跨文化交际4
跨文化交际Unit4
பைடு நூலகம்
More examples
“Why time flies?”
“Because somebody wants to kill it.” “你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”
“不能,我是回民！” 外甥打灯笼照(舅)旧
Language = neutral codes and grammatical rules? We make cultural choices when we select words,
form sentences and send a message. All languages have social questions and information
as before; as usual; as of old 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫
very good
More examples
恋爱“三草”原则: 女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我
呢？
男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.)
meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
Language reflects the environment in which we live. (snow, wine)
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter4
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication BarriersI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. understand Intercultural Communication Barriers.2. understand some barriers caused by emotional problems and attitudinal problems.3. analyze various reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping,prejudice and racism.4. perceive and deal with some barriers caused by translation problems.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on thatfeeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。
）(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings andbehaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。
跨文化交际chapter4
Intercultural Communication Barriers
Emotional Problems
Attitudinal Problems
Attitudinal Problems
Translation Problems
Translation Problems
Vocabulary Equivalence Anxiety and Uncertainty
How do you comment on the behaviors of Hong and Joe respectively? If you were Joe, how would you respond to such situations? What suggestions would you like to give Hong on hosting a friend from another culture?
Questions for Chapter 3
Do you think psychological elements can influence our sensation and perception? Why or why not? How can you increase your understanding of the perception process? What do you think contributes to the development of the tendencies that cause us to perceive people inaccurately?
---Focusing on one’s own feelings and not paying attention to the speaker ---Being unable to express oneself
跨文化交际实用教程Unit 4
Question: Could you give Roger an explanation?
7
Case 2. A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke
Comment
The
problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the word “hustle”. In colloquial American English, there are at least two meanings for the word “hustle”. ---- to force sb to make a decision before they are ready or sure; -----to work as a prostitute /romance or sex is hinted.
5
Case 2. A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke Background information
Roger, the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm, worked in Brazil to help promote business. Rosalita, a Brazilian woman Roger had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of her and always felt at ease with her. One evening, they met at a party, attended by both Roger‟s employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people.
跨文化交际unit4解析
Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 Types of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It’s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon Valley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Yellowstone Park, Silicon Valley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Young(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. You attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹“old, conservative” at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
《跨文化交际》-4-禁忌-1
Culture and Taboos
Taboos as a pervasive
/omnipresent social phenomenon, have their obvious historical and cultural roots for their emergence, existence and continuance.
For
some local wedding dinner, the fish head, tail and fish bones are not allowed to be eaten, because people hope that the new couple will remain a devoted couple to the end of their lives (白头偕老),a complete couple(有头有尾).
Culture and Taboos
D) In
social communication, Westerners avoid talking about privacy which includes age, income, wealth, marriage, love affairs.
Culture and Taboos
Culture and Taboos
B
)People in English-speaking countries are expected to avoid talking shop (谈本行,三句不离本 行 C) In English-speaking country, Christians regard suicide as sin, so suicide is not an appropriate topic.
国际汉语教师-21中华文化与跨文化交际 4 跨文化交际
老板， 来两斤苹果。
。。。
（我先来的）
三. 时间观念——单向与多向时间习惯（1）
好的。嘿！王先生， 好久不见！最近好吗？
我最近很忙啊！ 给我来个西瓜吧
好！稍等一下！
单时制文化的人们通过计划和预约来控制 时间，在一段时间里只做一件事，强调准时、 预约和最后期限。而多时制文化中的人认为时 间是围绕生活的，在同一时间内往往做多件事 情。工作经常被打断，计划也经常改变。
错“，也要引导学生，用大格局去想问题，用跨文化的”第三双眼睛”
看世界。
分析. 案例中的师生交流出现了什么问题？
1 师：下面我们用“像……一样”句型来说句子。那个学生像猫一样……，怎么样呢？
生1：像猫一样性感。 生2：像猫一样邪恶。 师：不是。那个学生像猫一样安静，轻手轻脚地走进教室。 师：他像什么动物一样勤奋？ 生：他像狗一样勤奋。 师：他像老黄牛一样勤奋。 师：他睡觉睡得很香，像什么一样？ 生：像木头一样。 师：他睡觉睡得像小猪一样香。
中国的时间观：
两种都有，前者占主导地位。儒家文化重视历史，主张以史为鉴， 比较重视过去，但直线式思维没有西方强；
在伊斯兰文化中，时间观念是重视现在的，认为未来属于真主阿拉， 不愿意预测未来；
而在美国，人们受到的是向前看的教育，一定要着眼于未来，印度 教徒和佛教徒也有将来的时间取向，把希望寄托在来世。
文化适应
一. 跨文化适应过程的四个阶段 P102
一. 蜜月期
刚到新环境一两 个星期，兴奋而激动， 新奇而有趣，对新的 文化持有正面的态度。
三. 恢复期（调整阶段）
可以接受和理解当地文化， 意识到了文化的差异，外语 能力提高了，也有了当地朋 友，感觉一切都还行。
二. 挫折期（沮丧阶段）
跨文化交际英语教程4课后答案非语言交际
跨文化交际英语教程4课后答案非语言交际1、John is quite _______. He likes to attend activities in?his spare time. [单选题] *A. active(正确答案)B. quietC. lazyD. honest2、I tell my mother not ______ me.（）[单选题] *A. worry aboutB. to worry about(正确答案)C. worry withD. to worry with3、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have4、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)5、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain6、The soldiers were_____of running away when the enemy attacked. [单选题] *A.chargedB.accused(正确答案)C.scoldedD.estimated7、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be8、Customers see location as the first factor when_____a decision about buying a house. [单选题] *A.makeB.to makeC.making(正确答案)D.made9、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions10、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.（）[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)11、He doesn’t smoke and hates women _______. [单选题] *A. smokesB. smokeC. smokedD. smoking(正确答案)12、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的13、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a14、_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. [单选题] *A.AlthoughB.WhileC.If(正确答案)D.Until15、I will _______ from Hunan University next year. [单选题] *A. learnB. studyC. graduate(正确答案)D. come16、97．Go ______ the square and you will find the theatre. [单选题] *A．aboveB．atC．across(正确答案)D．on17、The（)majority of the members were against the idea. [单选题] *A. substantialB. enormousC. considerable(正确答案)D. overwhelming18、The scenery is so beautiful. Let’s _______. [单选题] *A. take photos(正确答案)B. take mapsC. take busD. take exams19、I paid twenty yuan _______ the book. [单选题] *A. offB. backC. for(正确答案)D. with20、You’d ______ give up smoking. [单选题] *A. goodB. wellC. better(正确答案)D. best21、Many volunteers _______ food and water to the local people in Japan after tsunami(海啸）. [单选题] *A. gave out(正确答案)B. cut outC. put outD. found out22、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for（）two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others23、There are still some wild tigers alive. [单选题] *A. 聪明的B. 凶恶的C. 野生的(正确答案)D. 珍贵的24、On Mother’s Day, Cathy made a beautiful card as a ______ for her mother. [单选题] *A. taskB. secretC. gift(正确答案)D. work25、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser26、56．Sam is in a hurry. Maybe he has got ________ important to do. [单选题] * A．everythingB．nothingC．anythingD．something(正确答案)27、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or28、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big29、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练30、——Have you（）your friend Bill recently? ———No, he doesnt often write to me. [单选题] *A. heard aboutB. heard ofC. heard from (正确答案)D. received from。
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Individualism-Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance (high vs. low) Power Distance (high vs. low) Masculinity & Femininity
Cultural Dimensions
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede Power Distance
High
Inequality Social hierarchy
Low
Equality No hierarchy
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede
Masculinity
Femininity
Five Basic Questions --- by Clyde & Kluckhohn
? ? ? ? ?
Human nature orientation Man-Nature orientation Time orientation Activity orientation Social orientation
---by Hofstede Collectivism Individualism “I” consciousness “we” consciousness Rigid social framework Competition Cooperation Personal goals In-group goals privacy Shared beliefs
Cultural Dimensions
---by Hofstede Uncertainty Avoidance
High
Avoid ambiguity Formal rules Seek consensus Anxiety & stress planning
Low
Tolerance of ambiguity Deviant ideas Initiative Risk Flexible
Homework
Make a comparison of two countries except the U.S., China and Japan.
Thanks!
Cultural Differences
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ------- Confucian saying
Sep. , 2008
Male-oriented Caring & nurturing Ambitious Sexual equality Achievement People & environment Acquisition of money Interdependence Sympathy
Discussion
What are the similarities and differences bt. the Hofstede model and the Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck model?
Questions to discuss
How does culture serve basic human needs? How is culture related to nature? And how does culture affect human life? What is the relationship between culture and communication?
The Use Activity Relationships Basically Good Man the Master Future-oriented Doing Individualism
Cultural Dimensions