语言与文化《终》

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语言与文化罗常培【读罗常培先生的《语言与文化》】

语言与文化罗常培【读罗常培先生的《语言与文化》】

语言与文化罗常培【读罗常培先生的《语言与文化》】近几年,国内陆续出版了多部外向型汉语学习词典,这些词典无论是在立目、释义还是体例方面都与内向型词典有所不同,体现了外向型学习词典的特点。

郑定欧(2004)指出,外向词典不是内向词典的缩写本。

“具有一定规模的外向词典应增设‘同义辨析’‘结构特点’‘语域提示’等。

”程荣(2001)也指出“编写供外国人学习汉语用的词典,要抓住汉语同外语的主要差异,突出重点和难点,同时也可设‘提示’栏或‘注意’栏,针对外国人学汉语时容易出现的问题作必要的提示或正误辨析。

”《汉语教与学词典》(2011,以下简称《教与学》)从学习者的需求出发,编纂中尽力摆脱内向型语文词典释义模式的影响,凸显了学习型词典的特色,增设“提示”等信息窗对一些词语进行说明。

以往的汉语学习词典曾尝试用信息窗对词语进行注释,但并没有像《教与学》这样大规模地使用信息窗。

《教与学》中“提示”栏不仅对汉语学习者有提示作用,而且对汉语教师来说,也是一个很好的辅助参考工具。

本文拟就《教与学》“提示”栏的内容进行分析并提出一些改进建议。

一、“提示”栏内容的类型程荣(2001)指出,学习词典的内容应该具有必要的知识性,而词典的特殊性又决定了它的知识性“只能通过注释、举例以及一些辅助形式体现”。

因此,词典就需要考虑提供哪些知识,以及怎样表现这些知识。

《教与学》设立了“提示”栏,对词语搭配、用法等一些学习者容易出现问题的地方作出了提示。

《教与学》前言中提到“提示”的主要功能是对“释义”“举例”的补充,然而笔者发现《教与学》的“提示”栏内容十分丰富,不只是对“释义”“举例”的补充。

本文穷尽性地统计了《教与学》“提示”总计近2200条。

“提示”内容不仅涉及词语的功能、用法,而且还包括词语意义的补充、相关词补充等多种类型。

笔者分析《教与学》中所有“提示”栏,出13种提示类型①,其数量由高到低分布如下表所示:表1:提示栏内容分类及数量分布(个)搭配限制离合词词义重叠形式相关词句法功能语用多音字句中位置方言口语文化含义句法条件其他853 383 246 144 117 115 91 34 51 33 31 27 2142% 17% 11% 7% 5% 5% 4% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1%下面对各类型作具体说明:(一)搭配限制词语注释不仅要针对词语本身,而且还要涉及词语相关搭配成分的限制,因为“搭配是学习者进行地道语言表达的主要障碍之一”(Cowie A P.,1999)。

以人名为例,谈谈语言反映社会文化

以人名为例,谈谈语言反映社会文化

以人名为例,谈谈语言反映社会文化战国末期思想家荀子在其《正名篇》中说:“名无固宜,约之以名。

约定俗成谓之宜,异于约则谓之不宜。

”瑞士语言学家索绪尔认为,语言符号的第一个特点就是它的任意性(arbitrariness)。

符号施指(signifier)和符号受指(signified)之间不存在自然的必要的联系,而是任意的联系。

语言符号代表施指和受指的结合,具有任意性。

人名的实质是一种标记符号,是个人的特称。

虽然它与个人没有任何联系,却具有特定的意义和价值,是能够代指个人,区别于他人的特殊符号。

人名与姓氏不同,姓氏是宗族的标志。

而每个人都有自己的名字,名字都有一定的含义。

“约定俗成谓之宜”强调了社会因素对命名的影响。

人名与社会历史、风俗习惯、文化观念等密切相连,反映特定历史阶段的文化和心理。

人名的内容就是符号化的社会内容、文化内容和历史内容。

姓名不仅仅是符号系统,也是一种分类体系。

命名和分类是人类区别于一般动物界的特点之一,是观察、思考、分析和概括能力的体现。

姓名本身可以曲折地反映社会分工和社会分类。

人名的产生、发展变化都是适应社会交际的需要。

姓名体系是在人的实践中形成的,其意义也要在实践中体现。

社会历史的不断发展和变化,人类社会实践的多样性,认知对象的复杂性,文化心理活动的易变性等等,更加丰富了人名所表达的社会文化意义。

一、人名与社会历史语言的历史发展跟生物的进化有许多相似之处,是一个由低级到高级,由简单到复杂的过程,与社会历史的变迁,经济的发展密切相关。

语言学家和历史学家推测:原始语言的句法范畴和词汇数量,同原始人群的生活和劳动条件有密切关系。

原始动词可能产生于蒙昧阶段早期。

在现已知道的这样的史前阶段,世界上人类散布的地区是非常广阔的,而同一地区的各人群之间的交往并不太频繁。

由此看来,原始人群可能根本就没有名字,更谈不上重名了。

随着社会历史的发展,人名作为一种称谓,不仅可以反映出社会历史的发展,还从一个侧面保留着特定历史时期的文化痕迹。

4-语言文字对中西文化的影响-大纲

4-语言文字对中西文化的影响-大纲

第四讲语言文字与中西文化1、语言是文化形成的基础语言的词汇和规则一旦形成系统,就以其独特的象征作用建立起第二信号系统。

不断将感觉、信号、物象情境等转化成语言,同时又能将语言在观念中还原成他们所代表的具体事物。

因而人类就有了暂时离开感觉所及的具体事物具体情境,具体实践而进行思维和想象的能力了,就可以用语言来指称一切抽象和具体的各种概念与事物来展开互动了。

2、文字的产生树立起文明文化发展的一个界碑文字是人类用来记录语言进行交际的符号系统它既记录了语言,有突破了语言在空间与时间上的局限,增进了语言的抽象化程度与思维表达形式的能力,推动了一个民族由具象思维向抽象思维的转化。

3、语言文字是社会文化的符号和向导,语言文字是一种社会建制。

4 西方与东方:语音中心主义与文字中心主义(参见陆扬《解构之维》)法国学者德里达(Drrida)的《论文字学》(De La Grammatologie)1967年出版,标志了与西方传统诠释理论的"语音中心论"、逻各斯中心论(logocentrisme)相对立的诠释观念的形成, 这种新的观念可称之为"文字中心论"。

德里达立足于"文字"的解释体系强有力地冲击了西方传统的诠释学与语言学。

对于我们理解汉语汉字体系对中国文化的影响也提供了帮助。

逻各斯(Logos)是古希腊哲学及神学的术语,是西方哲学的核心概念。

逻各斯在哲学上表示支配世界万物的规律性或原理;在神学方面则表示上帝的旨意或话语。

在西方文化史上,逻各斯有语言或“理性”的意义,也具有事物本质的意思。

西方各门科学如词尾的“学”字(-logy/-logie),均起源于逻各斯这个词,“逻辑”(logique)一词也是由它引申出来的。

我们可以将logos视为一个包含语言和理性的概念。

德里达在该书中提出一个观点,即中国文明是"在一切逻各斯中心主义之外发展起来的伟大的文明"。

奈达的《语言,文化与翻译》评介

奈达的《语言,文化与翻译》评介

奈达的《语言,文化与翻译》评介
《语言、文化和翻译》是西班牙语语言学家和翻译学家卡胡
纳·纳达的出类拔萃之作,它深入浅出地介绍了三者之间的关系,并
提出了有关翻译的实用性思想。

书中深入浅出地分析了语言、文化和翻译之间的联系。

纳达指出,语言和文化是密不可分的。

每种语言都有自己的文化影响,反过来也
影响语言的发展,这就是为什么每种语言都有自己独特的文化属性的
原因。

因此,在翻译中,这两者之间的联系是非常重要的,我们必须
在语言和文化之间进行平衡,以便正确地传达出原文的意思。

此外,本书还提出了有关翻译实际操作的实用性思想。

纳达认为
我们应当使用词汇、句式和结构来消除翻译中的差异,而不仅仅是直译。

本书还介绍了关于翻译技巧的建议,例如译者应该尊重原文的文
化特色,尽量保留其原文风貌。

最后,纳达指出,译者必须在原文中
保留意义的同时尊重译文的文化习俗,这就是翻译的真正要义。

总的来说,《语言、文化与翻译》是一部精彩而又优秀的读物,
它深入浅出地介绍了语言、文化和翻译之间的关系,并提出了有关翻
译技术的实用性思想,为读者提供了一种理解以及翻译的实践性指导。

推荐大家阅读。

《语言与文化》单选题(含答案)

《语言与文化》单选题(含答案)

《语言与文化》单选题1.悖论的本质是(A )。

A、递归否定B、语言的层次不清C、语言的任意性D、连续否定2.从语义的角度区分了句子的阶层,认为语义悖论可以通过区分对象语言和元语言来解决的是( B )。

A、康德尔B、塔尔斯基C、哥德尔D、布拉里・福蒂3.德国的(A )最早发现最大序数悖论。

A、康德尔B、塞万提斯C、堂吉柯德D、布拉里・福蒂4.多少年前非洲智人开始走出非洲?(A )A、20万年前B、13万年前C、15万年前D、10万年前5.方言的形成有(B )种方式。

A、3B、2C、4D、56.关于人类起源非洲的假说,下列选项中正确的一项是(D )。

A、能人走出非洲B、元谋人走出非洲C、南猿人走出非洲D、直立人走出非洲7.进化程度更高的是(B )。

A、元谋人B、山顶洞人C、蓝田人D、北京人8.哪一个大洲是非洲智人最早移动到的大洲?(C )A、南美洲B、北美洲C、亚洲D、澳洲9.乔姆斯基最早在(C )中提出“语言是有限规则和单位生成的无限句子。

”A、《普通语言学教程》B、《语言论》C、《句法结构》D、《语言文化论》10.人工语言是通过(C )形成的。

A、元语言B、经验C、定义D、自然语言11.什么被索绪尔称为符号的形式?(A )A、能指B、实指C、所指D、虚指12.什么的出现能标志着智人具有了一定的符号编码能力?(D )A、图画B、雕刻C、文字D、以上都对13.什么时期开始出现符号活动?(C )A、南猿时期B、早期智人C、晚期智人D、直立人时期14.什么是观察人类语言和动物语言最重要的窗口之一?(D )A、语言的声音B、语言的层次性C、语言的线条性D、语言的任意性15.谁提出“我的语言的界限意味着我的世界的界限”这一观点?(A )A、维特根斯坦B、墨子C、索绪尔D、乔姆斯基16.提出“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜,异于约则谓之不宜。

”的人是(D )。

A、道德经B、论语C、大学D、正名篇17.为《逻辑哲学论》写序言的人是(D )。

19春福师《语言与文化》在线作业二

19春福师《语言与文化》在线作业二

(单选题)1: I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!A:  was talkingB:  has been talkingC:  has talkedD:  talked标准解答:(单选题)2: ( )refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A: HonorificsB: Terms of humilityC: EuphemismsD: Verbal taboos标准解答:(单选题)3: 寒舍is equivalent to( )in English.A: my homeB: my humble homeC: my cold houseD: my shabby hut标准解答:(单选题)4: –I think you’d better type this letter again before Mr. Smith see it. -- Oh, dear!A: Who cares?B: No problemC: I don’t mind at allD: Is it as bad as that?标准解答:(单选题)5: I have no doubt ________he will overcome all his difficulties.A: ifB: thatC: as toD: whether标准解答:(单选题)6: While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television______the newspaper completely.A: replacedB: have replacedC: replaceD: will replace标准解答:(单选题)7: His wife had only her husband's interests_________.A: on her heartB: on heartC: at her heartD: at heart标准解答:(单选题)8: ( )relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions.A: HypotacticB: ParatacticC: GrammaticalD: Branching标准解答:(单选题)9: Then the speaker______the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A: went afterB: went forC: went intoD: put up with标准解答:(单选题)10: — Do you have any problems if you ______ this job? — Well, I’m thinking about the salary….A: offerB: will offerC: are offeredD: will be offered标准解答:(单选题)11: A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election_______he has the support from the party-faithful.A: in thatB: in whichC: for whichD: for that标准解答:(单选题)12: Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _____ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.A:  livingB:  to liveC:  to be livingD:  having lived标准解答:(单选题)13: A completely new situation will______when the examination system comes into existence.A: ariseB: riseC: raiseD: arouse标准解答:(单选题)14: When you see an American friend having dinner, you can greet him by saying( ).A: Hello. Have a nice dinner.B: So, you're having dinner.C: How much do you have for dinner?D: How do you enjoy it?标准解答:(单选题)15: He made a request _______immediate help.A: atB: forC: onD: by标准解答:(单选题)16: Mass advertising helped to____the emphasis from the production of goods to their consumption.A: varyB: shiftC: layD: moderate标准解答:(单选题)17: ____refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A: HonorificsB: Terms of humilityC: EuphemismsD: Verbal taboos(单选题)18: ( )thinking refers to thinking in which images are particularly attended to.A: AbstractB: LogicalC: ArtisticD: Dialectic标准解答:(单选题)19: “Red tape” means____.A: a red cassetteB: the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC: the necessary of official rules and regulationsD: a red string标准解答:(单选题)20: You are responsible for the work_______.A: for a wholeB: on the wholeC: as a wholeD: on a whole标准解答:(单选题)21: The house is very_____, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town. A: neatB: spaciousC: expensiveD: fashionable标准解答:(单选题)22: The word “workaholic” is often used to refer to( ).A: AfricansB: AmericansC: ChineseD: Koreans标准解答:(单选题)23: No matter how frequently______, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A: performingB: performedC: to be performedD: being performed(单选题)24: A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and____your text more easily.A: registerB: editC: proposeD: discharge标准解答:(单选题)25: _______that this small town was exposed to various kinds of dangers. A: In 2003B: The year of 2003C: It was 2003D: It was in 2003标准解答:(单选题)26: We didn't know his telephone number;otherwise we______him.A: would have telephonedB: must have telephonedC: would telephoneD: had telephoned标准解答:(单选题)27: Man’s greatest energy comes not from his physical strength_______his dreams.A: except fromB: yet fromC: however fromD: but from标准解答:(单选题)28: It is recommended that the project______until all the preparations have been made.A: is not startedB: will not be startedC: not be startedD: is not to be started标准解答:(单选题)29: When someone compliments you on the watch you are wearing ,you should ,in the United States,( ).A: say Oh, this cheap thing? It's not worth much.B: give it to him.C: say Would you like to have it?D: say Thanks and smile.标准解答:(单选题)30: English is often referred to as a( )language because it uses frequently connectives to indicate the relation between linguistic elements.A: paratacticB: hypotacticC: branchingD: linear标准解答:(单选题)31: To her disappointment, her best friend did not_______at her birthday party.A: turn overB: turn aroundC: turn upD: turn in标准解答:(单选题)32: It is only recently _________astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.A: whenB: so thatC: thatD: which标准解答:(单选题)33: He is fond of jazz, rock_________.A: and so likeB: and the likeC: and likeD: such likes标准解答:(单选题)34: It took him several months to______the wild horse.A: tendB: cultivateC: breedD: tame标准解答:(单选题)35: ____is the name given to a young man or young woman who rejects authority, existing institution and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress,etc.A: DukeB: CowboyC: HippieD: Knight标准解答:(判断题)36: ()On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You're going to see the film, aren't you?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)37: To initiate conversation with an Englishman , you can say It's raining today, isn't it ?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)38: In the U.S., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she has put on some weight.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)39: In English-speaking countries you usually first introduce a man of higher social status to one of low social status, not the other way round.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)40: Whenever someone responds to the behavior or the behavior residue of another person, communication has taken place.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)41: Monochronic time systems are characterized by several things happening at once.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)42: Instructors of intercultural communication believe that the process of communication under conditions of cultural differences can be analyzed and the knowledge about the process of IC and related skills can be taught.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)43: Thanksgiving Day is on the fourth Saturday of November.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)44: It is a Chinese way of showing hospitality to insist on people accepting offers of drinks and cigarettes.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)45: Stereotyping has its practical uses and limitations, because it helps us better understand what appears to be a mess and at the same time any generalization is very often an overgeneralization.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)46: On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You're going to see the film, aren't you?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)47: ()In the United States, the extended family, rather than the nuclear family, is considered the family.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)48: When an Americans says I thought it was quite reasonable in response to your inquiry about the price of something he has just bought, you can rightly assume that he is willing to tell you its exact price.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)49: In certain situations body action contradicts what is being said. A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)50: Given name or forename has recently replace Christian name in many English form, because religious beliefs are very much a matter of privacy.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(单选题)1: I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!A:  was talkingB:  has been talkingC:  has talkedD:  talked标准解答:(单选题)2: ( )refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A: HonorificsB: Terms of humilityC: EuphemismsD: Verbal taboos标准解答:(单选题)3: 寒舍is equivalent to( )in English.A: my homeB: my humble homeC: my cold houseD: my shabby hut标准解答:(单选题)4: –I think you’d better type this letter again before Mr. Smith see it. -- Oh, dear!A: Who cares?B: No problemC: I don’t mind at allD: Is it as bad as that?标准解答:(单选题)5: I have no doubt ________he will overcome all his difficulties.A: ifB: thatC: as toD: whether标准解答:(单选题)6: While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television______the newspaper completely.A: replacedB: have replacedC: replaceD: will replace标准解答:(单选题)7: His wife had only her husband's interests_________.A: on her heartB: on heartC: at her heartD: at heart标准解答:(单选题)8: ( )relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions.A: HypotacticB: ParatacticC: GrammaticalD: Branching标准解答:(单选题)9: Then the speaker______the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A: went afterB: went forC: went intoD: put up with标准解答:(单选题)10: — Do you have any problems if you ______ this job? — Well, I’m thinking about the salary….A: offerB: will offerC: are offeredD: will be offered标准解答:(单选题)11: A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election_______he has the support from the party-faithful.A: in thatB: in whichC: for whichD: for that标准解答:(单选题)12: Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _____ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.A:  livingB:  to liveC:  to be livingD:  having lived标准解答:(单选题)13: A completely new situation will______when the examination system comes into existence.A: ariseB: riseC: raiseD: arouse标准解答:(单选题)14: When you see an American friend having dinner, you can greet him by saying( ).A: Hello. Have a nice dinner.B: So, you're having dinner.C: How much do you have for dinner?D: How do you enjoy it?标准解答:(单选题)15: He made a request _______immediate help.A: atB: forC: onD: by标准解答:(单选题)16: Mass advertising helped to____the emphasis from the production of goods to their consumption.A: varyB: shiftC: layD: moderate标准解答:(单选题)17: ____refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A: HonorificsB: Terms of humilityC: EuphemismsD: Verbal taboos标准解答:(单选题)18: ( )thinking refers to thinking in which images are particularly attended to.A: AbstractB: LogicalC: ArtisticD: Dialectic标准解答:(单选题)19: “Red tape” means____.A: a red cassetteB: the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC: the necessary of official rules and regulationsD: a red string标准解答:(单选题)20: You are responsible for the work_______.A: for a wholeB: on the wholeC: as a wholeD: on a whole标准解答:(单选题)21: The house is very_____, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town. A: neatB: spaciousC: expensiveD: fashionable标准解答:(单选题)22: The word “workaholic” is often used to refer to( ).A: AfricansB: AmericansC: ChineseD: Koreans标准解答:(单选题)23: No matter how frequently______, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A: performingB: performedC: to be performedD: being performed标准解答:(单选题)24: A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and____your text more easily.A: registerB: editC: proposeD: discharge标准解答:(单选题)25: _______that this small town was exposed to various kinds of dangers. A: In 2003B: The year of 2003C: It was 2003D: It was in 2003标准解答:(单选题)26: We didn't know his telephone number;otherwise we______him.A: would have telephonedB: must have telephonedC: would telephoneD: had telephoned标准解答:(单选题)27: Man’s greatest energy comes not from his physical strength_______his dreams.A: except fromB: yet fromC: however fromD: but from标准解答:(单选题)28: It is recommended that the project______until all the preparations haveA: is not startedB: will not be startedC: not be startedD: is not to be started标准解答:(单选题)29: When someone compliments you on the watch you are wearing ,you should ,in the United States,( ).A: say Oh, this cheap thing? It's not worth much.B: give it to him.C: say Would you like to have it?D: say Thanks and smile.标准解答:(单选题)30: English is often referred to as a( )language because it uses frequently connectives to indicate the relation between linguistic elements.A: paratacticB: hypotacticC: branchingD: linear标准解答:(单选题)31: To her disappointment, her best friend did not_______at her birthday party.A: turn overB: turn aroundC: turn upD: turn in标准解答:(单选题)32: It is only recently _________astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.A: whenB: so thatC: thatD: which标准解答:(单选题)33: He is fond of jazz, rock_________.A: and so likeB: and the likeC: and likeD: such likes(单选题)34: It took him several months to______the wild horse.A: tendB: cultivateC: breedD: tame标准解答:(单选题)35: ____is the name given to a young man or young woman who rejects authority, existing institution and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.A: DukeB: CowboyC: HippieD: Knight标准解答:(判断题)36: ()On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You're going to see the film, aren't you?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)37: To initiate conversation with an Englishman , you can say It's raining today, isn't it ?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)38: In the U.S., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she has put on some weight.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)39: In English-speaking countries you usually first introduce a man of higher social status to one of low social status, not the other way round.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)40: Whenever someone responds to the behavior or the behavior residue ofanother person, communication has taken place.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)41: Monochronic time systems are characterized by several things happening at once.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)42: Instructors of intercultural communication believe that the process of communication under conditions of cultural differences can be analyzed and the knowledge about the process of IC and related skills can be taught.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)43: Thanksgiving Day is on the fourth Saturday of November.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)44: It is a Chinese way of showing hospitality to insist on people accepting offers of drinks and cigarettes.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)45: Stereotyping has its practical uses and limitations, because it helps us better understand what appears to be a mess and at the same time any generalization is very often an overgeneralization.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)46: On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You're going to see the film, aren't you?A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)47: ()In the United States, the extendedfamily, rather than the nuclear family, is considered the family.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)48: When an Americans says I thought it was quite reasonable in response to your inquiry about the price of something he has just bought, you can rightly assume that he is willing to tell you its exact price.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)49: In certain situations body action contradicts what is being said. A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:(判断题)50: Given name or forename has recently replace Christian name in many English form, because religious beliefs are very much a matter of privacy.A: 错误B: 正确标准解答:。

文化与语言的关系

1、试举出现代汉语普通话(或某方言)实例,从语音、词语和语法方面分析有关语言实例中所表现的文化影响,讨论文化与语言学习的关系,并提出相关的语文教学建议语言是我们的祖先世代积累起来的极宝贵的财富。

语言与文化可以说是共生的。

语言是文化的产生和发展的关键,文化的发展也使语言更加丰富和细密。

语言是文化发展的工具,同时也随着文化的发展而发展。

由于有了语言,人类才创造出如此灿烂辉煌的文化。

文化是人类在进化的长河中所创造的物质文明与精神文明的总和,文化的创造与发展是离不开语言的,语言的变化与发展也脱离不开一定的文化环境。

所谓“普通话”即:“以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以典型的现代白语文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语”马显彬《中国没有“国语”——重谈“普通话”名称的规范》P61。

汉语方言俗称地方话,“只通行于一定的区域,为某一地区的人民大众所掌握、使用”(黄伯荣、廖序东,《现代汉语》P4。

)语言对文化的影响从语音、词语和语法方面都有体现。

首先从语音方面:我国是多民族聚集的国家,各个区域有这自己特有的方言,这些特有的方言都是个区域的人长期生活长期在特定环境下所特有的语言,在语音方面,现代汉语普通话中“n”和“l”的区分很明显,但是在陕西话中这两个拼音所发出的语音是相同的。

“奶奶”被称之为“濑濑”,原因在于陕西方言中没有“奶奶”这个称呼,当地,父亲的母亲被称之为“婆”,并不是现代汉语普通话中的奶奶的发音,因此,当地的文化影响到了语音的形成,当然这仅仅是一个很小的实例,陕西话中“qian”和”tian”的发音也是相同的,就是因为长时间的语言习惯致使操着当地方言的人们无法区分这些语音,拼音文字受语音的制约极大,一个词的发音稍有变化拼写方式也就会随之改变,在这种情况下,就促使其他词语的生成,例如陕西话中为了避免“qian”与“tian”的区分,“田”称之为“地”,宁夏人一般说:“在田里干活呢!”,而陕西人说:“在地里干活呢!”。

泰国语言与文化 书籍

泰国语言与文化书籍
以下是几本关于泰国语言和文化的书籍推荐:
1. 《泰语教程》(Thai for Beginners by Benjawan Poomsan Becker):这本书提供了泰语的基础知识和练习,适合初学者。

2. 《泰语旅行指南》(Lonely Planet Thai Phrasebook & Dictionary):这本书提供了常用的旅行用语和实用词汇,适
合旅行者。

3. 《泰国文化导读》(Culture Shock! Thailand by Robert Cooper):这本书介绍了泰国的文化、习俗和社会规范,对于理解泰国文化非常有帮助。

4. 《泰国历史文化概览》(A Short History of Thailand by
David K. Wyatt):这本书概述了泰国的历史和文化发展,对
于想要更深入地了解泰国的读者很有价值。

5. 《十八佛拉底》(The Forty-Ninth Parallel by H. G. Wells):这本小说通过一个英国人在泰国的历险故事,带领读者一窥泰国的语言和文化。

希望以上推荐对你有帮助!。

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告--以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例

目的论指导下的英汉翻译实践报告—以《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》第7-9章翻译为例英语笔译硕士研究生:侯丽指导老师:胡蓉摘要随着全球化步伐的加快,各国间的文化交流也日益增多。

越来越多对语言文化感兴趣的人参与到了文化交流活动中。

与此同时,大量的英语语言类书籍也源源不断地被引入中国。

《语言与文化—翻译中的语境》一书是由美国语言学家、翻译家、翻译理论家尤金·奈达所写。

在这本书中,奈达从不同侧面分析了语言与文化之间的密切关系,从语境的角度阐释了如何处理翻译中的各种关系和问题。

因此,笔者选取了书中第一部分第七至九章(即:语言与文化、功能对等、翻译过程)进行翻译,以期为那些对奈达“功能对等”理论以及翻译过程感兴趣的人提供一些参考。

“翻译目的论”作为德国功能学派最重要的理论,对翻译实践有着较好的指导作用。

在翻译过程中,笔者发现书中有较多的语言学专业术语以及长句。

因此,在对以上三个章节的翻译中,笔者以目的论为指导原则,以目的语读者为中心,采用正说反译、增词以及拆分等翻译方法,根据读者的阅读习惯以及汉语的语法规则和逻辑进行了翻译。

本篇翻译报告从目的论出发,采用相对灵活的翻译方法对语言学方面的书籍进行翻译,为从事语言学类书籍翻译的译者提供较有价值的参考。

关键词:目的论翻译方法语言学《语言与文化─翻译中的语境》A Report on English-Chinese Translation Guided by SkoposTheory: A Case Study on the Translation of Chapter 7-9 of Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingAbstractMTI Candidate: Hou Li Advisor: Hu RongWith the acceleration of globalization, the cultural exchanges between countries are increasing. More and more people, who have interests in language and culture, are involved in cultural exchange activities. Meanwhile, a large number of English language books have been introduced to China. Language and Culture: the Context in Translating is written by Eugene A. Nida who is an American linguist, translator and translation theorist. In this book, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different aspects and explains how to deal with the various relationships and problems in translation from the perspective of context. Therefore, the author selected Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 (namely: Language and Culture, Functional Equivalence, Translation Procedures) of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translating to translate, hoping to provide some references for those who are interested in Nida’s “Functional Equivalence”and translation procedures.As the most important theory of German Functionalism, Skopos theory plays a good guiding role in translation practice. In the process of translation, the author found that there are many linguistic terms and long sentences in the book. Therefore, in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of the above three chapters, the author of the translation report took the Skopos theory as the guiding principle and some translation methods like negation, amplification as well as splitting, trying to be target language readers-oriented, and carried on the translation according to the reader’s reading habits and the Chinese grammar rules and logic. From the perspective of Skopos theory, this report provides valuable references for translators who are engaged in the translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books.Keys words: Skopos theory, translation methods, linguistics, Language and Culture: the Context in TranslatingContents摘要 (I)Abstract (III)Introduction (1)Chapter One Project Description (3)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (3)1.2 Source Text Analysis (4)Chapter Two Translation Process (7)2.1 Preparation before Translation (7)2.2 Work Done during Translation (8)2.3 Quality Control after Translation (8)Chapter Three Theoretical Basis (11)3.1 An Overview of Skopos Theory (11)3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance (12)Chapter Four Case Study (15)4.1 Negation (16)4.2 Amplification (19)4.3 Splitting (22)4.4 Logic Reorganization (25)4.5 Word-selection (27)Conclusion (31)Bibliography (33)Appendix (35)Source Text & Target Text (35)Glossary (104)Acknowledgements (107)IntroductionWith the development of economic globalization, exchanges in trade and economy among different countries become more and more frequent. In recent years, our country pays more attention to the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent. In recent years, more and more students choose to study translation; consequently, the books on translation theories are in great demand.Eugene A. Nida, as a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics, is well-known in China. People who are interested in translation or linguistics try to study his theories. As early as 1980s, Tan Zaixi had studied on his theories and said “his translation theory was the first contemporary foreign translation theory which was introduced to China since 1976.”(谭载喜30). From then on, scholars in Chinese translation field have shown a great interest in his theories, for “his theories is based on developments of contemporary linguistics, semiotics and so on”(刘宇松1), which helped Chinese translators shake off the experimentalism in the previous translation studies and made translation studies have the scientific significance for the first time. However, with the further understanding of the nature of translation, scholars began to question some of Nida’s theories. “Nida’s theory is only useful for Bible translation, and is unsuitable for translation of other types of texts, especial of literary works” (王东风313). Although some of Nida’s theories are not totally right, his ideas towards translation and linguistics still worth studying.So there are three purposes for the author to choose three chapters of the book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating as the translation material. First, the author hopes to provide some information about Nida’s ideas towards translation for those who aspire to learn translation or who are interested in this field. Second, the author wants to offer some valuable references for translators who are engaged in the四川师范大学硕士学位论文translation of linguistic books by taking some flexible translation methods towards the translation of linguistic books. Third, the author wants to improve translation ability, trying to avoid mistranslation or missing translation or other mistakes so as to make sure of the quality of the translation. So the author took some translation methods under the guidance of Skopos theory to deal with the translation of professional terms and complex sentences.In addition to the general introduction and conclusion, the main contents of this report are divided into four parts: Part One is the introduction of the translation project, including project background and analysis of the original text. Part Two is about the translation processes, including translation preparation, proof-reading and modification. Part Three is the description of the guiding theory in translation - Skopos theory. Part Four is the methods used in translation, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization, and word-selection.Chapter One Project DescriptionChapter OneProject Description1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectThe source text of the translation project is from Professor Eugene A. Nida’s influential book Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. It was introduced to China by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press on November 20, 2001.As we know, with the development of economic globalization, our country continues to pay more attention to enhance the communication with other countries, for example, reviving the century-old traditions of the Great Silk Road used to unite and facilitate strengthening relations between peoples. Therefore, the need for translators becomes urgent, which also leads more students to study translation. Thus, books and articles concerned with the study of foreign language translation become more and more popular. And in the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida analyzes the close relationship between language and culture from different angles, and then discusses how to deal with the relationship and problems in translation from the perspective of context, which could provide translators or students with some knowledge and guidance in translation. So it is practical for the author to translate this book.The translation project mainly translates Chapter seven to nine of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, aiming to achieve the following purposes: first, to provide Chinese version of Chapter seven to nine of this book, hoping to offer language translators and students some useful information in learning translation. Second, dealing with the difficulties in translation under the guidance of translation theory (Skopos theory) and skills as well as strategies so as to improve theoretical attainment in translation and sum up the translation experience, adding more valuable experience for future translation practice. Third, the translation project would help the author increase四川师范大学硕士学位论文the quantity of translation exercises and have a further study of Nida’s translation theory.1.2 Source Text AnalysisEugene A. Nida is an outstanding translator and translation theorist; he is famous for his translation theory- “Dynamic Equivalence”, and is regarded as the father of the contemporary translation theory. In the light of the innate character of translation, Nida has officially raised his well-known translation theory-“Dynamic E quivalence”. In 1969, he changed that idea into “Functional Equivalence”, because he realized that translation means communication, it depends on what the person who hears or reads the translated text can learn from that. Therefore, when we talk about “Functional Equivalence”, the most important thing to consider is to compare how the source-text readers and target-text readers understand the source text and target text. Nida stressed that “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style .”(Nida 12) “Since the 1950s, Nida’s translation theory has roughly experienced three primary stages: descriptive linguistics stage; communicative theory stage as well as social semiotic stage.”(谭载喜56)Apart from the preface, Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating contains 286 pages, including bibliography, index and appendix. The main body is divided into three parts (a total of 17 chapters). It is Nida’s latest theory study achievement. It collects his latest views on translation studies. In this book, Nida not only modified the former terminology “dynamic equivalence”to “functional equivalence”, but also emphasized the importance of culture and context in translation. This book is formed by three parts; first, it is a revised version of Language, Culture and Translating which was published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press in 1993. Second, the notes, which Nida sorted out and perfected after doing lecture tours in more than ten famous colleges and universities in China in 1999, were compiled into a book named Context in Translation. Third, the information in this book also includes theChapter One Project Descriptioncommunication and correspondences that Nida made with Chinese reports, experts and friends.The features of this book are obvious. First, the book has many professional terms; its language is concise and coherent. Second, its logic is clear. It expounds how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems in the process of translation from the perspective of context. Third, it’s full of examples. Nida integrates his abundant translation experience into the book, accompanied by interviews and letters, carefully elaborating its ideas. This report is based on the translation of Chapter 7 through Chapter 9 of the first part in Language and Culture: the Context in Translation. The seventh chapter introduces the relationship between language and culture; besides, in this chapter, the concepts of bilingual competence and multicultural were put forward. The eighth chapter presents “f unctional equivalence” view of Nida, which is the improvement of “dynamic equivalence”. The ninth chapter shows the translation process, including some of the preliminary factors that should be taken into account before translation and some basic steps in the translation process, etc.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Chapter Two Translation ProcessChapter TwoTranslation Process2.1 Preparation before TranslationThe translation of the book Language and Culture: the Context in Translating was appointed by our teacher Mr. Zhu. He is in charge of Master of MTI in our school. So the author was assigned to translate Chapter seven through nine of the first part in the book. Because the material that the author received was in picture format, the author used ABBYY FineReader to convert image material into word document.Language and Culture: the Context in Translation is written by Eugene A. Nida. For the limited knowledge about the book and relevant information, the author referred many other relevant books like Cultural Context and Language Translation written by Bao Huinan and Intercultural Translation: A Globalization Perspective written by Zhang Quan for some information. And then, the author also learned more about Nida, the author of Language and Culture: the Context in Translation, by google, Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia. After that, the author read the whole book roughly and carefully read the chapters that need to be translated.Once finishing reading the whole book, especially the three chapters which are needed to be translated, the author collected many translation theories, such as Skopos theory, Nida’s Functional Equivalence, Newmark’s Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation, trying to find a guiding theory for the translation. After comparing, the author found that Skopos theory should be taken as the guiding theory, because Skopos theory has three rules: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, which can help the translation be more readable. The three chapters show author’s idea on translation. Chapter seven focuses on the relationship between language and culture; Chapter eight emphasizes on explaining functional equivalence; Chapter nine pays attention to teach translators how to prepare and do the translation. So there is no need四川师范大学硕士学位论文to translate in the same ways as the original book. Let the target readers understand the content of the three chapters is the first priority. Conveying the contents of the three chapters is the main purpose of the translation. Besides, the requirements of another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) could make the translation better absorbed and accepted by the target readers.2.2 Work Done during TranslationIn the process of translation, the author wrote a translation plan and followed it strictly. Meanwhile, the author referred to some books like A practical Course on Translation written by Feng Qinghua and Advanced Course in English-Chinese Translation (Third Edition) written by Ye Zinan, and downloaded many papers from CNKI for references.During the translation, the author noticed that there are plenty of professional terminologies, such as intralingual translating, interlingual translating, language universal, so a glossary is needed to unify professional vocabulary translation. Besides, there are a great number of long sentences with complicated structures, and many sentences were written in passive voices. So the author of this report wrote down the words or sentences that cannot be easily understood or appropriately translated, and made sure of them according to professional materials, and then divided them into different groups according to their types.Besides, the author also used Internet, dictionaries and professional books to translate and carried out the plan rigorously so as to ensure the efficiency and correctness of the translation.2.3 Quality Control after TranslationThe quality of translation should be put at the first place, because it is directly related to the success or failure of the translation. If the original meanings are distorted, then the translation would be meaningless and won’t be adopted by others. So theChapter Two Translation Processquality control is so important for translators and translation companies. How does the translation community control the quality of translation? The author of this report worked in a translation company as an intern for three months last year. During the internship, the author found that when the company received a translation task, six steps would be taken, that is: project analysis, setting up project team, translating by professional translators, reviewing by related field, language proofreading by senior translators, translation typesetting. Besides, translation software is also adopted, like SDL Trados Studio 2011, ABBYY Finereader, Adobe reader/acrobat, Subtitle Workshop, SDL MultiTerm Desktop,ErrorSpy. Dictionaries, including Collins Cobuild, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate, Random House Webster, are useful.So during the translation of Nida’s book, the author of this report took the ABBYY Finereader to convert image material into word document, and then used some dictionaries like Lingoes as well as other web tools. The author didn’t take CAT software; because only in the case of a large number of repeated words or sentences can this kind of software improve efficiency. But after finishing translating, the author used CAT to correct some mistakes and collect terminologies. As for this translation project, the author of this report thought we should translate carefully by ourselves, and then we can actually improve our translation abilities.After completing the first draft of the translation, the author switched attention to the quality control of the translation. Three steps were taken. Besides, translation evaluation is needed.First, self-proofreading; the author read the first draft carefully, trying to correct wrong spellings and wrong punctuation by using ErrorSpy, and figuring out omission translation and word-for-word translation. Then, the author read the translated text straightly without referring to the original text. Some sentences which are not clear or coherent would be marked down by the author for further revising. At last, the author compared the translated text with the original one sentence by sentence to correct missing or incorrect translations.四川师范大学硕士学位论文Second, classmates revising; “Every translation has its points of strength and weakness and every translation is open to improvement.” (Mona Baker 7). Classmate A, Classmate B and the author of this report worked together to translate the whole book. It is very important for them to read each other’s translation. In this way, some mistakes that the author overlooked could be pointed out by classmates. Besides, the translation of the original terminologies appearing in the original text could be kept consistent.Third, advisor’s checking. After the above steps, the author finished the final draft and then invited supervisor to help with correction. Advisor’s opinions and suggestions can help the author with further revision.Finally, evaluation is needed. Although the translation task has been completed, there are still some unsatisfactory places in the translated text which also needs further improving. Some classmates read the author’s translation; they thought the original meaning of the three chapters has been clearly translated. And the author’s advisor thought some of Chinese words could be further refined; in general, the translation is good.Chapter Three Theoretical BasisChapter ThreeTheoretical Basis3.1 An Overview of Skopos TheorySkopos theory is one of the most important theories proposed by German functional school. “It was established by the German linguists Hans Vermeer and Katharina Reißand comprises the idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of the target text”(Wikipedia). It has experienced three phrases: The first stage was the initial study of Katharina Reiss. “As early as 1971 Katharina Reiss introduced a functional category into her ‘objective approach to translation criticism’. Although still firmly with equivalence-based theory, her book may be regarded as the starting point for scholarly analysis of translation in German.”(Nord 9) In the second stage, “Hans J. Vermeer has gone much further in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practice.”(Nord 10), after learning some of her ideas and making a little change in the theory of translation equivalence centered at the source language, Reiss’s student Vermeer created Skopos theory based on act theory and the Skopos of text which was taken as the first criterion of translation process. In the third stage, Justa Holz-Mänttäri and Christiane Nord developed the Skopos. The former concentrated on the action in the process of translation, the part of the participants and the environment of translation process; the latter raised “fidelity rule”, which cares whether the translator is loyal to the author of the original text and its target readers.Three guiding principles are involved in Skopos theory: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. In the light of Skopos rule, translation should be carried out in a manner that is expected by the target language recipients and also in the context of the target language. A translational action is determined by its Skopos; just like Vermeer said “the end justifies the means”(Vermeer 25). This kind of Skopos has three四川师范大学硕士学位论文explanations: first, the elementary purpose of the translator; second, the communicative goal of the translation, third, the purpose that applying concrete translation strategies or methods to accomplish. But ordinaril y, the “Skopos” means the communicative goal of translation. With the exception of the Skopos rule, Vermeer’s theory also contains another two rules: coherence rule and fidelity rule. The former emphasizes that the translation should be comprehend by the target readers and makes sense in the target language culture and communicative environment. The latter means that translation needs to be faithful to the original text to a certain degree.3.2 Skopos Theory as Theoretical Guidance“Translation is the conversion of text from one language to another.”(Wikipedia) It is the process of converting a relatively unfamiliar expression into a relatively familiar expression and makes communication possible. When someone wants to choose something to translate, there must be a purpose behind it. So purposes could be the motivation of translation. From the book of Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating, Nida carefully analyzes the close relation between language and culture and tells readers how to deal with all kinds of relations and problems from the perspective of context. The author of this report hopes to provide some useful information for readers who have interest in translating or want to learn more about Nida’s theories. Deng Jun says “Translation must follow a set of rules, in which the Skopos rule should be in the first place. In other words, the translated text depends on the purpose of translation, different purposes lead to different translation strategies and methods.” (邓隽2)Through reading, the author found that there are a large number of long and complex sentences in the book (like “The meaning of the chapter on the “Grand Inquisitor” in Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov can only be understood by noting the isomorphic similarities and contrasts in the novel, in the history of the Inquisition, and in the biblical accounts of Jesus’life.” (Nida 90). Such long sentences are not common in Chinese. So the author of this report got rid of the structure of theChapter Three Theoretical Basisoriginal sentence and took the method of logical reorganization so as to make its meaning conform to Chinese logic and easy to be understood by Chinese readers. The kind of translation method just meets the requirement of Skopos rule of Skopos theory.What’s more, the author found the book actually emphases on conveying readers the concepts of translation and teaching readers how to be a good translator through the interviews and letters which highlight the issues of practice in translating and fundamental linguistic structures that make interlingual communication possible. So another two rules (coherence rule and fidelity rule) would help the translated text be more coherent, and let the target readers learn as much information as the original readers do. Furthermore, considering questions like whether the words or sentences conform to the language habits of target language or not; whether the reader of target language can maximally understand the information, the author finally decided to take Skopos theory as theoretical direction to make the translation faithful to the original text and let the readers of the target language get information in a familiar form. So some strategic methods were taken to do translation under the guidance of Skopos theory.Chapter FourCase StudyDue to the great differences between English and Chinese, the author of this report has encountered many difficulties while translating the text, here the author pointed out the following two parts: first, after reading the original text, the author found that the expounding of the original text is precise and careful; meanwhile, it has many long and complex sentences. So it would be hard for the author to analyze and understand those sentences’ structures and meanings. Second, the original text emphasizes on conveying information, so the author needs to attach great importance to accurate transmission of the original information, the translation shouldn’t be too conservative or mechanical or deviating from the meaning of the original text. Thus, flexible translation methods and techniques are needed to make the translated text natural and accord with the target language norms.After reading the original text and analyzing its grammatical structures as well as central idea, the author decided to take the Skopos theory as the guiding theory. Under its guidance, the author made an analysis of the above difficulties and found the corresponding translation methods, like negation, amplification, splitting, logic reorganization and word-selection. For example, when the author meets some sentences with relatively complex structure or incomplete expression, then amplification would be taken by the author to try to make the translation natural and conform to the rules of Chinese grammar, like:The original text: “It is always assumed that translators are at least bilingual, but this is really not enough. To be a fully competent translator, one also needs to be bicultural in order to ‘read between the lines.’” (Nida 99)The translated text:对译者的最低要求一般是其至少能懂两种语言,但这一要求真的还不够。

语言与文化

语言与文化语言是人类最重要的交际工具,人们借助语言传递着人类文明的成果;文化是一个复杂的整体,包含着精神与物质的文明。

这两者在我们每个人的生活中起着至关重要的作用,更对人类文明的发展产生了深远的影响。

而现如今,各种跨越语言、跨越文化的交际越来越常见,了解语言文化知识则显得尤为重要。

一、语言与文化的关系如果把语言比作文化的果实,那么文化就是语言的根系。

这两者是相互依赖、相互影响的,语言本身既是一种文化样式,又是文化的载体,而文化对于语言的形式亦不断产生影响。

语言是文化传播与交流的主要方式。

我们可以试想,如果没有语言与文字的记载,漫长的人类文化又如何能存留到今天。

就拿历史悠久如滔滔长河的中华名族来说吧,若没有语言文字的记载和留存,无论是汉唐盛世,还是唐诗宋词,都将在后人的世界里湮灭无迹。

我们都知道殷墟出土的甲骨文,如果没有语言以书面形式的记载,恐怕现代人很难破解出甲骨上晦涩难懂的文字,甚至我们会把它们当成一种古人的涂鸦绘画,而正是得益于前人留下的文献,我们才能了解甲骨文最初的用途是占卜。

而语言的发展也离不开文化,文化给语言的生长提供者源源不断的养料。

比如英语中的一些词汇,若我们不了解它的文化背景,很有可能摸不清它的来源。

英语的pen是从拉丁语的penna来的,原意是羽毛,这是由于当时的欧洲人使用的多为羽毛笔,后来虽然笔的材料改变,这个词却一直保存着,现在意为钢笔。

有时候,我们也能从文字中了解某个时代的文化历史,比如汉字“安”字,是一个宝盖头下面一个女子,意思是女子应该呆在家里,这样才平安。

这反应了旧制度下古代女子地位的低下,人们歧视妇女,反对妇女走出家门。

而随着时代的变迁,文化的进步,带有现代气息的新生词汇层出不穷,我们最熟悉的就是网络词汇,例如“单身狗”,“秀恩爱”,“叶良辰”,这些新词都给我们留下了深刻印象。

所以说语言和文化是相辅相成的,也是相互制约的。

这对于我们对语言的学习也很有启示,我学习语言的最终目的是为了交流,所以若是要想真正透彻的去学习和掌握一门语言,就必须要了解那个国家的历史与文化背景,了解该国家人们的生活方式,思维特点以及宗教信仰,也只有这样,才能与人交际时游刃有余,而不只是纸上谈兵。

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一单元1、请解释萨皮尔假设基本内容答:语言决定人们的世界观;语言是与文化紧密捆绑在一起传承的2、举例社会生活与语言词汇有哪些关系答:词汇反映了社会生活,例如在古代有关牛的词汇很多,表示不同年龄的牛、不同性别的牛等等,说明牛在古代的地位高于现在的地位,反过来说社会生活决定了词汇的内容,例如电脑,在古代并没有,是现代人发明出来的3、什么是语言和文化答:1)语言:是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具,是音义结合的符号系统。

2)文化:人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,特指精神财富。

语言中的文化内涵二单元1、请举实例说明什么是剩余语素答:剩余语素就是结合面窄,只能和一个语素结合在一起的语言片段,例如菠菜的菠,除掉与菜组合再没有出现在其他场合,而且从语感上说,说不出菠的意思;因此,菜是普通语素,菠是剩余语素,从语法上看,菠萝是一个语素,无法再分解,从字形上说菠是后起的2、解释外来词源:葡萄、苜蓿、玻璃、站、菠菜、苹果、祖母绿、琥珀、胡同来自哪些语言?哪些词汇进入汉语较早?词义有什么改变?(葡萄、苜蓿、玻璃、站、菠菜、苹果、祖母绿、琥珀、胡同)葡萄:来自伊兰语。

汉代进入。

词义没有改变。

苜蓿:是一种营养成分很高的牧草。

来自伊兰语。

汉代进入。

玻璃:来自印度梵语或波斯语。

词义发生改变,原意是天然玉石即水晶,今意是工业玻璃。

站:来自蒙语。

南宋末年进入。

词义发生改变,原意是古代的驿站,今意是车丫。

菠菜:来自尼泊尔。

宋代进入。

词义没有改变。

苹果:来自梵语。

汉代进入。

词义没有改变。

祖母绿:来源于一种宝石。

来自阿拉伯语或波斯语。

元代进入。

词义没有改变。

琥珀:来源于古代松柏树脂的化石。

来自突厥语言或是希腊语。

汉代进入。

词义没有改变。

胡同:汉字在中日文化交流中有怎样的作用,发生了什么变化,举例说明第一,日文借用古代汉语词汇构成新词。

日文用古汉语中“组织”(纺织)一词解释英文的团体、单位。

第二,日文借用汉字组合构成新词。

日文用中文“电”构造出“电报、电车、电池”等词汇。

第三,日文借用汉字部件构成日文汉字。

如“哩、腺”等。

4、外语中中国的来源秦、支那;桃花石;契丹5、语言上解释茶叶丝绸瓷器来源于中国P37-42茶叶:俄语发音的茶和中国北方方言系统发音相似,英语中的tea和闽方言的茶发音相似丝绸:英语中的丝绸读silk,与中国上古丝绸发音相似瓷器:最开始英语中用ware of China 形容瓷器,后来用chinaware最后干脆称china三单元1、梳理哪些朝代、民族语言对北京话形成产生印象?辽金元明清2、为什么东北话与北京话如此接近?当年的契丹人、女真人主要发源于黑龙江省,由于他们的文化落后于汉民族,当地的交流语言多为汉话,即差不多是现在的东北话,他们后来占据了整个东北以及北京甚至华北一带,以及后来由他们演变而成的辽、金两代占据北京,都将当时的东北汉方言带进了北京,与当地的河北话杂糅,我觉得,这个过程的影响是很大很深远的。

蒙古族很少讲汉语,尤其元朝执政时间又短,因此蒙古语对于北京话的影响较小,就引进例如“胡同”之类的词汇而已。

明初迁都带来的“南京官话”似乎影响更多的是“北京官话”,也许对北京街头巷语触动并不大。

清朝满人进关,又将满人说的汉话(东北话)和满语一起引进了北京,这次的语言影响应该也是十分明显的。

但满族就起源自原来的女真人、金人,因此,对北京话影响最大的还是源自黑龙江流域的女真人说的汉语东北话。

而满族本民族语言对北京话的影响也就是引进了大量的满族词汇而已,如:巴不得、罗嗦、瞎掰、邋遢、喇忽、抖搂、猫儿腻、大大咧咧、怪不得、萨其马等。

3、为什么北京话在全国方言中属于发展较快的?近一千年来,除明朝外,北京一直是少数民族政权中心,从语言学上分析,这种长时间杂居的情况必然使北京方言发展迅速,从而古音难以得到保留四、五单元1、请解释名实不符现象、举例,并说明原因a沿袭旧称:对新事物沿用过去的习惯名称,当然就会造成字面意思和实际所指不一样,例如墨水b不明真相:人们对事物认知需要花费相当多时间和精力,于是利用生活经验,并未作出认真严格分辨,想当然的命名,例如铁路的金属材料是钢制品,但人们习惯叫它“铁路”c有意为之:有些名不副实现象并非由于人们不识真相或习惯旧称,而是有意为之,例如黑板,现在被绿板代替,但人们依旧习惯称呼它“黑板”2、男女两性语义结构不对称的现象,举例说明原因男性称谓不显示其婚姻状态,女性称谓中显示其婚姻状态,说明人们对于女性婚姻状态的重视程度高于男性。

例如对男士称呼“先生”并不显示其婚姻状态,而对女士称呼“太太”或“小姐”则显示出婚姻状态:太太已婚,小姐未婚,这种称谓的不对称实质男尊女卑的社会心理在语言词汇中的表现。

3、对语言中的有标志、无标志的分析思路答:一般而言,无标志成分是基本成分,有标志成分是从无标志成分中衍生的,一般遵循无标志成分高于有标志成分。

语音上,人们把浊音视为有标志的,清音是无标志的;语义上,把“深”“高”“长”视为有标志的,“浅”“矮”“短”视为无标志的。

例如英语中man和woman4、什么是避讳与忌讳避讳是指封建时代一种礼法,具体说就是为维护等级制度尊严,对帝王或者尊亲的名字不能直接说出或写出,必要时回避或替换,韩擒虎是隋朝名将,魏征在写《隋书》时为避讳李渊的祖父李虎,韩擒虎被写成韩擒豹;忌讳则主要表现在对某些有关不吉祥的事物或者与性有关的词汇的回避,例如死写成亡故5、请说明利用汉字避讳有哪些形式,举例一种与汉字相关的忌讳:例如原来最初写作元来,明初回避元而做原6、什么是文字狱、女文字、拆字,举例答:文字狱是指封建社会中,统治者利用文章词句牵强附会捏造罪名,迫害知识分子的手段(举例年羹尧案);女文字是指只流行于女性人群中的文字,男性不能辨识;拆字是指把汉字偏旁部首画笔拆开,加以一定解释,以此预测事情。

7、入的韵母为什么是(wu)鸟的声母为什么是(n),操的声调,死亡的死为何没有同音字答:入的韵母是有意回避脏字;鸟的声母是避免歧义;操只有一声声调;死亡的死没有同音字是因为回避六单元1、默写守温三十六字母答:帮旁并明,非敷奉微,端透定泥,知彻澄娘,见溪群疑,精清从心邪,照穿床审禅,影晓匣喻,来日2、反切的工作原理及背景答:原理:上字双声,下字叠韵。

例如“党”就是“多朗”切。

背景是佛教的传播3、佛教传播对汉语词汇的影响答:A:音译词:佛陀音译buddha。

B:复合构词唯心 C:人名刘禅优势词>劣势词D:成语:一尘不染E:歇后语:和尚脑袋的虱子F:利用汉语原有词语:智慧4、对现代汉语书面语形成的影响变文——话本——散曲——小说——五四文学革命——1920年国名政府宣布用白话文5、佛教对汉语言研究有什么影响成功表现在:让人们认识到了四声的存在,对于汉语的音韵有了认识;不成功表现在:完全有可能让人们认识到语法的存在,但没有成功6、识别哪些字来自古代的入声Bpmdtnl+ie、ue、b d g z zh j+元音+二声、古诗词入声韵1、民族之间的交往对于语言发展有何影响答1、未必带来借用,有可能是拒绝,例如蒙古实行民族歧视,在高压环境下民族间正常语言交流是无法维系的,蒙古语言没有走上与汉语相融合的道路2、语言上会出现混合,例如“洋泾浜”的出现3、语言上出现融合,例如汉语与满语,两个民族交往时间长,汉语压倒了满语,使满语消失4、同一民族长期分离对语言有何影响答:1、产生了方言2、方言逐渐演变成了语言5、方言与语言有何区别答:所处地区政治、经济独立,方言有可能演变成语言6、一种语言固有词汇和外来词汇有何关系答:从广度上来讲,一般而言,本民族固有词汇多于外来词汇,但朝鲜语是例外,朝鲜语言中的汉语借词已经渗入到本民族固有词汇中从深度上来讲,外来词当一般词汇,固有词汇当基本词汇。

但朝鲜语种汉语词汇已经渗入到基本语中7、语言和民族的对应关系答:每个民族都有自己独特的语言,但也有例外,例如瑶族,一个民族内还存在多种语言,例如回族,没有本民族语言,不同地点的回族民众使用各地汉语方言。

第八章1、中国境内语言、方言分布情况1.北方话(简称:北语):北京话为标准语2.广东话(简称:粤语):广州话为标准语3.江浙话(简称:吴语):苏州话为标准语,今多以上海话为其代表。

4.福建话(简称:闽语):厦门话为标准语,5.湖南话(简称:湘语):长沙话为标准语,6.江西话(简称:赣语):南昌话为标准语7.客家话(简称:客语):梅县话为标准语,影响力比较强在广东省的梅州、河源客语区。

中国境内语言属于汉藏和阿尔泰语系,其中汉藏语系分布在中国中部、南部、西南部,阿尔泰语系从中国北方东北延伸到新疆。

2、分析中国境内语言与方言稀疏与密集稀:汉北方壮藏蒙维密:少数民族剩余六种方言 50余种3、地名对于语言有哪些值得研究的价值答:1、可以表现出移民,例如山西营2、可以表现出借词,例如借满语吉林乌拉意为沿江3、保留古音,例如X各庄,各是对古音家的保留4、语言、方言之间是如何过渡的答:主要通过地理范围,但不完全,细微之处可能是其他因素,例如北京话和平谷话之间过的范围不止是地理。

8、语言的差异与地理上的远近的关系答:普遍规律是地理上的距离越远,语言的差异就越大,但也有例外,比如北京话和东北话,虽然距离远,但语言的差异不是很大。

1、戏剧流行和方言分布关系答:戏剧流行范围的大小决定于方言使用范围的大小,例如北方的梆子、越剧使用方言表演,他们的传播范围在其方言使用的地方;例如京剧、越剧这些超方言的剧种,则流行的范围很大。

2、何为尖团音?何为上口音?答:jqx+细音韵母=团音江酒钳Zcs+细音韵母=尖音将九钱上口音:凡不符合北京习惯的字音,除平翘舌问题以外,除尖团问题以外,都可列为上口音第十章1、文学活动对语言发展启到的作用促进了语言规范化、促进了语体发展、促进了民族共同语的确立。

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