四川大学华西医学院医学分子生物学2019年考博真题考博试卷
四川大学华西医学院药理学2015年考博真题试卷
C阿昔洛韦
D干扰素
E更昔洛韦
4．长期使用糖皮质激素不产生（）
A肾上腺皮质萎缩
B高血糖
C胃溃疡出血穿孔
D骨质疏松
E淋巴细胞增加
5．调节细胞内NO浓度，导致cGMP变化发挥作用的是（）
A硝普钠
B硝苯地平
C硝酸甘油
D糖皮质激素
E戊四硝酯
1.细菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的机制。
2、伊伐布雷定的作用机制及临床应用。
3、抗肿瘤药要的主要不良反应及机制。
4、抗高血压药分类及机制。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：药理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（20分）
1、Transporter
2、曲美他嗪
3、cholinesterase reactivator
4．Receptor regulation
5.efficacy and potency
二、多选（10分）
1.属于G受体的是（）
A肾上腺素受体
B N受体
C M受体
D甾体受体
E GABA受体
2、主要作用于S期的抗癌药有（）
A环磷酰胺
B甲氨蝶呤
C顺铂
D长春新碱
E 5-氟尿嘧啶
3、主治乙型肝炎的有（）
A利巴韦林
四川大学华西医学院病理学2016年考博真题试卷
二、简述题：7*8=56分
1.简述说出血尿至少三种病因及其临床病理特点。
2.什么是表观遗传调控？举两例说明在肿瘤发生中的作用。
3.CT示左肺有3cm结节，简述三种疾病的临床病理特征。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：2*12=24分
中文部分：
冷脓肿、肉芽肿、免疫组织化学、干酪样坏死、基因扩增、凋亡
英文部：
4.三种常用的病理学方法及应用。
5.慢性萎缩性胃炎的A，B型区别。
6.原发性高血压晚期心、脑、肾的病理学表现。
7.门脉性肝硬化，坏死性肝硬化，胆汁性肝硬化的病因和基本病理特点。
8.说明炎症介质在炎症中的作用，举两个炎症介质。
三、分析题：10*2=20分
1.以结肠癌为例，说明肿瘤是多步骤发生的过程。
2.因某某发现DNA损害修复机制而获得2015诺贝尔奖，说明DNA损害修复机制在肿瘤发生的分子机制。
四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1页 共1页2019 年攻读博士学位研究生 Nhomakorabea学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
二、呼吸内科 1. 限制性通气功能和阻塞性通气功能的肺功能异常指标的不同（五个） 2. 哮喘的诊断标准 3. AECOPD 的 2019GLOD 定义及治疗 4. IPF 的 HRCT 分类标准 5. 病毒性肺炎的病例题 6. 肺移植的适应症和禁忌症 7. 五个肺部病原菌病史症状特征及 X 线特征
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2001年四川大学华西校区博士分子生物学试题
2001年四川大学华西校区博士分子生物学试题名词解释1.模体: 模体(motif)表示具有特定功能的或作为一个独立结构域一部分的相邻的二级结构的聚合体，它一般被称为功能模体（functional motif）或结构模体（structural motif），相当于超二级结构（super-secondary structure）。
模体和结构域一起组成了蛋白质的三级结构。
结构模体作为结构域的组分，介于蛋白质二级结构和三级结构之间，由相邻的二级结构单元彼此相互作用，组合在一起，排列成规则的，在空间结构能够辨认的二级结构组合体，并充当三级结构的构件，其基本形式有aa、bab和bbb等。
糖胺聚糖: 糖胺聚糖分为：透明质酸、4-硫酸软骨素、6-硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、硫酸乙酰肝素、肝素和硫酸角质素素等。
1.淋巴细胞归巢2.载脂蛋白的双性α-螺旋3.Lipid transfer protein：脂质转运蛋白，介导了VLDL和HDL之间的脂质转移，在LDL、VLDL/及HDL的代谢中其重要作用。
4.Jak 与STAT：大部分细胞因子受体本身缺乏内在的络氨酸蛋白激酶活性。
这类受体的信号转导，是借助胞内具有络氨酸激酶活性的另外一类蛋白质分子即非受体型TPK分子完成的。
JAKS家族即属于这类蛋白质分子。
JAKS又通过激活胞内信号转导子和转录激活子而最终影响到基因的转录调节。
因此，称之为JAKS-STATs信号传递途径；STATS也是一类蛋白质，具有信号传递和转录因子的双重功能，STAT的近C端有SH2和SH3结构域，而且有一保守的络氨酸位点，该位点被激活的JAKS磷酸化，使STAT活化。
5.SH2:Src癌基因家族的蛋白质，产物含有一段同源序列，大约有100个氨基酸残基构成，简称SH2，SH2结构具有识别和结合磷酸化络氨酸残基的功能。
是活化生长因子受体识别胞内靶蛋白的桥梁，也是第二信息分子。
6.DNA变性: DNA变性是指核酸双螺旋碱基对的氢键断裂，双链变成单链，从而使核酸的天然构象和性质发生改变。
四川大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题 (2)2004年 (2)四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题 (2)2006年 (2)四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题 (3)2004年 (3)2004年 (4)四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题2004年1.牙髓牙本质复合体2.根尖基点3.牙龈素4.副肿瘤性天疱疮5.显著性龋均指数1.牙菌斑是如何致龋的2.根管治疗的进展3.控制牙菌斑对牙周炎治疗的意义及控制方法4.复发性口疮为什么可以用免疫抑制剂，也可以用免疫增强剂，举例说明5.根据自己的知识讲述中国口腔疾病的现状，并提出防治策略及方法四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题2006年四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题2004年一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。
X 光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。
请给出治疗方案并说明理由。
四川大学华西医学部局解（骨科专业基础）博士入学考试试题2004年每题10分，选做100分⒈脊椎骨间的主要连接？⒉股鞘的结构与内容？⒊阑尾的常见位置，怎样寻找阑尾？⒋腹股沟管的构成？⒌甲状腺的位置、毗邻、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？⒍胸膜腔的体表投影？⒎子宫的位置及毗邻？⒏直肠的形态和毗邻？⒐心脏的血供？⒑肝外胆管的组成及毗邻？⒒后纵隔的结构及排列关系？⒓肾脏的位置与毗邻？⒔会阴中心体的构成及作用？⒕女性乳房的结构特点及主要淋巴引流？。
生物化学与分子生物学 考博真题
2012 生化分子一、名词解释1.氧化磷酸化【答案】伴随电子从底物到氧的传递，ADP被磷酸化形成ATP的酶促过程即是氧化磷酸化作用(oxidative phosphorylation)。
氧化磷酸化的全过程可用方程式表示如下：NADH+H++3ADP+3Pi+1/2 O2 NAD+ + 4H2O + 3ATP2.操纵子【答案】操纵子即基因表达的协调单位(coordination unit), 它们有共同的控制区(control region) 和调节系统(regulation system)。
操纵子包括在功能上彼此有关的结构基因和控制部位，后者由启动子(promoter, P) 和操纵基因(operator, O)所组成。
一个操纵子的全部基因都排列在一起，其中虽然包括若干个结构基因，可是通过转录形成的确是一条多顺反子mRNA (polycistronic mRNA)。
操纵子中的控制部位可接受调节基因产物的调节。
3.非编码RNA【答案】非编码RNA（Non-coding RNA）是指不编码蛋白质的RNA。
其中包括rRNA，tRNA，snRNA，snoRNA 和microRNA 等多种已知功能的 RNA，还包括未知功能的RNA。
这些RNA的共同特点是都能从基因组上转录而来，但是不翻译成蛋白，在RNA 水平上就能行使各自的生物学功能了。
非编码RNA 从长度上来划分可以分为3类：小于50 nt，包括microRNA，siRNA，piRNA；50 nt到500 nt，包括rRNA，tRNA，snRNA，snoRNA，SLRNA，SRPRNA 等等；大于500 nt，包括长的mRNA-like 的非编码RNA，长的不带polyA 尾巴的非编码RNA等等。
4.表观遗传调控【答案】表观遗传学（epigenetics）则是指在基因的DNA序列没有发生改变的情况下，基因功能发生了可遗传的变化，并最终导致了表型的变化。
四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2012--2018年考博真题
一、选择题：很简单，都是基本常识，1.5分一个共20个 二、简答题 每题5分 1. 肿瘤多步骤转移机制 2. 肿瘤亚临床病灶的定义及意义 用临床物理检查方法所不能发现的肿瘤病灶。可位于肿瘤主体的四周，也可 位于远离肿瘤的某处。临床上无任何表现，也不易被发现。治疗应尽量与原 发肿瘤同时进行。若采用放射治疗或化学治疗，它们的用量一般比临床病灶 要低。临床对这部分病灶治疗的忽略、不足或无力，常是肿瘤治疗失败的原 因。 3. 肿瘤溶解综合征 4. Driver gene的定义及其临床意义 5. PD-1/PD-L1的含义及其临床意义 PD1主要在激活的T细胞和B细胞中表达，功能是抑制细胞的激活，这是免疫系 统的一种正常的自稳机制，因为过度的T/B细胞激活会引起自身免疫病，所以 PD1是我们人体的一道护身符。但是，肿瘤微环境会诱导浸润的T细胞高表达PD -1分子，肿瘤细胞会高表达PD-1的配体PD-L1和PDL2，导致肿瘤微环境中PD1通路持续激活，T细胞功能被抑制，无法杀伤肿瘤细胞。PD1的抗体可以阻断这一通路，部分恢复T细胞的功能，使这些细胞能够继续杀 伤肿瘤细胞。 PD-L1在多种肿瘤细胞中均有上调表达，它与 T细胞上的PD-1结合，抑制 T细胞增殖和活化，使T细胞处于失活状态，最终诱导免疫逃逸。两种抑制剂 均可阻断PD-1和PD-L1的结合，上调T细胞的生长和增殖，增强 T细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别，激活其攻击和杀伤功能，通过调动人体自身的免疫 功能实现抗肿瘤作用。 6.食管癌的症状？哪些症状预示着食管穿孔 早期 症状常不明显，但在吞咽粗硬食物时可能有不同程度的不适感觉，包括咽下 食物梗噎感，胸骨后烧灼样、针刺样或牵拉摩擦样疼痛。食物通过缓慢，并
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四川大学医学生物综合2019年考博真题试卷
2、现在常用高通量测序，对转录组测序了解多少，试述。
3、试述至少三种与影响基因表达相关的技术原理。
4、将重组好的DNA载体导入受体细胞的手段有哪些，试述至少三种，原理及优缺点。
5、蛋白质临近标记与免疫共沉淀相比，原理及优缺点。
6、导师给你一个DNA片段，你设计一个载体能将此片段导入到人体内表达。画出载体图，并标出每一个部分并详细描述。
医学考博真题试卷
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四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学生物综合（含医学细胞生物学和医学生物学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题（共8题，100分）
1、将目的DNA连接到载体的手段有哪些，试述至少三种。
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
四川大学华西临床医学院国重基法部分专业的考博真题生化真题_.doc
2016 年名词解释：生物转化蛋白模体信号肽细胞编程G蛋白简答：1,生物信息分子有哪些？细胞信号转导2,蛋白折叠过程3,酶的抑制剂有哪些4,细胞凋亡因子的作用5,蛋白分选机制论述：1, DNA复制RNA合成蛋白合成的保真2,DNA复性的影响因素3,你对合成生物学、系统生物学的认识2011年K乙他辅侑A任：人代谢屮的作川2、代谢调杠细胞水半的调i'i3、变构调肯和化学修饰的井同4、作川J DNA衣达的药物的机理•制述3类药物5、翻译施的蛋门质修饰2012年・、名詞解释（20分）1、RNA splicing2、岱号肚3、构住与构象4、蛋门硕模休令结构域5、SiRNA二、分析简答龛（32分）1、试述卜列冈素如何影响DNA的夂性过程<1）RIW （（2）低J * Tm 度（3〉高浓度的DNA 链2、«A»U冰的原理及其应川3>匝嘤细胞Mi'rW fYf哪叫？兀作川机制如何？4、仆•种混介液MA、B、C -种蛋m 这二种蛋门分了;1匕等电点如卜：A1M000,8.5； B 64000 , 5.9 : C 6000・6.0按分/讹和竽电点将J〔分肉纯化这三种蛋仏并列：||签定方汰.二论述題（48分）K DNA M制、RNA介成、蛋门质介成如何保证冀保戊性?2、细胞内们号传导及冀作川机制3、运川化物化学用I关掠理说明药物介理设讣2013年・、名诃解释（20分）K信号从2.诵导肚3.模休4.Gutn5 •转化二简签越1.DNA M制、转录和胡译如何保允2.什么朋抑制剂？简述右哪儿种抑制剂.分别冇什么待点?3・细胞倍号转导7、论述鬆K细胞核编码的蛋门的分选途径？2、Flftl 7个冈素足怎么影响DNA变性的，高浓度阳离仇低Tmffi, ft浓度的DNA ?3、列;I；朗个实鲨分肉纯化乐门.并说岀原理.蛋门分fWflPI分别为64000、8.0；18000、5.91 6000 . 6.0.2014 年・、名词解释1、RNA splicing2、Apoptosis3、Instructs enzyme4、Stemp cell engering5、Systemic biology二、简答悪K 例举关「2013年保学或生理学方Ifil91尔并说期冀上嘤内容及门＜2 的见解2、DNA V兴的彩响W^：(l)Blwr浓度(2)隘度Tm (3)DNA 浓度3、un^t的比沾性测足\论述理1、H«；素与碳胺类药物的作用机制？2、允核生物与原核生物转杀麻的加I：Y J H井同？3、对r儿种人匸合成底物1刑一酶《i结介时•侑9底物納介的亲和力人小不同・怎样说明？2015 年仁名诃解释(40)K端粒(酶)2、两性a •螺旋3、G PCR4、G WAS5、磷酸无糖途径6、氏链II编码RNA7、朋体8、化学注透学说9、R NAi10、Ubiquitination1、扎糖操纵/和色奴酸操纵/的调控作川2、苏门质结构与功能的关系3、信号转9途径井常9疾病发僅的关系.并设讣种町能的I•扰FBI4、描述〔种不同的组学研丸方法及其任医药学中的嗣IJ5、匕醸辅侑A任物质代谢屮的匝耍作川6、•般1何二DNA损伤对生物体祁是冇害的・”!实质上也右右益的•仏即DNAftl伤仆双咆效应，你如何解释这•观点•。