all but, anything but 和 everything but 的用法区别
BUT用法
甘肃王曰福but 一词既可作连词、介词、副词用，又有一些习惯搭配和固定用法，现对其用法作以下归纳。
一、用作连词1. 用作等立连词，使其前后的词、短语、分句相互对照，作“但是，然而，可是”解。
例如：She is young but very experienced. 她虽然年轻但经验丰富。
2. 用于表示歉意的话语之后，表示谢绝或不赞成。
例如：I'm sorry, but I disagree with you. 对不起，我不同意你的意见。
3. 用于两个并列的分句之间，与前面的否定词形成对比，作“无……而不……”解。
例如：It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，一雨倾盆。
I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in the old society.我走过那所房子时，没有一次不想起我在旧社会所过的悲惨生活。
二、用作介词1. 与 no ， nobody ， nothing ， none ， who 等词连用，作“除……之外”解，用来排除同类中的一分子，或从整体中除去一部分。
例如：Nobody knew her but me. 除我以外，没有人认识她。
Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.这个计划只能带来灾难，别无益处。
2. but 前面有 do 的某种形式时， but 后面的动词不定式要省略 to ；其前没有 do 的某种形式时， but 后面的不定式要带 to 。
例如：We had no choice but to wait.除了等待，我们别无选择。
He did nothing all day long but watch TV.一整天，他除了看电视，别无他事可做。
3. 与 last ， next 及 one ， two 等连用，作“倒数第二、第三”等解。
南外加试卷精华
南外加试卷Choose the best answers:1. Today the impression paintings are accepted as the beginning of ______ we call“modern art”.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.how2. I wanted to know if ______.A.he would comeB.he comesC.he is comingD.he will come3.______enters the computer room should take off his shoes in order to keep them clean enough.A. WhoB. WhoeverC. Whomever4._______since the night before, I felt very hungry.A. Having eaten anythingB. Not having eaten anythingC. I hadn’t eaten anythingD. N ot eating anything5. He did rather well and I thought ______of him.A.manyB.muchC.a lot ofD.some6. It is the way ______they talk______makes people laugh.A.how; thatB.that; thatC.in which;whichD./;which7. A strong earthquake in New Zealand South Island city of Christchurch, ______ widespread destruction in the city center.A.causedB.to causeC.causingD. To have caused8. After playing in the park for a few hours, the pupils gathered under trees______ shade and ______ down to eat their picnic lunch.A.provided;sitB.providing; sittingC.providing;satD.provided; sat9. The 16th Asian Games were successfully held in______city of Guangzhou,______ famous city in China.A.a;theB.a;theC./;aD./;the10. Joe invited me to his party on Friday, but I have to meet my uncle. So I don ’t know whethe r ______ to the party or not.A.goB.will goC.to goD.going11. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks your words should make any______.A.valueB.funC.sensee12. It ______last night______ Tom saw an interesting film in Star Cinema.A.is;thatB.was;thatC.was;whichD.was;who13. After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson______ride to Capital Airport.A.the;aB.a;theC./;aD./;the14.---Have you read today ’s report about your performance?--- I don’t care what______about m e.A.will be writtenB.writesC.wroteD.is written15. He was well ill. But the doctor said his_______had______to do with his smoking.A.ill; notB.illness;fewC.sick;somethingD.sickness;little16.---Congratulations! You did well in the long race.--- Thanks. But I have a long _______ to go.A.roadB.wayC.tripD.end17. He really works hard. He is always the first ______and the last______.A.to leave;to comeB.to come;to leaveC.leaving;comingD.to come;leaving18. Words written on the pot are hard_______,_______?A.to read them;are theyB.to read; aren ’t theyC.reading them;are theyD.read;aren’t they19. ---Do you know about“Tiger Mom”?---Yes. Her children will never be praised ______they have done everything ______she requires.A.after;thatB.unless;thatC.once;whichD.when;which20.---Did you watch the basketball match yesterday？--- Yes, I did. You know my brother______in the match.A.is playingB.was playingC.has playedD.had played21. The experts advise_____our army_____modern.A.to equip;usingB.equipping;withC.to equip; forD.equipping;by22. --- I like your new shoes!--- Thanks. I had to try on almost a dozen pairs______ I decided to get them.A.asB.whenC.afterD.before23. They _______in Holland for ten years.Now they live in Pairs.A.livedB.have livedC.had livedD.were living24.---Sorry, I ______to buy the book you need for you.--- Never mind._____it myself after school.A.forget;I’d rather buyB.forgot;I’ll buyC.forgot;I was going to buyD.forget;I’d better buy25. Would you please______if the boy is sleeping?A.not wake him upB.not woke upC.not to wake him upD.not to wake up26. Be careful with such things. If you ______, you will drop them.A.don’tB.won’tC.aren’tD.do27. I’m afraid we ’ll have to work extra hours for there are still some problem s______.A.reminding to settleB.remaining to be settledC.remained to talk aboutD.to remain to discuss28. This design is ______satisfactory. So you ’ll have to try your best to improve it.A.nothing butB.anything butC.all butD.everything but29.---Would you mind if I turned off the air conditional?---_______. It makes no difference to me.A. Never mindB. Not at allC. Sure,go aheadD. Why not?30. I ______the mistake______them my phone number.A.made;of givingB.took,of givingC.made;to giveD.took,to give31.--- Who has eaten all the cake.Jim?--- Oh,______must be your two pet dogs.A.itB.theyC.thatD.which32.______is well known to everyone the Olympic Games______every four years.A. That;happenB. This;broke outC. As,take placeD.It;are held33. While we’ve developing agriculture and industry, we must prevent the earth______.A.from pollutingB.pollutedC.pollutingD.being polluted34. It is easy to do the repair. ______you need is a hammer and some nails.A. SomethingB. AlC. BothD. Everything35.--- I would like to buy an expensive camera.---Well. We have several models ______.A.to choose fromB.to chooseC.to be chosenD.for choosing36. ---Have you made up your mind______the chance to go to France?---No I’m practicing______the French languag e.A.to give up;to learnB.to give up;learningC.giving up;to learnD.giving up;learning37. We must treasure every minute because______time is______forever.A.lost;losingB.lost;lostC.losing;losingD.losing;lost38. I walked in our garden,______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that39. Have you seen the film”Titanic ”, _______leading actor is world-famous?A.itsB.it’sC.whoseD.which40. Nuclear energy may be dangerous if _______. We need to think twice before we use it.A.not being controlledB.not controllingC.not controlledD.controlled.Fill in the blanks with the first given letters:1. In this villages no one is allowed to build, develop or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are m__________ in their original sixteen-century style.2. When furnishing the kitchen, you can even have two dishwashers if the size and b__________allow —think of it as saving time in the long run.3.“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”is a popular saying in American. Other countries have s__________sayings.4. P__________ people were the first to use the knives and spoons. They used shells and chips of wood as spoons to scoop food to the mouth.5. The c__________in some coal mines are bad. That ’s why there are often accidents.6. It is said that there are more and more c__________ by teenagers. Some of them even shoot people to death.7. Will you be p__________ by your parents if you cannot get well-prepared for the coming test?8. The car accident was not the driver ’s f__________ as there was a man suddenly running across the road.9. Nowadays, very few f__________catch fish with cormorants(鸬鹚). They prefer to use big fishing boats and nets.10. When the electricity was cut o f, all the people in the elevator p___________. Some even screamed and cried.11. Throughout the history, people from different countries and c_________ have lived together in Britain.12. As we know, French did not replace English ad the first language. Despite the fact, French still had an i__________on the English language.13. Classical music had very few l__________. Usually it focused more on instrument like the piano or the violin, although operas had words in Italian or French.14. The two organizations c__________to form one stronger company last year.15. Since the new police was carried out, the small town had been turned into a c__________center with lots of shops and companies.16. Solar panels, grey water recycling and purifying systems are i_________in this new type of house without using too many pipes and wires.17. We all know that a museum is a building used for the p_________ and exhibition of interesting and valuable objects,such as works of art or historical items.18. When speaking of modern a_________, we can ’t help thinking of Professor Yuan Longping,“the most famous father in China ”and“ the father of hybrid rice. ”19. When I was growing up, my dad played many different roles in my life. Though some of these roles made me happy and some made me sad, they all help me on my way to a b__________life. 20. Earth Hour is held on the last Saturday in March every year, e__________governments, households, businesses and individuals to turn off their non-essential ( 不重要的) lights for one hour.21. Around the world, many towns, cities, states and countries choose their l__________based ona simple electoral(选举的) system: the person who gets the most votes gets to be in charge.22. When we look at an object, we do not actually see its color. Instead, we see the light that the object r__________.23. After the strike, the boss had to agree to raise all the workers ’s__________.24. Most of the Swiss population lives in the river v__________ or on the large plain between the Alps and Jura Mountains.25. The early s__________made friends with the local natives, but later, the natives became their slaves.26. Mothers’Day falls on the second Sunday in May. It is a public expression of our love and r_________for all the mothers in the world.27. Before the Civil War, many people in southern states used enslaved Africans for l__________.28. The temples of ancient Egypt were shrines to gods. They were made up of tall stone c__________ and giant blocks of stone.29. Stanford is the second best university worldwide in 2011-12, tying with Harvard. The c__________faculty( 教职工) has 17 Nobel winners and 4 Pulitzers, among many other academic awards.30. During the Middle Age, the great Lords ofEurope lived in castles. Their serfs( 农奴) worked on the land in return for protection and a small c__________ to live in.Fill in the blanks with the given words in proper form.1. You really should make__________(you) at home while you stay here, my dear friends.2. Jim does his homework much_________(care) than any other boy in his class. So he seldom has mistakes.3. After a war of three years with the Aztecs, the Spanish took __________ of Mexico, which has been__________ by Aztecs for about 200 years.(control)4. ---Do you have a __________?---No,but I do like __________ music. It makes me feel peaceful.(religion)5. The item“smog”was first used in London during the early 1900s to describe the __________of smog and fog.(combine)6. --- I’m so sad that I was not__________.--- That ’s impossible. I saw Lucy write an __________ for you.(invite)7. In the early 1980s, the competition facing US firms came __________(primary) from Japanesecompanies.8. The National Trust in Britain plays an __________(increase) important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled f the British countryside.9. Successful language learners are__________ learners. They do not __________ on the book or the teacher, they discover their own way to learn the language. (depend)10. People in different countries have different __________ customs.(society)11. When little Jerry was on a plane for the first time, he was amazed to look down from a great__________(high) to see the world below him.12. In some countries, there are certain questions you shouldn’t ask because they might make people__________(comfortable)13. The college entrance examination has so far proven itself as the __________(effect) way to pick out the outstanding from the average.Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the proper forms:1. We think it a pity __________(not invite) Tracy to the tea party last Sunday. It was indeed a lot of fun.2.By the end of last week, four large bridges __________(build) over the river.3.__________(ride) a bike helps you keep slim and healthy.4. My computer__________(break) down, so I __________(can not read) your two e-mails today.5. The day he looked forward to __________(arrive) at last. He was so excited because he was able to enter the final game. He thought he deserved to win because he __________(practice) for months.6. I wish __________(not try) to repair the bike, for I only made it worse.7.__________(follow) my instructions, and you can ’t miss it.8. Class 2 students__________(write) busily when Mr.Xu __________(go) to get a book he __________(leave) in his office.9. Ancient astronomers examined the night sky,__________(hope) to learn more about the universe.10.--- Here is a text message __________(tell) me to sent money to...--- Delete it. It’s a trick. Many a person__________(cheat) by such a tricks.11.--- Remember how we met for the first time, Daniel?---Of course I do. You __________(walk) to the teachers ’office hurriedly and __________(not notice) me.12.The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seemed__________(prepare) for it well.13.--- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.--- I think so. He __________(prepare) for it for months.14. If Bob__________(come) here today, he will be able to see Jackie Chen.15. A great number of students__________(interview) said they were forced to practice the piano. Corrections:1. How dis you like the dancers and their performances which you saw at the party?2. Although developed countries have given some financial help to poor countries,they need to give many more.3. People in many cultures use the age-old custom of carrying food to the mouth with hand. Other methods include the use of chopsticks or a knife,spoon and fork.4. We’ll never forget the days when we spent together happily in the summer camp.5. The more deeply a diver goes down in the sea,the greater water pressure he bears.6. The chairman thought this necessary to invite Prof . Smith to speak at the meeting.7. In China, a person invites you to dinner might be upset if you do not try all of the dishes.8. It is reported a new planet has been discovered recently, which is almost three times the size if the Earth.9. Calming customers, the company said the amount of the chemical in the shampoo wouldn’t harm people’s health.10. Many people complained about the stones on a road, but neither did anything about getting the stones out of the way.11. Alice Lillian Ellis, born on September 11, 1907, was the third old of nine children.12. --Tom is very upset. I wish I hadn ’t told him the disappointing new s.--I told you not, but you wouldn ’t listen.13. The newspaper is owned by a foreign company, which boss is Sir James Bex.14. Talking with taxi drivers, waitresses and even students every day have helped me feel more and confident in English.15. A poet and artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.16. Every student as well as the teachers who are going to visit the museum are asked to arrive at the school gate on time.17. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn ’t face the other day lik e that.18. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don ’t have enough money to buy on e.19. --I find it very difficult to read a novel you lent me last week.--Yes. It’s necessary to have a good knowledge of histor y.20. Of the two sisters, Betty is a younger one, and she is also the one who loves to be quiet. Close test:A crow has long been part of man's history.More than any other bird,the crow has been both denounced and praised.Some have ___1___ it as a messenger of evil.To the farmer,the crow is a hungry robber who swoop s down to eat his corn shoots. Most people see the crow as a big, ___2___ ,troublesome bird.It is easy,therefore,to understand how the crow got its name into the ___3___ .Any person who talks about himself or his ___4___ is said to "crow" about himself.The meaning of the word came from Old English or French.But there is a saying about the crow in America that is ___5___. A person may be too ___6___ of himself and say something in a ___7___ and boastful way .Later,he may admit he is wrong.Then he is "eating crow".No one knows how this saying ___8___ started.But one story about it ___9___ in a Louisiana newspaper in 1851.A man who owned a boarding house ___ 10___ poor food,and his customers complained about it. O n e day,they complained so loudly that the owner of the house laughed at them and said,"Why,I can eat ___11___ and enjoy it."Some decided to ___12___ him. They killed a large crow and cooked it and made it look nice.Secretly,however,they ___ 13___ hot pepper and salt.They put the tasty-looking dish before the owner and invited him to eat.The owner took a big ___ 14___ out of the crow.It was horrible.He ___ 15___ the dish away from him.So,being too certain has its price,if later you must admit you are wrong.You may have to swallow your pride as well as your words.And that may be as unpleasant as eating crow.1. A.feared2. A.black3. e4. A.deeds5. A.similar6. A.worried7. A.loud8. A.had9. A.publish10. A.served11. A.something12. A.check13. Boiled14. Bite15. Pulled B.lookedB.noisyB.dictionaryB.enemiesB.sameB.afraidB.loudlyB.broughtB.showedB.ateB.nothingB.examineB.increasedB.breathB.pushedC.wonderedC.lovelyC .animalC.friendsC .knownC.sureC.aloudC.wouldC.appearedC.enjoyedC.foodC.testC.addedC.lookC.tookD.thoughtD.prettynguageD.habitsD.differentD.carefulD.weakD.gotD.printedD.gaveD.anythingD.feedD.suppliedD.eggD.droveFill in the blanks according to the first letters given.What is a dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange places that they seem to visit in their sleep.They have been considered as meaningless nighttime journeys. However, they have been valued as necessary to a person's health and h___1___.Historically people thought dreams contained m___2___ from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams scientifically believing that they tell about a person's p___3___. First, there was Sigmund Freud ’s t___4___. He believed that dreams allow a person to e___5___ fantasies or fears, which would be socially unacceptable in real life.The second theory to become popular was Carl Jung's compensation theory. Jung, a former student of Freud, said that the purpose of a dream is not to h___6___ something, but rather to communicate it to the dreamer. Dreams make up for what is lacking in waking life.Thus, people who think too h___7___ of themselves may dream about falling; those who think too little of themselves dream of being h___8___.T h e meaning of dreams continues to be difficult to understand. However, people should not take their dreams as r___9___. If you dream that a loved one is going to die, do not p___ 10___. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that your loved one is going to die.。
不定代词用法详解
不定代词用法详解不定代词，不明确指代某个特定的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
不定代词可以代替名次和形容词，表示不同的数量概念。
不定代词没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
英语中的不定代词常常成对出现，如some 和any, all 和both, neither 和either, each 和every, other 和another, much 和many, one 和no, none和no one, few 和 a few，little 和a little，等等。
另外，还有由some, any, every, no 与body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词(somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing)。
1. some 和anysome 和any都可修饰或指代可数名词和不可数名词；some 一般用于肯定句，any一般用于疑问句和否定句。
如：I must get some fruit in the market. 我得在市场上买点水果。
Do you have any books for children? 你有适合小孩子看的书吗?【说明】(1) 当表示请求或要求并希望对方能给出肯定的回答时，some 也可用于疑问句；any 表示“任何的”之意时，也可用于肯定句。
Can you give me some paper? 你能给我些纸吗？Why not send that girl some flowers? 为什么不送给那位女孩几束花呢？You can read any of the books. 你可以看这些书中的任何一本。
(2) some 和any均不能跟冠词连用。
2. all 和both(1) all表示全部，表示三者或三者以上的人或物；both指代两个人或事物，表示两者都。
英语中的否定
英语中的否定一、否定概念1．否定的基本特征：含有否定词（语）。
例如：⑴not, never, seldom, hardly, nor,⑵no, few, , neither,⑶none, nothing, nobody,⑷without, but, except含有否定词缀的词，也是一种否定意义的表达手段。
但不属于否定结构或否定句。
2．否定范围否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。
一般讲，从否定词开始到句末，或到表示停顿的标点为止。
在口语中，句末用升调，表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内，反之则在范围之外。
下列句子的划线部分是否定范围：<（1）I didn’t see Jack in the cinema yesterday.（2）None of them passed the exam.（3）I didn’t go there because I was afraid of him.（4）I didn’t go there, because I was afraid of him. （我没去那儿，因为我怕他。
）句（3）在书面语中意义不明确：可能是“我没去那儿，因为我怕他”；也可能是“我去那儿并不是因为怕他”。
所以最好避免，或改写成句（4）和句（5）两个意思不同但明确的句子。
（5）I did go there not because I was afraid of him.3. 否定转移从结构上看，not通常用于否定动词。
但实际意义上讲，not真正要否定的焦点可能是否定范围中的其他成分。
这种情况称为否定转移。
例如：（6）Shut up. I didn’t com e to listen to your stupid excuse.=(7) I came here not to listen to your excuse.，(8) I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.=(9) I think it will not rain tomorrow.(10) I do not go to school by bike everyday.=(11) I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday.二、常见的否定手法1．全句否定和局部否定（也称“一般否定和特指否定”）1．1 全句否定(general negation)：结构上not, never否定谓语或no否定名词。
高三英语代词不定代词试题
高三英语代词不定代词试题1. ---Obama took oath (宣誓)of office in the White House。
---When was _____?---____was on January 23,2013.A．that, It B．it, ItC．this, It D．it, That【答案】A【解析】句意：奥巴马在白宫宣誓就职。
--什么时候的事情？--2013年1月23日。
That指代前面的事情，it指代时间，that不能指代时间，所以选A。
【考点】考查代词2. I would appreciate________ if you could offer some help when I am in trouble.A．this B．it C．you D．that【答案】B【解析】答案B[考查特殊词用法。
appreciate，love，like，dislike等词与if/when从句连用时，其后必须有一个it来充当它的形式宾语。
]3. We will make ________ clear that we attach increased importance to all schools sticking to that guidance.A．this B．that C．it D．what【答案】C【解析】C考查代词。
句意：我们将明确表示，我们高度重视所有坚持那个指导意见的学校。
此处it 为形式宾语，that引导的从句为真正的宾语。
故选C项。
4. One of the most important questions they had to consider was _________ of public health. A．what B．this C．which D．that【答案】D【解析】考查代词和从句辨析。
如果把was后的部分看作表语从句，从句缺少谓语部分，因此不是表语从句，排除A、C；空白处指代的是“那个重要的问题”，即the question of public health，为避免重复，承前省略了the question，特指用that或the one，故选D。
增补短语100
Unit 01 Quick Preview□all but□anything but □nothing but □amount to □at large □at odds□at stake□at the mercy of□bear down on□bear on□bear out□bear with□border on□bound to do□by virtue of□by way of□call for□devoid of□dispense with□draw on1 all butadv.almost completelye.g. In some places, bus service has all but disappeared.2 anything butadv. used to mean the opposite of the stated quality: nevere.g. She's meant to be really nice but she was anything but nice when I met her.3 nothing butadv. no more or less than: onlye.g. I want nothing but the best for my children.4 amount tov. to add up to, be equal to, or be the same ase.g. Federal and state costs for building and operating prisons amounted to $25 billion.5 at largei. adv. as a whole: generallye.g. This group is not representative of the population at large.ii. adj. not captured: freee.g. Her killer is still at large.6 at oddsadj. in disagreement or in conflicte.g. They're at odds over the funding of the project.e.g. Her version of events was at odds with the police report.7 at stakeadj.in danger of being loste.g. Thousands of lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon.8 at the mercy ofadj.not being able to protect oneself from something or someone that you cannot controle.g. Farmers are often at the mercy of the weather.9 bear down onv. to move in a threatening way towardse.g. I looked up to see the car bearing down on me.10 bear onv. to be connected or related toe.g. I don't see how that information bears on this case.11 bear outv. to prove that someone is right or that something is truee.g. The facts do not bear out his claims."12 bear withv. to be patient withe.g. If you will bear with me a little longer, I'll answer your question.13 border onv. to be almost a certain thing or quality: approache.g. The team succeeded in a feat considered to border on the impossible.14 be bound to dov. to feel that you must do something because of a sense of moral dutye.g. She felt bound to attend as she had promised to.15 by virtue ofprep. because ofe.g. She succeeded by virtue of hard work rather than talent.16 by way ofprep.as a type ofe.g. He sent me some flowers by way of an apology.17 call forv. to demand that something happense.g. They are calling for a ban on guns.18 devoid ofprep. completely lacking in something: withoute.g. The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling.19 dispense withv. to get rid of or do without somethinge.g. Let’s dispense with the formalities and get right down to business.20 draw on/uponv. to start using a supply of somethinge.g. They are spending more than they earn, drawing on savings and building up debt to do so.Unit 02 Quick Preview□explain away □fall short of□short of□nothing short of □stop short of □for all□for good□give over to□give rise to□give way□given to sth□gloss over□grounded in□hem in□hinge on□impinge on□in light of□in lieu of□in that□in the face of21 explain awayv. to minimize the significance of by or as if by explanation: account fore.g. I don't know how you're going to explain away that dent you made in dad's car.22 fall short ofv. to not reach a particular level, but only by a small amounte.g. Sales for the first half of this year fell just short of the target.23 short ofprep.without; unlesse.g. He did everything he could to get the money, short of robbing a bank.e.g.Short of asking her to leave there's not a lot we can do about the situation.24 nothing short ofed to emphasize a situation, quality, or type of behavior: completely, utterlye.g. Her behavior was nothing short of rude.e.g. His achievements as a political reformer have been nothing short of miraculous.25 stop short ofv. to be unwilling to do something because it may involve a risk, but to nearly do ite.g. The protest stopped short of a violent confrontation.26 for allprep.despitee.g.For all her qualifications, she is still useless at the job.27 for goodadv.permanently, forevere.g. I would like an excuse to get rid of him for good and all.28 give over tov. to use something for one particular purposee.g. The gallery is given over to British art.29 give rise tov. to cause or producee.g. The bacteria live in the human body but do not give rise to any symptoms.30 give way (to)v. to stop resisting; to agree to do something that you do not want to do: yielde.g. He refused to give way on any of the points.31 be given tov. to do something regularly or as a habite.g. She was given to staying in bed till lunchtime.32 gloss overv. to avoid talking about something unpleasant by not dealing with it in detail: evadee.g. He glossed over any splits in the party.33 be grounded inv. to be firmly based one.g. Most phobias are grounded in childhood experiences.34 hem/hedge inv. to surround somebody/something so that they cannot move or grow easilye.g. The village is hemmed in on all sides by mountains.e.g. She felt hemmed in by all their petty rules and regulations.35 hinge on [hɪndʒ]v. to completely depend on: hang one.g. Her success hinges on the success of this interview.36 impinge on [ɪmˈpɪndʒ]v. to have an effect on, often by limiting in some way: influencee.g. The Court will decide if the new bill impinges on the Constitutional right to free speech.37 in (the) light ofprep.after considering, because ofe.g. He rewrote the book in the light of further research.38 in lieu (of) [luː]prep.instead (of)e.g. They took cash in lieu of the prize they had won.e.g. We work on Saturdays and have a day off in lieu during the week.39 in thatconj. for the reason that: becausee.g. She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.40 in the face ofi. prep.despite especially problems or difficulties: regardless ofe.g. The campaign continued in the face of great opposition.ii. prep.as a result ofe.g. He was unable to deny the charges in the face of new evidence.Unit 03 Quick Preview□in the grip of□in the interest of □in the know□insofar as□invest with □keep at bay□lay out□not so much as□on a par with□on grounds of□on the part of□on the verge of□orient to□out of thin air□part and parcel□pave the way for□pit against□press for□press into service□refrain from41 be in the grip ofv. to be experiencing something unpleasant that you have no control overe.g. The country is currently in the grip of the worst recession for 20 years.42 in the interest(s) ofprep.in order to achieve a particular situation or quality: fore.g.In the interest of safety, passengers are advised to wear their seat belts at all times.43 be in the knowadj.having knowledge about something that not everyone knowse.g. People in the know were sure the film would win an Oscar.44 insofar as [ˌɪnsəˈfɑːr əz]adv.to the extent or degree that: as far ase.g.Insofar as I know, there are no other complications for obtaining the building permit.e.g. The news is good insofar as it suggests that a solution may be possible.45 invest withv. to give authority or power to: furnishe.g. Our government has invested the minister with all the powers to resolve the dispute.46 keep/hold at bayv. to prevent something unpleasant from happeninge.g. The doctor's fumbling attempts to repair the damage left him in perpetual agony. The maskholds the pain at bay. <from Batman: The Dark Knight Rises>47 lay outv. to clearly explain, usually in writing: outlinee.g. The manager has just laid out some proposals in the meeting.48 not so much … as …If you say that something is not so much X as Y, you mean it is more Y: less … than …e.g. They are not so much lovers as friends. = They are less lovers than friends.49 on a par (with)adj. to be the same as or equal toe.g. Human rights should not be the driving force; it is on a par with the other issues of concern.50 on grounds of/thatprep./conj. based on the reason of/that because of/becausee.g. As the hearing continues, the general is excused appearing on grounds of poor health.e.g. Legal organizations agencies have repeatedly challenged the system on grounds that detaineeswere mistreated.51 on the part ofprep.done or experienced by someone: ofe.g. This was a misjudgment on the part of the government.e.g. A little humility on her part would be appreciated.52 on/to the verge ofprep. very near to the moment when something happens: towardse.g. They are on the verge of signing a new contract.e.g. These measures brought the republic to the verge of economic collapse.53 orient (to)i. v. to direct towards; to make or adapt for a particular purposee.g. Our students are oriented towards science subjects.ii. v.make oneself familiar with a new situatione.g. It took him some time to orient himself to the new environment.54 out of thin airadv.from nowhere or nothing, as if by magice.g. Unfortunately, I cannot just conjure up the money out of thin air!55 part and parcel [ˈpɑːrsl]n. an essential part that cannot be avoidede.g. Stress is part and parcel of the job.56 pave the way forv. to make it possible or easier: facilitatee.g. Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of Mars.57 pit againstv. to cause one to fight against or be in competition with anothere.g. It was a bitter civil war, that pitted neighbor against neighbor.58 press forv. to work hard to win support for a plan so that it will succeede.g. He will press for stricter pollution controls."59 press into servicev. to use something that is not completely suitable because nothing suitable is availablee.g. The car was broken down so I had to press my old bike back into service.60 refrain fromv. to keep oneself from especially following a passing impulsee.g. They appealed to the protesters to refrain from violence.Unit 04 Quick Preview□set in□shed light on □shore up□silver lining □single out □snap up□stave off□stem from□take a toll on□take pains to□tamper with□touch on□verge on□want for□ward off□with regard to□zero-sum game□ a barrage of□ a spectrum of□ a streak of61 set inv. to begin and seem likely to continuee.g. This rain looks as if it has set in for the rest of the day.62 shed light onv. to make easier to understand: elucidatee.g. Recent research could shed new light on the causes of the disease.63 shore upv. to help to support something that is weak or going to faile.g. The measures were aimed at shoring up the economy.64 silver liningn. a consoling or hopeful prospect: bright sidee.g. If there is a silver lining to losing my job, it is that I will now be able to go to school full-timeand finish my degree earlier.65 single outv. to choose from a group to criticize or praisee.g. The report singled him out for special criticism.66 snap upv. to buy or get something quickly because it is cheap or exactly what you wante.g. The dress was perfect, so I snapped it up.67 stave off [steɪv]v.to stop something bad from happening now although it may happen later: delaye.g. He had a bar of chocolate to stave off his hunger.e.g. The company managed to stave off bankruptcy for another few months.68 stem/spring fromv. to be the result of something: originate frome.g. Most people's insecurities stem from something that happened in their childhood.69 take a toll onv. to have a bad effect on; to cause much damage, deaths, sufferinge.g. Illness had taken a heavy toll on her.e.g. The recession is taking its toll on the housing markets.70 take pains tov.to make a lot of effort to doe.g. He took great pains to explain the reasons for his decision.71 tamper with [ˈtæmpər]v.to touch or make changes, often in order to damagee.g. The files had been tampered with and there were some documents missing.72 touch onv. to mention or deal with a subject in only a few words, without going into detaile.g. In his speech he was only able to touch on a few aspects of the problem.e.g. The central issue of the debate was hardly touched on in his speech.73 verge on [vɜːrdʒ]v.to be very close to an extreme state or conditione.g. Some of his suggestions verged on the outrageous.e.g. The fabric is very dark blue, verging on black.74 want forv.to lack something that is needede.g. He has ensured that his children will want for nothing75 ward off [wɔːrd]v.to prevent something unpleasant from happeninge.g. I take vitamin C to ward off colds.76 with regard/respect toprep.relating to or concerninge.g. The company's position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.77 zero-sum gamen. a situation in which a gain for one side entails a corresponding loss for the other sidee.g. Free trade benefits everyone in the end because trade is never a zero-sum game.78 a barrage of [bəˈrɑːʒ]large volume of, or a huge amount of something happening all at onceaadj.e.g. His defense lawyer has been subjected to a barrage of insults and threats in court.79 a spectrum of [ˈspektrəm]adj.a continuous sequence or range ofe.g. Another angle from commentators is that Sheen's behavior is merely on a spectrum ofnormality and that he should be free to express himself.80 a streak of [striːk]adj. (of behavior or tendency) an element of: slighte.g. She is most frugal in matters of business, but in private life she reveals a streak of prodigy.Unit 05*Quick Preview (* phrases in this units are common loanwords, mostly from Latin)□ a priori□ad hoc□ad lib□ad infinitum □ad nauseam □ad hominem□alter ego□as per□bona fide□de facto□ergo□ex post facto□in toto□ipso facto□per capita□per se□pro bono□pro rata□status quo□vice versa81 a priori [ˌeɪ praɪˈɔːraɪ]ing general principles to suggest likely effectse.g. "It's freezing outside; you must be cold" is an example of a priori reasoning.82 ad hoc [ˌæd ˈhɑːk]i. adj.not regular or planned, but happening only when necessarye.g. The meetings will be held on an ad hoc basis.ii. adj. fashioned from whatever is immediately available: improvisede.g. This ad hoc nature would allow Cleese to pursue other broadcasting avenues.83 ad lib [ˌæd ˈlɪb]v. to speak in public without having planned what to say: improvisee.g. I had no script so I had to ad lib.84 ad infinitum [ˌæd ˌɪnfɪˈnaɪtəm]adj./adv.without end or limite.g. You cannot stay here ad infinitum without paying rent.85 ad nauseam [ˌæd ˈnɔːziæm]adv.to a sickening or excessive degreee.g. He talks ad nauseam about how clever his children are.86 ad hominem [ˌæd ˈhɑːmɪnem]adj. directed against a person's character rather than their argumente.g. Yet Domeier's work has provoked strong criticism, and in some corners of the blogospherethe conversation has been reduced to accusations and ad hominem attacks.87 alter ego [ˌæltər ˈiːɡoʊ]i. n. the other or opposite side of a personalitye.g. Lady Gaga dressed up as her male alter ego Jo Calderone to promote her new single.ii. n. a trusted friend: intimatee.g. Over the years the state's other senator became his alter ego as well as his political ally.88 as per [ˌæz ˈpɜː]prep. in accordance with: according toe.g. The work was carried out as per instructions.89 bona fide [ˌboʊnəˈfaɪdi]adj.real and honest or sincere and genuinee.g. There are now reputable educational establishments providing bona fide links withinternationally accredited institutions.90 de facto [ˌdeɪˈfæktoʊ]adj. being such in effect though not formally recognized: actuale.g. The city is rapidly becoming the de facto center of the financial world.91 ergo [ˈɜːrɡoʊ]adv.therefore, hencee.g. According to that line of reasoning, the eyewitness couldn't identify the aircraft; ergo it musthave been from another planet.92ex post facto [ˌekspost ˈfækto]adj.done, made, or formulated after the fact: retroactivee.g. The belief that women are biologically destined to be domestic and subordinate is just aconstruct, created by social scientists and used as an ex post facto justification for inequality.93 in toto [ˌɪn ˈtoʊtoʊ]adv.totally or entirelye.g. The available information amounts to very little in toto.94 ipso facto [ˌɪpsoʊˈfæktoʊ]adv.by that fact or act: thereforee.g. If he is right, then anyone who disagrees with him is, ipso facto, wrong.95 per capita [pər ˈkæpɪtə]adj./adv.for each persone.g. Texas has the most state and local government employees on a per capita basis.96 per se [ˌpɜːr ˈseɪ]adv.by or of itselfe.g. Research shows that it is not divorce per se that harms children, but the continuing conflictbetween parents.97 pro bono [ˌproʊˈboʊnoʊ]adj. involving professional work donated especially for the public good: gratuitouse.g. More graduates out of law school are predisposed to do volunteer and pro bono work.98 pro rata [ˌproʊˈrɑːtə]adv.proportionately according to an exactly calculable factore.g. Part-timers should also get the same benefits as full-timers but on a pro-rata basis.99 status quo [ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwoʊ]n. the present situation or conditione.g. Ultimately, all these reforms are about more than just ending a dangerous status quo.SECTION IV PHRASES 100 vice versa [ˌvaɪs ˈvɜːrsə]adv. with the order changed: converselye.g. Never use indoor lights outside and vice versa.。
Unit 3 Reading 知识点整理 牛津译林版英语九年级上册讲义 (含答案)
9AU3Reading【知识梳理1】I have a problem, and I do not know how I should deal with it.(P36)我有一个难题，而且我不知道应该怎样处理它。
deal，不及物动词，意为“处理”。
deal with意为“处理应付”。
When I worked in Florida I dealt with tourists all the time.我在佛罗里达州工作时一直和游客打交道。
[辨析]deal with，do withdeal with意为“处置，处理"，因为deal是不及物动词，所以常与疑问词how连用；do with也意为“处置，处理”，因为do是及物动词，常与疑问词what连用，what 作do的宾语。
[经典例题](1)Mr Jiang didn't know ________ to do with his robot and I don't know ________ to deal with my pet.A．how; how B．what; how C．what; what D．how; what(2)I have a problem but I don’t know________to solve it.A.howB.whatC.whereD.when(3)It took me almost a whole day to________so many emails.A.run outB.cut inC.cheer forD.deal with(4)—Jim feels stressed from time to time, but he doesn’t know ______ about it.—He can get help from his teachers.A. Who to talkB. which to talk toC. when to talk toD. who to talk to答案：BADD【知识梳理2】I have a lot of homework every day, and I have no choice but to do it.（P36）我每天有许多家庭作业，我除了做它之外别无选择。
except,except for,apart from,besides,but 的区别
except / except for / apart from / aside from / besides / but的区别1．except VS except for虽然except和except for都表示“除去…之外”或“不包括”的意思，但并不能任意互换。
（1）except for的后面只能接名词和名词短语，而except的后面既可以接名词、名词短语，也可以接从句、代词、副词、介词短语甚至动词。
• You are allowed to smoke everywhere except in the lobby.（接介词）你可以在除大堂以外的任何地方抽烟。
• She looked everywhere except here.（接副词）除了这里，她哪都看了。
• She didn’t do anything except watch TV.（接动词）[见（4）]昨天下午，除了看电视她什么都没做。
• He usually goes to work by bicycle except when it rains. （接从句）除了下雨的时候，他通常骑自行车去上班。
• The dish you cooked was great except that it could use more salt.（接从句）你做的这道菜很好吃，就是味道可以稍微再咸一点。
在上面的例句中，我们不能用except for来替代except，这是因为只有在except后面才能接从句，而except for后不能接从句。
我们只能在except for后加名词或名词短语。
• My manager loves my report except for the few mistakes I made.除了几个错误以外，我的经理觉得我的这份报告很好。
• The parrot is totally green except for its yellow wings.这只鹦鹉除了翅膀是黄色的以外其它地方都是绿色的。
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相信大家对 all but, anything but, everything but 这三个组合都不陌生，虽然 all, anything 和 everything 三者意思很接近，但是自从跟了 but 之后，它们的本意经常被当作其他惯用意思。
but 的其中一个意思跟 except 一样，所以 all but， anything but和everything but 三者的本意都有“除…之外”的意思，例如：
Were all your friends there? Yes, all but Joey.
你所有的朋友都在吗？是的，除了乔伊。
What would you like to eat? I want anything but the chocolate cake.
你想吃什么？除了巧克力蛋糕我什么都要。
Would you like me to gift-wrap everything? Everything but the candles, please.
你要我把所有东西都包起来吗？除了蜡烛以外，其他的都要。
一、all but 意为“几乎，差不多”，相当于 almost 和 nearly，虽然这个意思感觉有一万个不妥，但是不好意思，它就是这个意思，例如：
He was all but lost in the city.
他在城里几乎迷路了。
解析：此句可以改成：He was almost/nearly lost in the city. 改完之后是不是感觉一下子天晴了？
It was all but impossible.
这几乎是不可能的。
二、anything but 意为“根本不，绝不，远非；除…之外”，相当于 not at all 和 in no way，它既可以修饰人，也可以修饰物，我知道这样的意思也感觉怪怪的，但是它就是这个意思，例如：
They were anything but positive about the proposition.
他们对这个提议一点也不积极。
解析：此句可以改成：They were not positive about the proposition at all. 是不是感觉瞬间打通了任督二脉？
He is anything but a poet.
他绝不是诗人。
三、最后出场的是 everything but，这个相对比较好理解一点，意为“除了”，相当于 everything expect，就是它原本的意思，例如：
I eat everything but meat.
除了肉我什么都吃。
解析：若始终看不惯此句中的 but，可以直接改成 I eat everything except meat. 这样是不是更贴近常规表达方式呢？
She wants everything but happiness for other people.
除了幸福，她什么都要。
注意：对于这样的组合所惯用的意思，记住它就可以了，不要去深究为什么是这样，除非是专门研究这类的。