阅读教程4蒋静怡Unit_1animals and their rights_1

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英语专业阅读教程第四册课后paraphrase的答案

英语专业阅读教程第四册课后paraphrase的答案

英语专业阅读教程第四册课后paraphrase的答案Unit one passage two P61 Many children refuse to eat animal meat at first. They later become used to eating it because their parents try hard to persuade them to eat.2 There are two different and conflicting attitudes towards animals. They are carefully separated so that the existing and the essential contradiction between the two hardly causes trouble.3 Picture books and stories deliberately avoid presenting the real situation in our modern farms. Children, therefore, are kept from seeing the reality.4 The difficulty will be that non-vegetarian parents do not want to let their children know the gruesome side of the story, as they are afraid that their children will refuse to eat meat at meals because of their sympathy towards animals.5 Unfortunately, non-vegetarian parents will strongly disapprove of their children’sunwillingness to eat meat.Passage 3 P 161 When his animals are being experimented on, the act doesn’t take effect.2 Your experimenter is not refused to obey law.3 Researchers at Louisiana State University launched an eight-year, $2 million project funded by the Department of Defense. They use tools to hold cats firmly and then they remove cats’skulls and shoot them in the head.4 The experimenters claim that their purpose for this kind of experiment is to find a way of curing the brain-wounded soldiers so that they later can go back to military service.5 psychologists use medical operations to turn around the eyes of young cats.6 there is other evidence showing that cats were not adequately anesthetized while experimenters cut their eye muscles; animalexperimentation was done by people who were not trained and did not have licenses to operate on animals, and the mother cats was conflicted such great torture on by the experiments that they ate their babies.Unit 2 passage two P 331 now we can enjoy the benefits and list in what ways we benefit from his death.2 There must be some other benefits by fastening Harding into a chair in a tiny room and poisoning him to death with gas.3 not even people who are eloquently in supporting of executing people, such as Arizona Attorney Grant Woods, who attracts much public attention, believe that death penalty will keep people from committing crimes.4 but even killing a small number of murderers will have great impact on people5 perhaps the benefit got form killing Harding is not easy to see.Passage 3 page 381 her voice and her expression show that she is sometimes deep in sorrow and sometimes furious beyond her control.2 This sense of justice, like many other basic beliefs, is such a necessary element for us to maintain our psychological health that we take it too granted and hardly ever become aware of its existence, until one day it was severely violated.3 People’s opinions greatly differ as to what is the properway for correcting wrong behavior.4 Europeans are very passionate when coming to the issue of taking tough measures on political violence.Passage 4 page 441 carefully examined Tony’s bed to see if he had dirtied it with his body fluids.2 when I looked at the sickly old man, I couldn’t imagine that he used to be clean and neat, serious and determined, and that herobbed a bank and killed a cop.3 Many people in the underworld believed that Tony should have done something for his partner, but he did nothing, which badly hurts his partners. The underworld people believed Tony’s partners had been betrayed.4 words had gone around that T ony’s wife was murdered because the underworld people wanted to revenge against tony for the death of his three crime partners.5 The lights shining in the window made the hollows in his dark face look deeper, making him look like somewhat evil.Unit 5 passage 1 p1041competition plays such an important part in our culture that it is common to see even adults are screaming and swearing in the Sunday afternoon. This is ridiculous and I feel very bad about it..2 from my own experience, I don’t think we can d evelop deep and full relationship bytrying to compete and win against a common enemy.3 If my success means that I have to do better than others, I don’t think I will ever feel real satisfactory, because I have to keep thinking of how to outdo others, which was very unpleasantan exhausting.4 even when I reach the top position, I will not feel safe as all those below me are waiting to outdo me and trying to grab the position from me.5 I start to see that my confidence in my personal value and worth is depended on how much better I am than so many others in so many activities.6 only when we begin to realize that there is no such a thing as healthy competition can we begin to live more normal and richer lives.Passage 2 p1091 You knew that one had healthy self-esteem when he/she could enjoy competing in a hobbywhere he/she was not very good at.2 A true competition is one in which you don’t know for sure whether or not you will able to achieve your aim.3 For many of us, competition is an additional ingredient that keeps our life interesting, makes us alter and active and enables us to become more creative and productive.4 It can be a good part of our life and exerts a great influence on how we live.5 parents must also set an example of how to compete pleasantly in their own lives.Passage 31 competition can be fun, but we may be overenthusiastic and unreasonable about it.2 candidates who sit in a test performance in order to join certain bands can get undeniable violent and aggressive.3 feel free to find a gift in yourself develop it and embarrass those who dare to challenge you.4 if competition is not fun and people find themselves are extremely worried about an event which they are competing in. why not stop going through it?。

2021年蒋静仪阅读教程2课后习题答案(含quotations)

2021年蒋静仪阅读教程2课后习题答案(含quotations)

蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案(含quotations)欧阳光明(2021.03.07)Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations① No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the “win or lose”model does not work when two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences if you try thiscollaborative approach.Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severe Confronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’s communication andmake them fail in building good relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialistsoften explain that “generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanationbecause the word “generation” is used, but the other word “gap” can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief andview it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listenersprobably think of other things and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, thelisteners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looksor other matters, the listener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from herfather how to listen to other’s criticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations① Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to developa love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988 Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked out Reading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that anotherone running by is launched like a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, andbeat each other up, ignoring the fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in theglasses the waiter has just brought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the doorand waving it around, and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of somegreat art pieces at your own ease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,”I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternalsuggestion, “The best way is to close your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reason of making mywife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping afterenjoying a comfortable brunch together on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewarding Reading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations① Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara Teasdale Beauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon)Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning)Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hairmore.2.You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are inthat you tend to look at beauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media all focus theirtopics on appearance and looks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model of any particularindividual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eightand nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies andnearly one-in-three girls and boys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children have these sorts ofbeliefs and attitudes,” and that there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape wasacceptable and they should be proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorderresearch program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onset Reading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four① Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working underbright lights that simulate sunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural pain relieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eatingheavy or spicy food in the evening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b)insomnia getting worse; c) developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills. 7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous shortawakenings and may but unrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or tryrelaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks andmake our sleep problems worse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way. Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release ofendorphins, which are chemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have aregular timetable for your meals, just like a regular sleep timetable.A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clockrunning smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while theyare no longer effective and you need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous shortawakenings and, once its calming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strong as naturalsunlight just after dawn (at least 100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’body clocks by as much as 12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6.reconstruct; 7. anxious; 8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are twoperennial problems for human beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations① The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest andrelaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard) When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie)Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of theworld have already known a lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the level of knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attendinga Tai Chi class. Either way the aim is to practice it in accordancewith your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced,it means you are overdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you canfeel the effects it may bring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all healthproblems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are morephysically demanding, they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.d;2.b;3. d;4. a;5. c;6.dCheck your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest;8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of thebody that other people seemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact thatyou are elderly. I hope doctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking onlytwo street blocks took me an hour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film; 8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1.Previousstudies suggested that patients who had been given medialtreatment for nonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are atmuch greater risk than researchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant and trailed eachcase of new skin cancer that developed fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were ata greater risk of getting another nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skincancers. That’s because the amount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate itsexistence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily andquickly, but establishing a true friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a manwith his dedication to your goal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1.Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness ina friend, but the goodness was acknowledged after you had madefriends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities to be yourfriends because you have good qualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never putan end to it only because his friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4.We should remain humble before friendship and love because weare granted this free gift. We should feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we paymen and dress them in the court suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were going about;9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunked Check your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to theboarding school, though all my senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my motherto leave unnoticed without saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our deadparents, but also the fact that they were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too goodto us and some of you are making use of their goodness.5.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boysare angry at your act of flattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressiveappearance of being unwilling to compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden Icould no longer carry in mind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and weeven didn’t keep one in our rooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup;8.retrieved; 9. dampened; 10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted; 8. hangs out; 9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, butalso the results of people’s feeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also inour clothing, gestures as head movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary thingsaround them; they mark few impressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearing a little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a few reasonable words. Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account forhis behavior.3.Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid paceof change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because theprinciples were alien to them.pared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier. Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and putus before the serious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loudgrandmother who followed after me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown. 3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very oftencriticized her substandard English, which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it. Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes ahuman being different from other forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the samestructure that can react to any factors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers.Rather, it is the product of generations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers,airspeak, and for for policemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music,many new learners of English have already learned some English. 3.Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call intoquestion their identity as people or nation.4.For people with different first language, English, as a secondlanguage, has enabled them to communicate with eachother withoutdifficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案

Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, av avoidingoiding contact with the parolee’parolee’s s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).(3)Name of experiment Description of theexperiment Relation of the experiment with the textExperiment on obedience A series of socialpsychology experimentsconducted by Y aleUniversity psychologistStanley Milgram. Theymeasured the willingness Closely related with the text since they are all about the effect of assigned roles.of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress.Small-world experiment (six degrees of separation) The small-worldexperiment comprisedseveral experimentsconducted by StanleyMilgram and otherresearchers examining theaverage path length forsocial networks of peoplein the United States. Theresearch wasgroundbreaking in that itsuggested that humansociety is asmall-world-type networkcharacterized by shortpath-lengths. Theexperiments are oftenassociated with the phrase“six degrees ofseparation”separation”, , althoughMilgram did not use thisterm himself.Not closely related withthe text since theexperiment is about socialnetworking betweenindividuals in the UnitedStates.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Part Para(s) Main ideaI. Anecdote and introduction 1-2 A case showing the necessity forprison reformII. Body3-10 (the experiment)The experiment of a mock prison with guards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlier because of the frightening effect. III. Findings 11-13 (implication) Individual behavior is largelyunder the control of social forcesand environmental contingenciesrather than personality traits,character, willpower, or otherempirically un-validatedconstructs. IV IV. Conclusion . Conclusion14 (effects of prison) The prison situation is guaranteed to generate severe pathologicalreactions in both guards andprisoners as to debase theirhumanity, and make it difficult forthem to be part of a society outside of their prison. 2.(1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plea plead for prison d for prisonreform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards andprisoners. (3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard.(4) The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison. (5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those beingexperimented are frightening.(8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmentalcontingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis:the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which areall different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human beings s.expectations on the behavior of the human beingDifferences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect).(3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think group think”” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based -sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many case followers; and in many cases the “truth” i s the “truth” i s the “truth” is not necessary in the hands of the majority. s not necessary in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have receivedhealth authority/ethics committee approvalin the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmedin experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.(1)拼图、勾画(2)构建(名词)(3)建造(动词)(4)建筑物(5)档案(6)(一列)纵队(7)(用锉刀)锉(9)提出、提交(10)呼吁、要求(11)上诉(12)情绪感染、情感诉求(13)吸引力(14)从…悬吊下来(15)停职(16)暂停(17)悬浮(18)吸引(19)雇佣(20)交战、接触(21)忙于(22)面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) (5) prevent…from prevent…from(6) trade… for (6) trade… for (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass out (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2) The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3) In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things that they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the -concepts while theugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4) Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5) Thus w Thus we created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’ e created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exists.(6) However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation. 2.(1) A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2) When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3) The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4) The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5) This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6) If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have to further study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7) This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in No country should interfere in any other country’s any other country’s any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuse domestic affairs in the excuse of human rights. (9) In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing to power and authority.(10) S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors. 3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制,而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。

阅读教程3蒋静怡unit4 common sense or legal intervention1

阅读教程3蒋静怡unit4 common sense or legal intervention1

英语阅读(三)
Step Two Reading Activities
Unit 4-1
• Section Two Detailed Reading
• Para 4
• 5. How do they deal with the “going cold turkey” period for the smokers?
英语阅读(三)
Step Two Reading Activities
• Section Two Detailed Reading • siren: 迷人的女子;妖妇; 汽笛,警报器
• Siren【希腊神话】塞任(半人 半鸟的女海妖,常用美妙歌声 引诱水手,令船触礁沉没)
Unit 4-1
英语阅读(三)
英语阅读(三)
Unit 4-1
Step Two Reading Activities
• Section Two Detailed Reading
• … and all the brawny cowpokes and tawny(黄褐色)haired sirens cannot blow enough advertising smoke to obscure the fact that one out of every seven deaths in this country is linked to smoking…
Unit 4 Common Sense or Legal Intervention
by Helen
英语阅读(三)
Teaching steps
Step 1 Lead-in Step 2 Reading Activities Step 3 Exercises Step 4 Homework

阅读教程4animal liberation课后答案

阅读教程4animal liberation课后答案

阅读教程4animal liberation课后答案这篇文章中的句子分别为:它是一个重要的事件,因为它不仅与一个人有关(尽管还是由他个人决定的),而且是一件很重要的事情。

你要把它与你是否喜欢它,以及想要谈论什么有关。

当这篇文章的结尾时,我们可以看到这篇文章描述了一个孩子如何理解这个重大事件之间的联系,以及他将如何接受影响这个事件发展下去的最关键角色。

这首诗可以用来描述一个成年人从小到大发生在这个过程中可能会面临什么。

我们在这里介绍一下在这些文章最后阶段中所说的关于孩子对世界发生什么事情感兴趣以及怎样才能吸引他们关注这个事件。

一、你的孩子喜欢看电影吗?这是文章中最常见的问题。

因为每个人都有自己喜欢的电影。

通常我们会告诉他或她喜欢电影的内容、类型或情节。

这个问题可以和你的孩子谈论电影,而不要告诉孩子你喜欢看电影。

这将会使他们更容易接受故事或情节本身。

如果你可以问孩子“是否喜欢看电影”或者“是否看电影已经很长时间了”,他可能会说“不”而不是“是”。

这可能是因为对电影感兴趣(或者是他们经常做家务)是他们个人兴趣或性格特征的一部分。

二、他的一位朋友是怎么处理这个问题的?A.不在意(与某人)谈论这个话题。

B.在他看来他所关注的只是这些事情中的一个部分,而不是全部。

C.关注。

D.保持冷静。

A.理解其中一些事情是重要的,而另一些是次要的。

B.把这些小事都视为其他内容中的一部分C.把这些小事视为生活方式上一个很大的转变。

D.对他来说最重要的是他知道自己所爱或所想要什么。

E.向他人解释这个故事并不意味着人们想要谈论它或谈论他们所在的领域里发生的事情。

三、你应该如何在一个有可能引起他们兴趣事情上取得成功。

这是一个问题,也是一个容易被忽视的问题。

当你把他视为孩子而不是别人的时候,孩子就会更感兴趣。

这不是不能成为一个好方法来吸引他们参与的事情。

在你为一件很小的事情感到无聊时,请尝试去想一下有哪些可能会引起你兴趣的事情。

要想让它们变得有价值、有趣,你可以考虑如何把他们变成真正具有意义的东西。

新世纪大学英语系列教材(第二版)阅读教程 4 Unit 1-8 答案

新世纪大学英语系列教材(第二版)阅读教程 4 Unit 1-8 答案

新世纪大学英语系列教材(第二版)Unit 8Part IExercisesI. Reading for information 。

A. Reading to find main ideas1.A2. DB. Reading to find major details3.C4. AC. Reading to find relevant facts5.C6.BII. TranslationTranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1 Katia Eliad, a Paris-based artist, was stuck in a rut. She felt blocked in her creativity, out of touch with herself and for some inexplicable reason unable to use green or blue in her abstract paintings.巴黎艺术家凯蒂亚·艾利亚德陷入停滞。

她的创造力受阻,不能发挥自己的才智,不知何因无法在抽象画中用绿色和蓝色。

2 This year will be filled with his music, but it will also be a time to re-examine the contradictions and conflicting interpretations of his brief 35-year life.今年会充满莫扎特的音乐,但今年也会重新审视莫扎特短短35年的一生带来的矛盾和冲突的看法。

3 That notion was first given scientific support in a 1993 article in Nature, which found that college students who listened to the first movement of Mozart’s Sonata in D Major for Two Pianos performed better on a spatial reasoning test that involved mentally unfolding a piece of paper.《自然》杂志1993年的一篇文章首次给这个说法提供了科学依据,该文章指出,在一项要求在大脑里想像如何展开一页纸的空间推理测试中,听了莫扎特“D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲”第一乐章的大学生取得了更好效果。

阅读教程第二版 蒋静仪 Unit 4

阅读教程第二版 蒋静仪 Unit 4

Insomnia


Insomnia is a symptom of any of several sleep disorders, characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a standalone diagnosis or a disease. By definition, insomnia is "difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or both" and it may be due to inadequate quality or quantity of sleep. It is typically followed by functional impairment while awake. Both organic and non-organic insomnia without other cause constitute a sleep disorder, primary insomnia. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in the year 2007, approximately 64 million Americans regularly suffer from insomnia each year. Insomnia is 1.4 times more common in women than in men.

阅读教程四重要文章

阅读教程四重要文章

阅读教程四重要文章Unit one Animals and their rightsReading 1 Animal LiberationOur attitudes to animals begin to form when we are very young, and they are dominated by the fact that we begin to eat meat at an early age. Interestingly enough, many children at first refuse to eat animal flesh, and only become accustomed to it after strenuous efforts by their parents, who mistakenly believe that it is necessary for good health. Whatever the child’s initial reaction, though, the point to notice is that we eat animal flesh long before we are capable of understanding what we eat is the dead body of an animal. Thus we never make a conscious, informed decision, free from the bias that accompanies any long-establish ed habit, reinforce d by all the pressures of social conformity, to eat animal flesh. At the same time children have a natural love of animals, and our society encourages them to be affectionate towards pets and cuddly, stuffed toy animals. Form these facts stems the most distinctive characteristic of the attitude of children in our society to animals—namely, that there is not one unified attitude to animals, but two conflicting attitudes that coexist in one individual ,carefully segregated so that the inherentcontradiction between them rarely causes trouble.Not so long ago children were brought up on fairy tales in which animals, especially wolves, were pictured as cunning enemies of man. A characteristic happy ending would leave the wolf drowning in a pond, weighed down by stones which the ingenious hero had sewn in its belly while it was asleep. And in case children missed the implications of these stories they could all join hands and sing a nursery rhyme like:“Three blind mice, see how they run!They all ran after the farmer’s wifeWho cut off their tails with a carving knife.Did you ever see such a thing in your lifeAs three blind mice”For children brought up on these stories and rhymes there was no inconsistency between what they were taught and what they are. Today, however such stories have gone out of fashion, and on the surface all is sweetness and light, so far as children’s attitudes to animals are concerned. Thereby a problem has arisen: what about the animals we eatOne response to this problem is simple evasion. The child’s affection for animals is directed towards animals that are not eaten: dogs, cats and other pets. There are the animalsthat an urban or suburban child is most likely to see. Cuddly, stuffed toy animals are more likely to be bars or lions than pigs or cows. When farm animals are mentioned in picture books and stories, however, evasion may become a deliberate attempt to mislead the child about the nature of modern farms, and so screen him form reality. An example of this is the popular Hallmark book Farm Animals which presents the child with pictures of hens, turkeys, cows and pigs, all surrounded by their young, with not a cage, shed or stall in sight. The text tells us that pigs “enjoy a good meal, then roll in the mud and let out a squeal!”while “Cows don’t have a thing to do, but switch their tails, eat grass and moo.”British books, like The Farm in the best selling Ladybird series, covey the same impression of rural simplicity, showing the hen running freely in an orchard with her chicks, and all the other animals living with their offspring in spacious quarters. With this kind of early reading it is not surprising that children grow up believing that even if animals “must” die to provide human beings with food, they live happily until that time comes.Recognizing the importance of the attitude we form when young, the Women’s Liberation movement has suggested changes in the stories we read to our children. They want braveprincesses to rescue helpless princes occasionally. To alter the stories about animals that we real to our children will not be easy, since cruelty is no t an ideal subject for children’s stories. Yet it should be possible to avoid the more gruesome details, and still give children picture books and stories that encourage respect for animals as independent beings, and not as cute little objects that exist for our amusement and tables; and as children grow older, they can be made aware that most animals live under conditions that are not very pleasant. The difficulty will be that non-vegetarian parents are going to be reluctant to let their children learn the full story, for fear that the child’s affection for animals may disrupt family meals. Even now, one frequently hears that, on learning that animals are killed to provide meat, a friend’s child has refused to eat meat. Unfortunately this instinctive rebellionis likely to meet strong resistance from non-vegetarian parents, and most children are unable to keep their refusal in the face of opposition from parents who provide their meals and tell them that they will not grow up big and strong without meat. One hopes, as knowledge of nutrition spreads, more parents will realize that on this issue their children may be wiser than they are.Unit two Crime and PunishmentReading one The Death Penalty in the United State: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to DieIn the United States, 37 states currently allow capital punishment for serious crimes such as murder. Americans have always argued about the death penalty. Today, there is a serious question about this issue: Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals In other words, is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors, . , under the age of 18, to receive the death penalty In most countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision. Of the 37 states that allow the death penalty, 30 permit the execution of minors.In the state of South Carolina, a convicted murderer was given the death penalty for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends brutally murdered three people. Roach’s lawyer fought the decision to execute him. The young murderer remained on death row (a separate part of prison for convicted criminals who are sentenced to die) for ten years while his lawyer appealed to the governor. The lawyer argued that it is wrongto execute a person for a crime committed while he was a minor. In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed by electrocution in 1986. This is not the first time a minor was executed in South Carolina. In 1944, a 14-year-old boy died in that state’s electric chair.In Indiana, a 16-year-old girl is on death row for a crime she committed when she was 15. Paula Cooper and three friends stabbed an elderly woman to death. They robbed the old woman to get money to play video games. Cooper’s lawyer has appealed to the governor of Indiana to stop the execution because the convicted killer is very young and because she was abused in childhood. The Indiana governor, who favors the death penalty, said that he must let the courts to do their job. Surprisingly, the grandson of the murdered woman agrees with the girl’s lawyer. A deeply religious man, the grandson opposes the execution, too, and writes to his grandmother’s murderer in prison on a regular basis.Although no one believes that either of these killers deserves sympathy, some people believe that capital punishment is too severe for convicted murders who are minors. They feelthat it is wrong to treat minors the same as adults in these case. Opponents of the death penalty in general think it is wrong to take one life for anther. They argue that capital punishment does not protect the victim or the victim’s family. Opponents also suggest that occasionally innocent people may be executed for crimes they did not commit.On the other hand, people who agree with the death penalty argue that it prevents repeat crimes and, therefore, future victims. These proponents of capital punishment believe that fear of the death penalty deters crime. That is, fewer people will commit murder because they fear the death penalty.The laws concerning capital punishment are changing every day. Recently, Indiana raised its minimum age limit for the death penalty to 16. Before that, the age limit in that state was 10. Perhaps other states will change their laws in the future, but in the meantime, the controversy continues.Unit three Gun Ownership and CensorshipReading three: Arming Myself with a Gun Is Not the Answer When my father died 15 years ago, my brother and I inherited the old Midwestern farmhouse our grandparents had purchased in the 1930s. I was the one who decided to give up my harriedexistence as a teacher in New York City and make a life in this idyllic village, population 350, in northern Michigan.A full-time job in the English department of a nearby college quickly followed. I settled into small-town life, charmed by a community where your neighbors are also your friends and no one worries about locking a door. Eventually I forgot about the big-city stress of crowds, noise and crime.I felt safe enough to keep my phone number listed so colleagues and students could reach me after hours. I was totally unprepared when I returned home one evening to an answering machine filled with incoherent and horribly threatening messages. I could identify the voice—it belonged to a former student of mine. Shocked and frightened, I called 911, and an officer arrived in time to pick up the phone and hear the man threaten to rape and kill me. The cop recognized the caller as the stalker in a similar incident that had been reported a few years before, and immediately rushed me out of the house. I soon learned that my would-be assailant had been arrested, according to police, drunk, armed with a 19-inch double-edged knife and just minutes from my door.It was revealed in court testimony that my stalker was a schizophrenic who had fallen through the cracks of themental-health system. In spite of my 10-year personal-protection order, I live with the fear that he will return unsupervised to my community. Time and again, colleagues and friends have argued me to get a gun to protect myself.And why shouldn’t I This part of rural Michigan is home to an avid gun culture. , the opening day of deer-hunting season, is all but an official holiday. It is not uncommon to see the bumper sticker CHARLTON HESTON IS MY PRESIDENT displayed, along with a gun rack, on the back of local pickup trucks.A good friend recommended several different handguns. This assistant prosecutor on the case told me I’d have no problem getting a concealed-weapons permit. A female deputy offered to teach me how to shoot.But I haven’t gotten a gun, and I am not going to. When I questioned them, my friends and colleagues had to admit that they’ve used guns only for recreational purposes, never for self-defense. The assistant prosecutor said that he would never carry a concealed weapon himself. And an ex-cop told me that no matter how much you train, the greatest danger is of hurting yourself.The truth is when you keep a gun for self-protection, you live with constant paranoia. For me, owning a gun and practicingat a target range would be allowing my sense of victimization to corrupt my deepest values.Contrary to all the pro-gun arguments, I don't believe guns are innocent objects. If they were, “gunnies”wouldn’t display them as badges of security and freedom. When someone waves a gun around, he or she is advertising the power to snuff out life. But guns are no deterrent. Like nuclear weapons, they only ensure greater devastation when conflict breaks out or the inevitable human error occurs.I never needed a weapon in the years prior to my terrifying experience. And while I learned not to flinch at the sight of men and women in fluorescent orange carrying rifles into the woods at the start of deer season, owning a gun for play or protection didn’t occur to me. But I’ve learned firsthand that even small, close-knit communities are subject to the kind of social problems—like disintegrating families and substance abuse—that can propel a troubled person toward violence, so I now carry pepper spray and my cell phone at all times.In Michigan—and elsewhere—as federal funding for state mental-health care continues to shrink and state psychiatric hospitals are forced to close, the numbers of untreated, incarcerated and homeless mentally ill are rising. People withserious mental illness and violent tendencies need 24-hour care. It costs less to house them in group homes with trained counselors than it does to keep them in prisons or hospitals. But until states fund more of this kind of care, people like my stalker will continue to return unsupervised to our communities.And people like me will be forced to consider getting guns to protect ourselves. I am lucky. I survived, though not unchanged. I know my fear cannot be managed with a gun. The only reasonable response is to do what I can to help fix the mental-health system. Awareness, education and proper funding will save more lives and relieve more fear than all the guns we can buy.Unit four Life or Death (Euthanasia)Reading two: In Defense of Voluntary EuthanasiaA few short years ago, I lay at the point of death. A congestive heart failure was treated for diagnostic purposes by an angiogram that triggered a stroke. Violent and painful hiccups, uninterrupted for several days and nights, prevented the ingestion of food. My left side and one of my vocal cords became paralyzed. Some form of pleurisy set in, and I felt Iwas drowning in a sea of slime. At one point, my heart stopped beating; just as I lost consciousness, it was thumped back into action again. In one of my lucid intervals during those days of agony, I asked my physician to discontinue all life-supporting services or show me how to do it. He refused and predicted that someday I would appreciate the unwisdom of my request.A month later, I was discharged from the hospital. In six months, I regained the use of my limbs, and although my voice still lacks its old resonance and carrying power I no longer croak like a frog. There remain some minor disabilities and I am restricted to a rigorous, low sodium diet. I have resumed my writing and research.My experience can be and has been cited as an argument against honoring requests of stricken patients to be gently eased out of their pain and life. I cannot agree. There are two main reasons. As an octogenarian, there is a reasonable likelihood that I may suffer another “cardiovascular accident”or worse. I may not even be in a position to ask for the surcease of pain. It seems to me that I have already paid my dues to death—indeed, although time has softened my memories they are vivid enough to justify my saying that Isuffered enough to warrant dying several times over. Why run the risk of moreSecondly, I dread imposing on my family and friends another grim round of misery similar to the one my first attack occasioned.My wife and children endured enough for one lifetime. I know that for them the long days and nights of waiting, the disruption of their professional duties and their own familial responsibilities counted for nothing in their anxiety for me. In their joy at my recovery they have been forgotten. Nevertheless, to visit another prolonged spell of helpless suffering on them as my life ebbs away, or even worse, if I linger on into a comatose senility, seem s altogether gratuitous.But what, it may be asked, of the joy and satisfaction of living, of basking in the sunshine, listening to music, watching one’s grandchildren growing into adolescence, following the news about the fate of freedom in a trouble world, playing with ideas, writing one’s testament of wisdom and folly for posterity It not all that one endured, together with the risk of its recurrence, an acceptable price for the multiple satisfactions that are still open even to a person of advancedyearsApparently those who cling to life no matter what think so.I do not.The zest and intensity of these experiences are no longer what they used to be. I am not vain enough to delude myself that I can in the few remaining years make an important discovery useful for mankind or can lead a social movement of do anything that will be historically eventful, not less eventful-making. My autobiography, which describes a record of intellectual and political experiences of some historical value, already much too long, could be posthumously published. I have had my fill of joys and sorrows and am not greedy for more life. I have always thought that a test of whether one had found happiness in one’s life is whether one would be willing to relive it—whether, if it were possible, one would accept the opportunity to be born again.Having lived a full and relatively happy life, I would cheerfully accept the chance to be reborn, but certainly not be reborn again as an infirm octogenarian. To some extent, my views reflect what I have seen happen to the aged and stricken who have been so unfortunate as to survive crippling paralysis. They suffer, and impose suffering on others, unable even to makea request that their torment be ended.I am mindful too of the burdens placed upon the community, with its rapidly diminishing resources, to provide the adequate and costly services necessary to sustain the lives of those whose days and night s are spent on mattress graves of pain.A better use could be made of these resources to increase the opportunities and qualities of life for the young. I am not denying the moral obligation the community has to look after its disabled and aged. There are times, however, when an individual may find it pointless to insist on the fulfillment of a legal and moral right.What is required is no great revolution in morals but an enlargement of imagination and an intelligent evaluation of alternative uses of community resources.Long age, Seneca observed that “the wise man will lives as long as he ought, not as long as he can.” One can envisage hypothetical circumstances in which one has a duty to prolong one’s life despite its costs for the sake of others, but such circumstances are far removed from the ordinary prospects we are considering. If wisdom is rooted in knowledge or the alternatives of choice, it must be reliably informed of the state one is in and its likely outcome. Scientific medicine isnot infallible, but it is the best we have. Should a rational person be willing to endure acute suffering merely on the chance that a miraculous cure might presently be at hand Each one should be permitted to make his own choice—especially when no one else is harmed by it.The responsibility for the decision whether deemed wise or foolish, must be with the chooser.Unit Five Motivation or Unhealthy Experience (competition) Reading one: Why CompetitionI would not complain about the absurd sight of grown men shrieking and cursing on Sunday afternoons if it were not for the significance of the role played by competition in our culture. It is bad enough that fighting is actually regarded a s a sport; it is worse that the outcome of even the gentlest of competitions—baseball—can induce fans to hysteria and violence. Our entire society is affected by the need to be “better man”.I believe that competition by its very nature is always unhealthy. This is true, to begin with, because competition and cooperation are mutually exclusive. I say this fully aware of the team spirit that is supposed to develop among players—orsoldiers—on the same side. First, I have doubts, base on personal experience, concerning the depth and fullness of relationship that result from the need to become e more effective against a common enemy. Second, those on the other side are generally regarded with suspicion and contempt in any competitive situation.The desire to win has a not very surprising characteristic: it tends to edge out other goals and values in the context of any given competitive activity. When I was in high school, I was a very successful debater for a school that had one of the country’s better team. After hundreds and hundreds of rounds of competition over the three years, I can assert that the purpose of debate is not to seek the truth ore resolve an issue, the only reason debaters sacrifice their free time collecting thousands of pieces of evidence, analyzing argument, and practicing speeches, is to win.The cost of any kind of competition in human terms is incalculable. When my success depends on other people’s failure, there is little possibility of building a real human community. Moreover, when my success depends on my being better man, I am caught on a treadmill, destined never to enjoy real satisfaction. Someone is always one step higher, and even thesummit is a dangerous position in light of the many waiting to occupy it in my stead. I am thus perpetually insecure and perpetually anxious.I begin to see my self-worth as conditional on how much better I am than so many others I so many activities. If you believe as I do, that unconditional self-esteem is a very important requirement for mental health, then the destructiveness of competition will clearly outweigh any benefit.By taking the first step of understanding that competition of any kind is both psychologically harmful and philosophically unjustifiable, that the phrase “healthy competition “ is a contradiction, only then can we begin to lead more normal, richer lives.。

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Reading One
Check your vocabulary
Paraphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.
When farm animals are mentioned in picture books and stories, however, evasion may before a deliberate attempt to mislead the child about the nature of modern farms, and so screen him from reality. Picture books and stories deliberately avoid presenting the real situation in our modern farms. Children, therefore, are kept from seeing the reality.
strenuous segregated disrupt gruesome ingenious squeal alter initial cute unified a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. change separated shriek effortful unpleasant lovely spoil talented first common same conform decline shocked
Reading One
•Step 2 Reading Activities
Check your comprehension
In the text, the author quotes a nursery rhythm. What’s the theme of the nursery rhythm? The nursery rhyme has the theme of cruelty towards animals – mice, in this case.
Teaching steps
• • • • Step Step Step Step 1 2 3 4 Course introduction Reading Activities Exercises Homework
•Step 2 Reading Activities
• Section One: warm-up discussion • Watch the following video and think about the animal image in the cartoon.
Reading One
•Step 2 Reading Activities
Decide whether each of them is true or false. F ______ 5. The theme of the nursery rhythm quote in the text is “Killing bad animals.” T ______ 6. In the text, dogs and cats are described as animals that children do not eat. T ______ 7. In the popular book Farm Animals, the animals seem to live a free and happy life. T ______ 8. It is suggested that in children’s stories, we should depict animals as independent beings.
• What do you think of the animals in the video? What are their images?
•Step 2 Reading Activities
•Step 2 Reading Activities
Reading One
Match the words on the right with that on the left.
•Step 2 Reading Activities
What is the author’s attitude towards eating meat? What expressions in the text indicate his attitude? He doesn’t seem to think that eating meat is a wise choice. This can be seen from his disapproval of parents forcing their children to eat meat.
•Step 2 Reading Activities
How are the animals described in the book Farm Animals and The Farm? What kind of false impression does that kind of description leave on children who read them? Animals in these two books are depicted as “happy”, “carefree”, and “good-for-nothing” creatures. This description leaves children the false impression that animals live simple and happy until they dir vocabulary
Paraphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.
parents.
Many children at first refuse to eat animal flesh, and only become accustomed to it after strenuous efforts by their Many children at first refuse to eat animal flesh. They later become used to eating it just because their parents try hard to persuade them to eat it.
because it’s a habit and because other people in our community are doing the same. F ______ 4. In our childhood, the choice between whether to eat meat or to love animals gives us trouble.
Teaching objectives
• You are going to • enlarge the vocabulary in different fields;
• broaden your minds by reading; and • know how to think critically.
Reading One
Check your vocabulary
Paraphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.
There is not one unified attitude to animals, but two conflicting attitudes that coexisted in one individual, carefully segregated so that the inherent contradiction between them rarely causes trouble. There are two different and conflicting attitudes towards animals; they are carefully separated so that the existing and essential contradiction between the two hardly causes trouble.
Unfortunately, non-vegetarian parents will strongly disapprove of their children’s unwillingness to eat meat.
Reading One
•Step 2 Reading Activities
Decide whether each of them is true or false. F ______ 1. Many children want to eat meat because they understand meat is good for health. F ______ 2. When we start eating meat in our childhood, we understand that we are eating the dead body of an animal. T ______ 3. According to the author, we eat meat both
Reading One
Check your vocabulary
Paraphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.
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