英语专业高级英语2 lesson 11,12 words and paraphrase

?Lesson 11

?In outline---generally speaking ?Immediate---Close at hand; near

1. niche (Para. 1)

(n.) the status of an organism within its environment

and community (affecting its survival as a species) 生

态位，小生态环境

e.g. According to the competitive exclusion principle, no

two species can occupy the same niche in the same

environment for a long time.

?Intricate---Having many complexly

arranged elements; elaborate.

?Pollen---花粉fine powder formed in

flowers

?Fungi---真菌类

?Degrade---To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation

?Make up---put together, construct /

compose

2. bewildering (Para. 2)

(adj.) confusing, especially because there are too many

choices or things happening at the same time

e.g. John faces a bewildering variety of choices.

3. intricate (Para. 2)

(adj.) containing many small parts or details that all

work or fit together

e.g. This is a novel with an intricate plot. ?Explicitly---fully and clearly ?Cohesive---well-integrated

4. exemplify (Para. 3)

(v.) clarify by giving an example of

e.g. This painting exemplifies the artist’s early style.

?Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.

?Multiple--- manifold

?Picture---describe

?Cybernetics---控制论The theoretical study of communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.

?Owe to--- be indebted to

5. act on (Para. 5)

to do something because of another person’s

advice or order, or because you have received

information or have an idea

e.g. She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. ?Veer---To turn aside from a course, direction, or purpose; swerve

?Deflect---To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate

6. helmsman (Para. 6)

(n.) someone who guides a ship or boat

e.g. He is a very experienced helmsman.

7. steer (Para. 6)

(v.) to control the direction a vehicle is going, for

example by turning a wheel

e.g. He steered the car skillfully through the narrow

streets.

8. rudder (Para. 6)

(n.) a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft that

can be turned in order to control the direction in

which it moves 舵, 方向舵

e.g. Some tried to stop up the leaks while others tried

to steady the rudder.

9. deplete (Para. 7)

(v.) to reduce the amount of something that is

present or available

e.g. Our stock of food is greatly depleted.

10. build into (Para. 7)

to make an integral part of; to make something a

permanent part of a system, agreement, etc.

e.g. The rate of pay was built into her contract.

11. out of balance (Para. 7)

losing the state of being steady

e.g. The baby tottered out of balance and fell on the

floor.

?Agent---A force or substance that causes a change

?Oscillate---To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm

?Periodic---Having or marked by repeated cycles

?Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp decline in population

12. unwaveringly (Para. 8)

(adv.) with resolute determination

e.g. He holds his political belief unwaveringly

even during

the social turmoil.

13. obscure (Para. 9)

(v.) to prevent something from being seen or heard

clearly

e.g. The windscreen was obscured by the rain.

14. ravage (Para. 9)

(v.) cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly

e.g. The forests were ravaged by fire.

15. die off (Para. 9)

if a group of people or animals die off, they die one by

one until they are no more of them

e.g. If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will

die off.

?Eutrophication--n.富(养)化作用; 水体加富过程

?a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent or leachate

from fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply

?Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.

?Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions. ?Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage

?Decay--To break down into component parts; rot

16. debris (Para. 11)

(n.) pieces of waste material

e.g. Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insect

debris.

?Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who

have left in a given period of time ?Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass

?Exceed—surpass

?Intrude—enter as an improper element ?Marine--Of or relating to the sea ?Shoreline--The edge of a body of water ?Alfalfa--[植]紫花苜蓿

?Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process

?Fabric--A complex underlying structure ?Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn ?Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack

17. crisscross (Para. 16)

(v.) to make a pattern of straight lines that cross

each other

e.g. The curtain has a crisscrossed pattern.

18. be vulnerable to (Para. 16)

can be easily harmed to hurt

e.g. She is very young and vulnerable to fraud ?Amplify-- To make larger or more

powerful; increase ?Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc. ?Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole ?Earthworm--蚯蚓

?Woodcock--[鸟] 鸟鹬

19. oxidize (Para. 17)

(v.) to combine with oxygen or make something

combine with oxygen, especially in a way that causes

rust

e.g. Iron is easily oxidized. ?Indestructible--Impossible to destroy ?Nitrate--[化]硝酸盐, 硝酸钾?Phosphate--磷酸盐

20. excrete (Para. 19)

(v.) (formal) to get rid of waste material from your

body through your bowels, your skin, etc.

e.g. Dogs are not permitted to excrete on the

pavement.

21. respiratory (Para. 19)

(adj.) (formal) relating to breathing or your lungs 与

呼吸有关的

e.g. Lungs are respiratory organs. ?Surface--To emerge after concealment ?Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste

?Emit—give or send out matter or energy ?Toxic—poisonous

?Condense--To become more compact ?Convert—change or transform

?Methyl--甲基：单价碳氢基

?Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved

?Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural process

22. vapor (Para. 20)

(n.) a mass of very small drops of a liquid which float

in the air, for example because the liquid

has been

heated 蒸汽，水汽

e.g. Water can be changed into vapor when heated.

23. stack (Para. 20)

(n.) a chimney

e.g. Mercury vapor is emitted by the incinerator stack.

24. soluble (Para. 20)

(adj.) a soluble substance can be dissolved in a liquid

e.g. This substance is soluble in alcohol.

25. lodge (Para. 21)

(v.) to provide someone with a place to stay for a

short time

e.g. a building used to lodge prisoners of war

26. be extracted from (Para. 21)

to carefully remove a substance from something which

contains it, using a machine, chemical

process, etc.

e.g. Petroleum is extracted from oil.

27. be converted into (Para. 21)

to change something into a different form of thing

e.g. This bedroom can be converted into a study.

Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase

1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, makes up the vast network of life on the earth. (Para. 2)

The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.

2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping. (Para. 3)

Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.

3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics. (Para. 5)

The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to describe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.

4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle. (Para. 7)

Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.

5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animal

populations.(Para. 9)

The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.

6. These oscillations are built into the operations of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is negatively related to the number of lynx. (Para.

9)

More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the population of the lynx. Reversely, when there are more lynx, rabbits are more fiercely hunted and consumed, and as a result the population of the rabbits decreases.

7. Ecosystems differ considerably in their rate characteristic and therefore vary a great deal in the speed with which they react to changed situations or approach the point of collapse.

(Para. 15)

There are many different ecosystems on the earth: the air, the fresh water, the ocean, the soil, the desert, the forest, etc. Their rate characteristics differ, and for that reason they respond to changed situations or come near to the point of collapse with differing speeds.

8. Environmental pollution is often a sign that ecological links have been cut and that the ecosystem has been artificially simplified and made more vulnerable to stress and to final collapse. (Para. 16)

Environmental pollution indicates that some ecological links have been destroyed. As a result the ecosystem has been altered by simplification caused by human activity, and its ability to resist stress is weakened and thus it is more vulnerable to final collapse.

9. A persistent effort to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about an

ecosystem. (Para. 20)

If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ In doing so , we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.

10. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury- a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced. (Para. 20)

Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.

?Lesson 12

1. detrimental (Para. 1)

(a.) cause harm or damage to 有害的，不利的

be detrimental to (Para. 1)

e.g. Staying up late is detrimental to health. e.g. Online reputations can be detrimental to job

seekers.

2. thrust (Para. 2)

(n.) a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed

instrument

e.g. The knife thrust almost killed him.

3. predecessor (Para. 2)

(n.) one who precedes you in time (as in holding a

position or office)

e.g. He undid most of the good work of his predecessor.

4. induce (Para. 3)

(v.) (formal) to cause a particular physical condition

e.g. Too much food induces sleepiness.

5. mutation (Para. 3)

(v.) (biology) a change in the genetic structure of an

animal or plant that makes it different from others of

the same kind

e.g. The mutations in plants caused by radiation have been

found in experiments.

6. staggering (Para. 4)

(adj.) so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelm

e.g. The juvenile delinquency has soared to a staggering

number these days.

7. variant (Para. 5)

(n.) a group of organisms within a species that differ in

trivial ways from similar groups

e.g. The story has many variants.

8. screen (Para. 5)

(v.) to remove people or things that are not acceptable

or not suitable 筛选，筛查

e.g. It is now possible to screen babies for

heart disease .

screen out

e.g. An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.

自动应答服务可以剔除骚扰电话。

Sun lotions screen out damaging ultraviolet light.

防晒霜可以隔离有害的紫外线。

try out (Para. 5)

to test something such as a method or a piece of equipment to see if it is effective or works properly

e.g. I’m trying out a new computer.

9. synthesize (Para. 6)

(v.) to make something by combining different things

or substances

e.g. The two elements are synthesized by a chemical

process.

10. toxic (Para. 6)

(adj.) containing poison, or caused by

poisonous

substances

e.g. The factory had been sending out toxic fumes.

11. enzyme (Para. 7)

(n.) a chemical substance that is produced in a plant or

animal, and helps chemical changes to take place in the

plant or animal 酶

e.g. An enzyme is a special kind of protein.

12. prudent (Para. 8)

(adj.) sensible and careful, especially by trying to avoid

unnecessary risks

e.g. It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather

when you go out.

13. disseminate (Para. 8)

(v.) (formal) to spread information or ideas to as many people as possible

e.g. They use the press to disseminate