.Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care（对于局部进展期患者），辅助化疗是标准治疗。

75.Some centers use neoadjuvant （preoperative） chemoradiation, but this is not considered the standard of care. 一些肿瘤治疗中心，（对于局部进展期患者），应用新辅助同步放化疗，但是这并不认为是标准治疗。

76. Nonresectable locally advanced disease may be treated with both an active cisplatin-based regimen and radiotherapy 不可切除局部进展期患者可采取铂类为基础的化疗联合放疗。

77. Four to six cycles of doublet chemotherapy with cisplatin or carboplatin plus docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, or vinorelbine are recommended as first-line palliative chemotherapy for patients with unresectable stage III or IV disease.不可切除的III 期患者或IV 期患者，可选择4-6 周期双药化疗作为一线姑息化疗方案：选择顺铂或卡铂联合多西他赛、吉西他滨、紫杉醇、培美曲塞或长春瑞滨之一。

78. Cisplatin-based doublets improve survival and quality of life in this patient population as compared with best supportive care or single-agent chemotherapy 对于这类患者（不可切除的III 期患者或IV 期患者），与最佳支持治疗及单药化疗相比，以铂类为基础的双药方案可以延长患者生存及生活质量79. No combination was found to be superior 上述治疗方案中，并无哪种组合证实为最优80. tolerance of expected toxicities may contribute to the decision 患者对于预期毒性的耐受情况可能是选择方案的主要参考因素81. Non-platinum-based combination regimens （e.g., gemcitabine–paclitaxel and gemcitabine–docetaxel） are recommended as first-line therapy of advanced NSCLC in patients with a contraindication to a platinum （ cisplatin or carboplatin ） agent 对于对铂类（顺铂或卡铂）有禁忌的患者，非铂为基础的化疗方案（例如，吉西他滨+紫杉醇及吉西他滨+多西他赛）是进展期非小细胞肺癌的一线治疗方案82. Bevacizumab， a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody, neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor.贝伐珠单抗是一个重组人源化单克隆抗体，可以中和血管内皮生长因子83. Cetuximab ，a monoclonal antibody that binds to the extracellular portion of the EGFR receptor西妥昔单抗，是在EGFR 受体胞外区结合的单克隆抗体84. The addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin –paclitaxel is recommended in advanced NSCLC of nonsquamous cell histology in patients with no history of hemoptysis and no CNS metastasis who are not receiving therapeutic anticoagulation 进展期非鳞非小细胞肺癌，既往无咯血，且无中枢神经系统转移，目前未接受抗凝治疗的患者，推荐卡铂+多西他赛方案联合贝伐珠单抗85. Palliative radiation therapy 姑息性放疗86. disease-related symptoms 疾病相关症状87.SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER 小细胞肺癌88.The goal of treatment is cure or prolonged survival, which requires aggressive combination chemotherapy （小细胞肺癌）治疗的目的是治愈或延长生存，通常需要较为强劲的联合化疗方案89.There is no clear role for surgery in SCLC 小细胞肺癌，手术治疗的地位并不明确90.SCLC is very radiosensitive小细胞肺癌对放疗敏感91.Radiotherapy has been combined with chemotherapy to treat limited disease SCLC. 放疗通常联合化疗用于治疗局限期小细胞肺癌92.This combined-modality therapy prevents local tumor recurrences but only modestly improves survival over chemotherapy alone. 放化疗联合治疗可预防肿瘤局部复发，但与单独化疗相比，仅短暂延长生存期93.is used to prevent and treat brain metastases, a frequent occurrence with SCLC 小细胞肺癌常出现脑转移，放疗常用于预防和治疗脑转移94. prophylactic cranial irradiation 预防性脑放疗95. Neurologic and intellectual impairment 神经及智力损害96. Radiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy is recommended for patients with symptomatic brain metastases. 对于脑转移且伴随相关症状的患者，建议化疗后进行放疗97. Dexamethasone and anticonvulsants are also administered for symptom control and seizure prevention, respectively 地塞米松和抗惊厥药常分别用于症状控制及预防癫痫98. Chemotherapy with concurrent radiation is recommended for limited and extensive-disease SCLC.对于局限期及广泛期小细胞肺癌，推荐同步放化疗99.Single-agent chemotherapy is inferior to doublet chemotherapy 单药化疗弱于双药化疗100.The most frequently used regimen is cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide.最常应用的方案为顺铂或卡铂联合依托泊苷101.Irinotecan in combination with cisplatin has also been shown to be active 伊立替康联合顺铂方案也显示出作用102.Recurrent SCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy 小细胞肺癌复发患者通常对化疗相对不敏感103.If recurrence occurs in >3 months, national guidelines recommend gemcitabine, topotecan, irinotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CAV （cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine）, and vinorelbine 如果复发在3 个月后发生，国家指南推荐以下药物：吉西他滨、托泊替康、伊立替康、紫杉醇、多西他赛、CAV 方案（环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱）及长春瑞滨104. Patients with SCLC that recurs within 3 months of first-line chemotherapy are considered refractory to chemotherapy and unlikely to respond to a second-line regimen 小细胞肺癌在一线治疗后 3 个月内复发，则认为对化疗耐药，二线治疗不太可能产生疗效105. EVALUA TION OF THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES疗效评估106. Patients with stable disease, objective response, or measurable decrease in tumor size should continue treatment until four to six cycles have been administered. （对非小细胞肺癌），患者疾病稳定，客观有效，肿瘤大小缩减，应继续化疗至4-6 周期107. Responding patients with nonsquamous histology should be considered for maintenance therapy with pemetrexed 有疗效的患者，组织学类型为非鳞非小细胞肺癌，维持治疗可选择培美曲塞108. Efficacy of first-line therapy for SCLC should be determined after two or three cycles of chemotherapy.小细胞肺癌一线治疗的评效应在2-3 周期化疗后进行109.If there is no response or progressive disease, therapy can be discontinued or changed to a non-cross-resistant regimen. （小细胞肺癌）如果评效结果显示无效或疾病进展，应停药或换用无交叉耐药的方案110.If responsive to chemotherapy, the induction regimen should be administered for four to six cycles.（小细胞肺癌）如果评效有效，诱导化疗方案应进行4-6 周期111.avoid drug-related and radiotherapy-related toxicities 避免药物相关及放疗相关毒性。