英语专业高级英语2 lesson 11,12 words and paraphrase
现代大学英语精读2 lesson11+vocabulary
Lesson ElevenPre-class WorkRead the text a third time. Learn the new words and expressions listed below. Glossaryambitionn. a strong desire for success, power, riches, etc.bandn. a group of musicians who play popular music togethercashierv. to work as a clerk whose job is to receive and pay out money in a shop, bank, hotel, etc.clarityn. clearnessconsciencen. 良心contrastn. a difference between people, ideas or thingsdimen. a silver coin of the U. S., worth ten centsdismaladj. lacking hope or comfort, showing or causing sadnessembracen. the act of holding sb. close to you as a sign of loveemergev. to come out or appear from somewhereenhancev. to increase good qualities in sb. or sth.errandn. a short trip to do sth. for sb.expandv. to become largerfantasyn. imaginationfineryn. beautiful or expensive clothes and jewelry worn for special occas ions freshmann. a first-year student at a high school or universityfrugallyadv. carefully in the way of using money, buying only what is necessary giddyadj. feeling a little sick and unable to balance because everything seems to be movinggrievev. to feel extremely sad, esp. when sb. you love has diedgypsyn. 吉卜赛人hornn. a musical instrument 号；管humbleadj. having a low social class or position, not proudindulgev. to let yourself do or have what you want even if it is bad for you 放纵，纵容intolerableadj. too difficult, unpleasant, annoying, etc. for you to bearlavishadj. A ～meal is a meal that is large and generous and costs a lot of money. licensen. an official paper showing that permission has been given to do sth. 许可证lumpyadj. 疙瘩不平的marvelv. to feel great surprise and admiration formattressn. 床垫miraclen. 奇迹miserlyadj. a ～person is a person who hates to spend moneyonrushn. a strong fast movement forwardparlorn. a sitting room where people may receive guests (old-fashioned) quitv. to leave a jobretirev. to stop working at the end of one's working lifesalonn. beauty ～: a place where you can get your hair cutseekv. to look for or ask forsecond-rateadj. not very goodsentimentaladj. too easily affected by tender feelings such as love, sadness, etc. shabbyadj. looking old and in bad conditionskaten. 冰鞋v. to move on ice wearing ice-skatessmartv. to hurt with stinging painsorrown. unhappiness, sadness or griefsplendidadj. excellentspreen. a short period of time doing sth. you enjoystomachn. an organ in the body where food is digested 胃sufferv. to tolerate or standsuitcasen. a case with flat sides used for carrying clothes when travellingthreadbareadj. worn out; in bad conditiontop-heavyadj. not properly balanced because of too much weight at the toptransformv. to completely change the appearance, form or character of sth. esp. in a way that improves ittrappedadj. in a bad situation from which you can't escapeurgev. to strongly advise sb. to do sth.vagueadj. not clearwardroben. the clothes that sb. haswistfullyadv. sadly and thoughtfully because you want sth. but cannot have itProper NamesBess贝丝（女子名，Elizabeth 的爱称）Lottie洛蒂（女子名，charlotte 的别名）Text AThe Richer, the PoorerRead the text once for the main idea. Do not refer to the notes, dictionaries or the glossary yet.Over the years Lottie had urged her sister Bess to prepare for her old age. Over the years Bess had lived each day as if there were no other. Now they were both past sixty. Lottie had a bank account that had never grown lean. Bess had the clothes on her back, and the rest of her worldly possessions in an old suitcase. Lottie had hated being a child, seeing her parents constantly worrying about money, Bess had never seemed to notice. All she ever wanted was to go outside and play. She learned to skated on borrowed skates. She rode a borrowed bicycle. Lottie couldn't wait to grow up and buy herself the best of everything. As soon as anyone would hire her, Lottie put herself to work. She looked after babies, she ran errands for the old.She never touched a penny of her money, though her child's mouth watered for ice cream and candy. When the dimes began to add up to dollars, she lost her taste for sweets.By the time she was twelve, she was clerking after school in a small variety store. Saturdays she worked as long as she was wanted. She decided to keep her money for clothes. When she entered high school, she would wear a wardrobe that no one else would be able to match.But her freshman year found her unable to indulge this fantasy, particularly when her admiring instructors advised her to think seriously of college. No one in her family had ever gone to college. She would show them all what she could do, if she put her mind to it.She began to bank her money, and her bankbook became her most precious possession.In her third year of high school, she found a job in a small but expanding restaurant, where she cashiered from the busy hour until closing. In her last year of high school, the business increased so rapidly that Lottie was faced withthe choice of staying in school or working full time.She made her choice easily. A job in hand was worth two in the future.Bess had a boy-friend in the school band, who had no other ambition except to play a horn. Lottie expected to be settled with a home and family while Bess was still waiting for Harry to earn enough to buy a marriage license.That Bess married Harry straight out of high school was not surprising. That Lottie never married at all was not really surprising either. Two or three times she was halfway persuaded, but to give up a job that paid well for a homemaking job that paid nothing was a risk she was incapable of taking. Bess's married life was nothing for Lottie to envy. She and Harry lived like gypsies, with Harry playing in second-rate bands all over the country, even getting himself and Bess stranded in Europe. They were often in rags and never in riches.Bess grieved because she had no child, not having sense enough to know she was better off without them. Very likely she would have dumped them on Lottie's doorstep.That Lottie had a doorstep was only because her boss, having bought a second house, offered Lottie his first house at a price so low and terms so reasonable that it would have been like losing money to refuse.She shut off the rooms she didn't use, letting them go to ruin. Since she ate her meals out, she had no food at home, and did not encourage callers, who always expected a cup of tea.Her way of life was mean and miserly, but she did not know it. She thought she lived frugally in her middle years so that she could live in comfort when she most needed peace of mind.The years, after forty, began to race. Suddenly Lottie was sixty, and made to retire by her boss's son, who had no sentimental feeling about keeping her on until she was ready to quit.She made several attempts to find other employment, but nobody would hire her. For the first time in her life Lottie would gladly have worked for nothing, to have some place to go, something to do with her day.Harry died abroad, in a third-rate hotel, with Bess weeping as hard as if he had left her a fortune. He had left nothing but his horn. There wasn't even money for her passage home.Lottie, trapped by the blood tie, knew she would have to send Bess money to bring her home.It took Lottie a week to get a bedroom ready, a week of hard work and hard cash. There was everything to do, everything to replace or paint. When she was through the room looked so fresh and new that Lottie felt she deserved it more than Bess.She would let Bess have her room, but the mattress was so lumpy, the carpet so worn, the curtains so threadbare that Lottie's conscience bothered her. She knew she would have to redo that room, too, and went about doing it eagerly. When she was through upstairs, she was shocked to see how dismal downstairslooked by comparison. She tried to ignore it, but with nowhere to go to escape it, the contrast grew more intolerable.She worked her way from kitchen to parlor, persuading herself she was only improving the rooms to give herself something to do. At night she slept like a child after a long and happy day of playing house. She was having more fun than she had ever had in her life. She was living each hour for itself.There was only a day now before Bess would arrive. Passing her gleaming mirrors, at first with vague awareness, then with painful clarity, Lottie saw herself as others saw her, and could not stand the sight.She went on a spending spree from the specialty shops to beauty salon, emerging transformed into a woman who believed in miracles.She was in the kitchen cooking a turkey when Bess rang the bell. Her heart raced, and she wondered if the heat from the oven was responsible.She went to the door, and Bess stood before her. Stiffly she suffered Bess's embrace, her heart racing harder, her eyes suddenly smarting from the onrush of cold air."Oh, Lottie, it's good to see you," Bess said, but saying nothing about Lottie's splendid appearance. Upstairs Bess, putting down her shabby suitcase, said, "I'll sleep like a rock tonight," without a word of praise for her lovely room. At the lavish table, top-heavy with turkey, Bess said, "I'll take light and dark both," with no marveling at the size of the bird, or that there was turkey for two elderly women, one of them too poor to buy her own bread.With the glow of good food in her stomach, Bess began to tell stories. They were rich with places and people, most of them lowly, all of them magnificent. Her face reflected the joys and sorrows of her remembering, and above all, the love she lived by that enhanced the poorest place, the humblest person.Then it was that Lottie knew why Bess had made no mention of her finery, or the shining room, or the twelve-pound turkey. She had not even seen them. Tomorrow she would see the room as it really looked, and Lottie as she really looked, and the warmed-over turkey in its second-day glory. Tonight she saw only what she had come seeking, a place in her sister's home and heart.She said, "That's enough about me. How have the years used you?""It was me who didn't use them," said Lottie with regret. "I saved for them. I forgot the best of them would go without my ever spending a day or a dollar enjoying them. That's my life story, a life never lived. Now it's too near the end to try."Bess said, "To know how much there is to know is the beginning of learning to live. Don't count the years that are left us. At our time of life it's the days that count. You've too much catching up to do to waste a minute of a waking hour feeling sorry for yourself." Lottie grinned, a real wide open grin, "Well, to tell the truth I felt sorry for you. Maybe if I had any sense I'd feel sorry for myself, after all. I know I'm too old to kick up my heels, but I'm going to let you show me how. If I land on my head, I guess it won't matter. I feel giddy already, and I like it."。
高级英语第二册课件PPt,教材
( magazine + catalog) 杂志目录
Blends
comint ( communications + intelligence) 通讯情报
reasons to stay
1. He is a self-employed businessman Magna product -- the name of his company implication: How great the loss it would be if the house was destroyed. 2. His present house was in a better condition than his former house.
2. To be acquainted with some literary terms
3. To learn to use words to describe disasters and violence
4. To appreciate the language features 5. To learn to write a story about disasters.
dust which moves in a relatively narrow path can be devastating in its destructiveness.*image-1* cyclone -- a vortex, usually hundreds of miles in diameter*image-2*
(完整word版)《高级英语》第二册paraphrase整理
第二课1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelictbuilding-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sinkback into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightningspeed.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8.In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas(for these trips would not be interesting).10.For nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggleto wring a little food out of an eroded soil. Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil.11.She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.13.The splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniformsThe Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N. C. Os.marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.第三课1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.It could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; butwhen we sit down at the table to eat. We call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their Frenchagainst his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower classed.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.Te rebellion against a cultural dominance is still here.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12.Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.第四课1.And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issuearound the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2.This much we pledge---and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.5.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.6.To enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.7.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity inplanned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place8.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.9.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness.So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.10.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.11.Each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its nationalloyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).12.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.第七课1.Boy and man, I had been through it often before.As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.2.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3.It reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.4.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5.They have taken as their model a brick set on end.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.6.This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 8.Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.9.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.10.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11.It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.12.On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly.People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 13.They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.14.They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 15.Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．。
高级英语第二册课文翻译及词汇
高级英语第二册课文翻译及词汇第一课迎战卡米尔号飓风词汇(Vocabulary)lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法demolish (v.): pull down．tear down，or smash to pieces (a building，etc．)，destroy：ruin 拉倒；打碎；拆毁；破坏；毁灭motel (n.):a hotel intended primarily for those traveling by car, usually with direct access from each room to an area for cars汽车游客旅馆gruff (adj.): rough or surly in manner or speech；harsh and throaty；hoarse粗暴的，粗鲁的；粗哑的。
嘶哑的batten (n.): fasten with battens用压条钉住(或固定)methodically (adv.): orderly，systematically有秩序地；有条理地main (n.): a principal pipe, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc(自来水，煤气，电等的)总管bathtub (n.): a tub，now usually a bathroom fixture，in which to take a bath浴盆，浴缸generator (n.): a machine for changing mechanical energy into electrical energy；dynamo发电机，发动机scud (v.): run or move swiftly；glide or skim along easily疾行，飞驰；掠过mattress (n.): a casing of strong cloth or other fabric filled with cotton，hair，foam rubber，etc．床垫；褥子pane (n.):a single division of a window，etc.，consisting of a sheet of glass in a frame；such a sheet of glass窗格；窗格玻璃disintegrate (v.): separate into parts or fragments; break up；disunite分裂，分解，裂成碎块blast (n.): a strong rush of(air or wind)一股(气流)；一阵(风)douse (n.): plunge or thrust suddenly into liquid；drench; pour liquid over把…浸入液体里；使浸透；泼液体在…上brigade (n.): a group of people organized to function。
高级英语第二册 unit 1-10 italicized words
Lesson 11. since the water mains might be damaged (Para 5)main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2. sit out the storm with the Koshaks (Para 6)sit out: stay until the end of3. another neighbor came by on his way inland (Para 6)come by;(American English) pay a visit4. the French doors in an upstairs room blew in (Para 8)blow in：burst open by the storm.5. the generator was doused (Para 9)douse: put out(a light, fire, generator, etc.) quickly by pouring water over it6. the electrical systems had been killed by water (Para 11)kill：(American English)to cause(an engine etc.) to stop7. it devasted everything in its swath (Para 19)swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe; a long strip or track 0f any kind8. she carried on alone for a few bars (Para 21)bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines on a music sheet9. make it a lean-to against the wind (Para 25)1ean-to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building10. and he pitched in with Seabees in the worst volunteer work of all (Para 33)Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy，that build harbor facilities，airfields，etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Lesson 21. wailing a short chant over and over again (para 2)chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice2. an Arab navvy working on the path nearby (para 6)navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．3. he stowed it gratefully (para 7)stow：put or hide away in a safe place4. his left leg is warped out of shape (para 9)warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape5. as the Jews live in a self-contained community (para 11)self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary6. the plough is a wretched wooden thing (para 18)wretched：poor in quality，very inferior7. all of them are mummified with age and the sun (para 19)mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy8. their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (para 23)reach-me-down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing9. so had the officers on their sweating chargers (para 26)charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeLesson 31. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2．get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”．It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．) 3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4．turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i．e．as if one were a Saxon peasant6 come into one’s own：receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice oflesson 41. the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago (para 1) Prescribe: set down or impose2. for man holds in his mortal hands the power (para 2)mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die)3. is still at issue around the globe (para 3)at issue: in dispite; still to be decided4. disciplined by a hard and bitter peace (para 3)disciplined: received training that developed self-control and character5. to which we are committed today (para 3)committed: bound by promise, pledged6. to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights (para 3)undoing : abolishing7. we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder (para 6)at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited8. to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny (para 7 )iron: cruel; merciless9. struggling to break the bonds of mass misery (para 8)bounds: chains; fetters10. to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective (para 10)invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.11. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (paral0)writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．)run：continue in effect or force12. that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)stays：restrains13. tap the ocean depths (para 17)tap：draw upon or make use of14. not as a call to bear arms.., but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle (para 22) bear：take on；sustainlesson 51. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. pausing in my flight (para 8)flight :fleeing or running away from4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. They shed. (para 16)shed: cast off or lose hair6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17)in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。
高级英语第二册Paraphrase
高级英语第二册ParaphraseParaphraseLesson One1.We’re elevated 23 feet.-Our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it.-The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3.We can batten down and ride it out.-We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out.-Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5.Everybody out the back door to the cars!6.The electrical systems had been killed by water.-The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt.-As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8.Get up through this mess, will You?-Oh God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9.She carried on alone for a few bars; then her voice trailed away.-Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and the hervoice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10.Janis had just one delayed reaction.-Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension cause by the hurricane.Lesson Three11.And it is an activity only for humans.-And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings (animals and birds are not capable of conversation).12.Conversation is not for making a point.-Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or point of view. In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.13.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.-In a fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.14.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.-People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed ore ngrossed in each other’s lives.15.…it could still go ignorantly on…-The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.16.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf).-These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat beef. The words “beef”comes from the French word “boeuf.”17.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building theirFrench against his own language.-The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.18. English had come royally into its own.-The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more.19. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower -classes.20. The rebellion against cultural dominance is still there.-There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.21. There is always great danger that “word will harden into things for us.”-There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.22. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.-Even the most educated and literate people use non-standard, informal, colloquial English rather than standard, formal English in their conversation.Lesson Four23. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which ourforebears fought is still atissue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.-Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.24. This much we pledge—and more.-This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.25. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided,there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.-Bond together we can accomplish a lot of things in the variety of joint ventures.Divided, we can do nothing because we cannot deal with the strong threat in disagreement and split apart.26. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.-We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.27. Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.-The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where theinstruments of war have far surpassed and exceeded theinstruments of peace. 28. …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run…-29. …before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanityin planned or accidental self-destruction….-before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.30. …yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.-Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.31. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness,…-So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.32. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.-Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the rightful things it can do. Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.33. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to itsnational loyalty.-Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).34. With a good conscience our only sure reword, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.-With God’s blessing and help, let us start leading the country we love. Knowing that on earth we must do what God want us to do. Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not but our sure reward will be a good conscience, for we will have worked sincerely and do the best of our ability. Lesson Seven35. …boy and man, I had been through it often before.-As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had often traveled through the region.36. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.-But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.37. and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous, so intolerably bleak and forlorn that itreduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.-The scene that we met the eye was terribly ugly and the whole region was so miserable and gloomy that it was unbearable. This dreadful scene (in a regionwhich produces through its industry the wealth to makeAmerican the richest and grandest nation) makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.38. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.-The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.39. They have taken as their model a brick set on end.-The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright.All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.40. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.-These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.41. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.-When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color ofa rotten egg.42. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.-Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time.Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.43. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.-I have given Westmoreland the highest award for uglinessafter having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying. I came to the conclusion that Westmoreland had the most loathsome towns and villages only after visiting and comparing many places not only in the United States but also in other countries and after constantly praying to God for guidance.44. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become masterpieces ofhorror.-They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked. When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre one feels they must be the work of the devil himself. 45. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.-It is hard to believe that people people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.46. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly, as on other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful.-People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.47. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands.-These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of its type of mind.48. …they made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.-They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable.49. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.-From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth. Lesson Eight50. However primitive and simple his method of work may be, by the very fact ofproduction, he has risen above the animal kingdom; rightly has he been defined as “the animal that produces”.-To whatever degree primitive and simple his method of work may be, because of the fact itself that man produces, he has developed to a much higher level than all the other animals; so man has been correctly and justifiably defined as the animal that makes and manufactures things.51. Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independentbeing.-Work also sets man free from nature and makes him into a social being independent of nature.52. Whether we think of the beautiful paintings in the caves of Southern France, theornaments on weapons among primitive people, the statues and temples of Greece, the cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the chairs and tables made by skilled craftsmen, or the cultivation offlowers, trees or corn by peasants--all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill.-Every kind of work (utilitarian and artistic), no matter when it was done or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively.53. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.-The worker finds pleasure in his work and through work he also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.54. Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerworldly asceticism,” an answerto man’s sense of aloneness and isolation.-Work became, according to Weber, the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of this ascetic life.55. Work has become alienated from the working person.-Work has been separated from the worker and the worker is not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.56. Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity.-Work helps the worker to earn some money; except this it is not an activity with much significance.57. because a pay check is not enough to base one’s s elf-respect on.-because just earning some money is not enough for a worker to establish hisself-respect.58. …most industrial psychologists are mainly concernedwith the manipulation of theworker’s psyche.-Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the worker’s mind.59. It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management,…-Better relations with the public will yield large profits to management.60. But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to completepassivity and receptivity.-The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.61. …he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.-The businessman gets the knowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces.Lesson Ten62. The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to themiddle-aged and curious questionings by the young.-At the very mention of the Twenties, middle-aged people begin to recall it longingly and young people become curious and begin to ask questions about it. 63. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.-Anyway, it was inevitable for American to discard Victorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristic of Victorian England.64. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian socialstructure,…-The war only helped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure. 65. But at the same time it was tempted, in American at least, to escape itsresponsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian immorality.-But at the same time, in America at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be worldly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.66. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making theirpleasures illicit,…-The young people found more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.67. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.-Our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.68. …they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”.-they wanted to take part in the adventure of war before it ended.69. …they had outgrown towns and families…-they could not adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and families anymore.70. … the returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism ofVersailles, the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition, andthe smug patriotism of the war profiteers.-the returning veterans also had to face the stupid cynicism shown by the victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did. They had to face Prohibition through which the lawmakers hypocritically expected to do good to the people. And they also had to face the self-content patriotic air of the war profiteers.71. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”…-Under this pressure something in the young people, who were already very tense, had to break down.72. After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pensinflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center…-After the war, it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts and writings extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.73. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality,…-Each town was proud that it had a group of wild unconventional people.。
高级英语第二册课件11
count
any of the charges in an indictment, each of which gives a reason and is sufficient for prosecution; any of a group of offences of which a person is accused
conservative politicians member of a former British political party, traditionally in opposition to the Whig Party. director sb. who administers or dire of the public that is thought to be easily influenced by advertising and the media Admass the art of advertising or way of persuading people to buy stuff which they may not need battle conflict between Admass and Englishness At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance. Englishness Admass a faint pencil sketch a poster in full colour
the English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other Not everybody may have or be able to display this instinctive fellow-feeling. shop steward a union member elected to represent coworkers in dealings with management what the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people there are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers
高级英语第二册8-12课paraphrase
第八课1….by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom.Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has developed far beyond all other animals.2. Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent of nature.Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a social being independent of nature.3. …all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill.All the above-mentioned work shows how man has transformed nature through his reason and skill.4. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.Therefore pleasure and work went together; so did the cultural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.5. Work became the chief factor in a system of “inner worldly asceticism”, an answer to man’s sense of aloneness and isolation.Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolated leading this kind of ascetic life.6. Work has became alienated from the working person.In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hostile to the work he is doing.7. Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaning human activity.Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or purpose.8. …a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on.Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a proper respect of himself.9. …most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche.Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.10. It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management.Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits if it has better relations with the public.11. But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity.The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more "high-minded" cover for what is reallya vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things.12. He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it.The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.第九课1. With a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city Omelas.The loud ringing of the bells, which sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.2. Their high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and singsing.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.3. Exercised their restive horses before the race.The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.4. Given a description such as this one tends to make certain assumptions.After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.5. These were not simple folk, not dulcet shepherds, noble savages, bland utopians.The citizens of Omelas were not simple people, not kind and gentle shepherds, not savages of high birth, nor mild idealists dreaming of a perfect society.6. This is the treason of artist: a refusal to admit the banality of evil and the terrible boredom of pain.An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.7. They were nature, intelligent, passionate adults whose lives were not wretched.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.8. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion.Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination willbe equal to the task.9. The faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the way of the city.The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.10. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.11. Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment.The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly.12. Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality, and to accept it.They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality was.第十课1. The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly.2. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4. It was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication.In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily.5. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.6. Our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.7. They “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”.The young people wanted to take part in the glorious ad-venture before the whole war ended.8. They had outgrown towns and families.These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.9. The returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles, the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition.The returning veteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.10. Something in tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”.(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down. 11. It was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical”gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center.It was only natural that hopeful young Writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitry, and "Puritanical" gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic centre.12. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality.Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.第十一课1. Below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling.The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.2. At heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.3. There are not many of these man, either on the board or the shop floor.There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a factory).4. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness.The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.5. Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show.At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.6. While Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake.Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.7. To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal change’s sake.To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity~8. I must add that while English can still fight on, Admass could be winning.I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.9. It must have some moral capital to draw upon, and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.10. They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass “Good Life” is a fraud on all counts.These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects. 11. They can be found, too —though not in large numbers because the breed is dying out —among crusty High T ories who avoid the City and directors’ fees.They can be found too though there are not many of them now because these kind of people are dying out -- among the curt, bad-tempered, extremely conservative politicians who refuse to accept high posts in big commercial enterprises. 12. They are inept, shiftless, slovenly, messy.They are incompetent, lazy and inefficient, careless and untidy.13. He will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect. He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.14. To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.15. Heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.第十二课1. It is a complex fate to be an American.The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.2. They were no more at home in Europe than I was.They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.3. We were both searching for our separate identities.They were all trying to find their own special individualities.4. I do not think that could have made this reconciliation here.I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.5. Europe can be very crippling too.Europe can also have a very frustrating or disabling effect.6. It is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.7. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their position.8. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it.I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.9. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable.10. On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins.11. American writers do not have a fixed society to describe.American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.12. Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people. Every society is influenced and directed by hidden laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.。
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•Lesson 11•In outline---generally speaking •Immediate---Close at hand; near1. niche (Para. 1)(n.) the status of an organism within its environmentand community (affecting its survival as a species) 生态位，小生态环境e.g. According to the competitive exclusion principle, notwo species can occupy the same niche in the sameenvironment for a long time.•Intricate---Having many complexlyarranged elements; elaborate.•Pollen---花粉fine powder formed inflowers•Fungi---真菌类•Degrade---To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation•Make up---put together, construct /compose2. bewildering (Para. 2)(adj.) confusing, especially because there are too manychoices or things happening at the same timee.g. John faces a bewildering variety of choices.3. intricate (Para. 2)(adj.) containing many small parts or details that allwork or fit togethere.g. This is a novel with an intricate plot. •Explicitly---fully and clearly •Cohesive---well-integrated4. exemplify (Para. 3)(v.) clarify by giving an example ofe.g. This painting exemplifies the artist’s early style.•Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.•Multiple--- manifold•Picture---describe•Cybernetics---控制论The theoretical study of communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.•Owe to--- be indebted to5. act on (Para. 5)to do something because of another person’sadvice or order, or because you have receivedinformation or have an ideae.g. She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. •Veer---To turn aside from a course, direction, or purpose; swerve•Deflect---To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate6. helmsman (Para. 6)(n.) someone who guides a ship or boate.g. He is a very experienced helmsman.7. steer (Para. 6)(v.) to control the direction a vehicle is going, forexample by turning a wheele.g. He steered the car skillfully through the narrowstreets.8. rudder (Para. 6)(n.) a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft thatcan be turned in order to control the direction inwhich it moves 舵, 方向舵e.g. Some tried to stop up the leaks while others triedto steady the rudder.9. deplete (Para. 7)(v.) to reduce the amount of something that ispresent or availablee.g. Our stock of food is greatly depleted.10. build into (Para. 7)to make an integral part of; to make something apermanent part of a system, agreement, etc.e.g. The rate of pay was built into her contract.11. out of balance (Para. 7)losing the state of being steadye.g. The baby tottered out of balance and fell on thefloor.•Agent---A force or substance that causes a change•Oscillate---To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm•Periodic---Having or marked by repeated cycles•Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp decline in population12. unwaveringly (Para. 8)(adv.) with resolute determinatione.g. He holds his political belief unwaveringlyeven duringthe social turmoil.13. obscure (Para. 9)(v.) to prevent something from being seen or heardclearlye.g. The windscreen was obscured by the rain.14. ravage (Para. 9)(v.) cause extensive destruction or ruin utterlye.g. The forests were ravaged by fire.15. die off (Para. 9)if a group of people or animals die off, they die one byone until they are no more of theme.g. If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle willdie off.•Eutrophication--n.富(养)化作用; 水体加富过程•a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent or leachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply•Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.•Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions. •Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage•Decay--To break down into component parts; rot16. debris (Para. 11)(n.) pieces of waste materiale.g. Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insectdebris.•Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those whohave left in a given period of time •Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass•Exceed—surpass•Intrude—enter as an improper element •Marine--Of or relating to the sea •Shoreline--The edge of a body of water •Alfalfa--[植]紫花苜蓿•Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process•Fabric--A complex underlying structure •Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn •Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack17. crisscross (Para. 16)(v.) to make a pattern of straight lines that crosseach othere.g. The curtain has a crisscrossed pattern.18. be vulnerable to (Para. 16)can be easily harmed to hurte.g. She is very young and vulnerable to fraud •Amplify-- To make larger or morepowerful; increase •Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc. •Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole •Earthworm--蚯蚓•Woodcock--[鸟] 鸟鹬19. oxidize (Para. 17)(v.) to combine with oxygen or make somethingcombine with oxygen, especially in a way that causesruste.g. Iron is easily oxidized. •Indestructible--Impossible to destroy •Nitrate--[化]硝酸盐, 硝酸钾•Phosphate--磷酸盐20. excrete (Para. 19)(v.) (formal) to get rid of waste material from yourbody through your bowels, your skin, etc.e.g. Dogs are not permitted to excrete on thepavement.21. respiratory (Para. 19)(adj.) (formal) relating to breathing or your lungs 与呼吸有关的e.g. Lungs are respiratory organs. •Surface--To emerge after concealment •Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste•Emit—give or send out matter or energy •Toxic—poisonous•Condense--To become more compact •Convert—change or transform•Methyl--甲基：单价碳氢基•Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved•Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural process22. vapor (Para. 20)(n.) a mass of very small drops of a liquid which floatin the air, for example because the liquidhas beenheated 蒸汽，水汽e.g. Water can be changed into vapor when heated.23. stack (Para. 20)(n.) a chimneye.g. Mercury vapor is emitted by the incinerator stack.24. soluble (Para. 20)(adj.) a soluble substance can be dissolved in a liquide.g. This substance is soluble in alcohol.25. lodge (Para. 21)(v.) to provide someone with a place to stay for ashort timee.g. a building used to lodge prisoners of war26. be extracted from (Para. 21)to carefully remove a substance from something whichcontains it, using a machine, chemicalprocess, etc.e.g. Petroleum is extracted from oil.27. be converted into (Para. 21)to change something into a different form of thinge.g. This bedroom can be converted into a study.Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, makes up the vast network of life on the earth. (Para. 2)The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping. (Para. 3)Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics. (Para. 5)The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to describe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle. (Para. 7)Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animalpopulations.(Para. 9)The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.6. These oscillations are built into the operations of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is negatively related to the number of lynx. (Para.9)More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the population of the lynx. Reversely, when there are more lynx, rabbits are more fiercely hunted and consumed, and as a result the population of the rabbits decreases.7. Ecosystems differ considerably in their rate characteristic and therefore vary a great deal in the speed with which they react to changed situations or approach the point of collapse.(Para. 15)There are many different ecosystems on the earth: the air, the fresh water, the ocean, the soil, the desert, the forest, etc. Their rate characteristics differ, and for that reason they respond to changed situations or come near to the point of collapse with differing speeds.8. Environmental pollution is often a sign that ecological links have been cut and that the ecosystem has been artificially simplified and made more vulnerable to stress and to final collapse. (Para. 16)Environmental pollution indicates that some ecological links have been destroyed. As a result the ecosystem has been altered by simplification caused by human activity, and its ability to resist stress is weakened and thus it is more vulnerable to final collapse.9. A persistent effort to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about anecosystem. (Para. 20)If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ In doing so , we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.10. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury- a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced. (Para. 20)Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.•Lesson 121. detrimental (Para. 1)(a.) cause harm or damage to 有害的，不利的be detrimental to (Para. 1)e.g. Staying up late is detrimental to health. e.g. Online reputations can be detrimental to jobseekers.2. thrust (Para. 2)(n.) a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointedinstrumente.g. The knife thrust almost killed him.3. predecessor (Para. 2)(n.) one who precedes you in time (as in holding aposition or office)e.g. He undid most of the good work of his predecessor.4. induce (Para. 3)(v.) (formal) to cause a particular physical conditione.g. Too much food induces sleepiness.5. mutation (Para. 3)(v.) (biology) a change in the genetic structure of ananimal or plant that makes it different from others ofthe same kinde.g. The mutations in plants caused by radiation have beenfound in experiments.6. staggering (Para. 4)(adj.) so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelme.g. The juvenile delinquency has soared to a staggeringnumber these days.7. variant (Para. 5)(n.) a group of organisms within a species that differ intrivial ways from similar groupse.g. The story has many variants.8. screen (Para. 5)(v.) to remove people or things that are not acceptableor not suitable 筛选，筛查e.g. It is now possible to screen babies forheart disease .screen oute.g. An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.自动应答服务可以剔除骚扰电话。