DevelopmentofDiscourseAnalysis
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话语分析完整版讲义
Essence of Discourse
• • • • • Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4 ……….
• Definition
n
Language in use & beyond language in use
Definition 1
•
Definition 3
• The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. • ----Brown & Yule 1983:1
•
Definition 4
• Discourse is for me more than just language use: it is language use, whether speech or writing…
For Mikhail Bakhtin, all discourse is multivoiced, as all words and utterances have been previously interpreted. In a broader sense, voices can be interpreted as discourses- position, ideologies or stances that speakers and listeners take in particular instances of co-constructed interaction.
• Discourse analysis offers a means of exposition or deconstructing the social practice which constitute social structure and what we might call the conventional meaning structures of social life. • Discourse is implicated in expressing people’s points of view and value systems, many of which are pre-structured in terms of what is normal or appropriate in particular social and institutional settings.
语篇分析讲义Discourse Analysis(课堂PPT)
Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)
从语言个体发生的角度提高语言学习者的隐喻能力
Halliday 认为，从小学升入中学时个体语言发展的一个重要转折点， 即进入“科技语言”（technical language）阶段，其特点是“从一 致式到隐喻式”（from congruent to metaphorical）；儿童学会了通 过语言对各种事物和现象进行隐喻化（metaphorization）。
Painter（ 2003:154-5）pointed out that “the use of a word to construe an imaginative context and the use of a word to name a representation rather than a thing are admittedly not what we first think of as metaphors, but they do share some sense of shifting to the non-literal or non-concrete, and they are important in the child’s language development.”
Halliday (1989:96) suggests that learning to deploy metaphor through the grammar is something a child will come to in the late primary years, largely as a response to the functional demands of written language.
A more obvious example of metaphor, however, would be the phenomenon of ‘overextension’ of early word meaning, where a child uses a mother tongue word for a referent not included in the word’s semantic domain in adult language…
Painter（ 2003:154-5）pointed out that “the use of a word to construe an imaginative context and the use of a word to name a representation rather than a thing are admittedly not what we first think of as metaphors, but they do share some sense of shifting to the non-literal or non-concrete, and they are important in the child’s language development.”
Halliday (1989:96) suggests that learning to deploy metaphor through the grammar is something a child will come to in the late primary years, largely as a response to the functional demands of written language.
A more obvious example of metaphor, however, would be the phenomenon of ‘overextension’ of early word meaning, where a child uses a mother tongue word for a referent not included in the word’s semantic domain in adult language…
语言学-discourse-analysis
06 话语分析的挑战与未来发 展
数据收集与处理问题
1 2 3
数据来源的多样性
话语分析需要收集各种类型的数据，包括口语、 书面语、多媒体等，如何有效地从各种来源收集 数据是一个挑战。
数据处理的复杂性
对于大规模的话语数据，如何进行有效的处理和 分析，提取有用的信息，需要借助自然语言处理 等技术手段。
话语功能理论
话语的交际功能
01
话语是交际的基本单位，具有表达思想、传递信息、建立联系
等交际功能。
话语的语境适应性
02
话语需要根据不同的交际语境进行调整和变化，以适应不同的
交际需求。
话语的语体特征
03
不同类型的话语具有不同的语体特征，如口语和书面语、正式
和非正式等。
话语认知理论
话语的心理过程
话语的理解和生成涉及复杂的心 理过程，包括感知、记忆、思维、 情感等。
揭示语言与社会 的密切关系
话语分析能够揭示语言使用 与社会文化、政治经济等方 面的密切关系，有助于我们 深入理解语言的社会功能。
促进跨文化交流
通过话语分析，我们可以了 解不同文化背景下的语言使 用习惯和交际规则，从而促 进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
提高语言教学效 果
话语分析可以帮助教师了解 学生的实际语言需求和交际 能力，从而有针对性地设计 教学内容和方法，提高语言 教学效果。
数据质量的控制
在数据收集和处理过程中，如何保证数据的质量 和代表性，避免数据的偏见和误导，是一个需要 关注的问题。
理论框架的完善与创新
现有理论框架的局限性
目前的话语分析理论框架在某些方面存在局限性，如对话语结构的描述、对话语意义的解释等，需要进一步完善和创 新。
《语篇分析简介》PPT课件
What is discourse? What is Discourse Analysis? What are the aims of discourse analysis? How is discourse analysis done?
Discourse和Text在中国学术界的翻译 Text“文本”、“篇章”、“话语”、“语篇” Discourse“话语”、“语篇”、“语段” 胡壮麟：语篇＝篇章/话语（《语篇的衔接与连贯》，1994: 3）
(3) examine speech activities
(4) describe oral and liSociology of order in interaction
4. Objective
(1) analyze the linguistic structures of different discourse of genres (e.g. ESP)
(2) describe conversational sequences
1.Purpose of Discourse Analysis
(1) offering a means of exposition
(2) deconstructing the social practice
(3) expressing people’s points of view and value systems
2. What is discourse analysis?
(1)how language users produce and interpret language in situated contexts.
(3) examination of language used by members of a speech community
施旭：究竟什么是“话语”和“话语研究”？
摘要：在当今的社会科学研究和教学领域里，话语研究工作在不断地拓宽和深化，因而人们越来越多地接触到“话语”和“话语研究”的术语以及它们直接或间接表达的概念。
然而，不少学生、甚至学者对“话语”和“话语研究”的含义和定义往往或感到困惑、或产生歧义。
本文试图对话语和话语研究的概念作一个较为宽广的定义和基础性的介绍。
引言在当今的社会科学研究和教学领域里，话语研究工作在不断地深化和扩展，因而人们越来越多地接触到“话语”和“话语研究”（Discourse Analysis，也有人将其翻成“语篇分析”）的术语以及它们直接或间接表达的概念。
然而，不少学生和学者对作为研究对象的“话语”和“话语研究”的含义和定义往往或感到困惑、或产生歧义。
究其原因，至少有五个：1）话语研究莫属中国文化，而是起源于西洋学术；（可以说学术中用的“话语”一词是在翻译过程中产生出来的新词）; 2）即使在西方，它们也不是百姓生活中的用语和概念，而是学术界里的事物；3) 学者由于不同的背景和兴趣，对话语有不同的理解；4) 话语的概念包含“语境”的概念，而后者的边界是不确定的、随着分析者的志趣和要求而变化的。
5）学者滥用“话语”一词, 特别是用它去描述不含语言活动的社会、文化现象：什么“建筑话语”、“舞蹈话语”、“音乐话语”，等等。
然而，因为“话语研究”在中国和世界的学术界表现出了巨大的科学和社会潜力和活力，所以，要了解和开展话语研究工作，我们必须首先把这些关键术语和概念搞清楚。
话语研究的目的要说清什么是话语和话语研究，可能最好是从话语研究的目的谈起。
不同于传统的西方语言学，话语研究的目的不是要知道一个字、词、句、篇章或一个语音单位的形式或内容，或者其生成的原因、规则、历史。
换言之，它关心的不是那些从生活事件抽象化了的范畴以及其中的奥妙。
它的目的是要关注、揭示、反思或批评那些借助语言所构建的或与语言使用相关的实际发生的、特别是那些具有现实社会文化意义的事件, 甚至寻求言说方式的创新。
Discourse语篇,社会语言学
Spoken Discourse
Composed of sounds
Written Discourse
Composed of letters
Makes use of punctuation and Makes use of intonation, pitch, other graphological(字系学) devices rhythem, tempo like italics(斜体)
The aim of transactional language is to convey "factual or propositional information " . Language used in such a situation is mainly ‘message oriented’. It is important that the recipient gets the informative detail correct.
Discourse
By Liuxuan
1
Background 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Types 2.3 Functions
2
Content
Relevent concepts
3
Discourse Analysis
1. Background
Before the 1920s, there were many studies on language itself from syntax view. The studies are mainly on the grammatical structure of seperated sentences. They studied neither the relationship between sentences, nor the functions of sentences in a larger linguistic unit. However, just like one word may have different meanings in different sentences, one sentence also has different meanings and functions in different linguistic context.
CDA批判性话语分析和翻译学习
The schemes of choices made by translator from the array of the lexico-grammatical resources of language can establish the interpersonal meaning.
notions
Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar
Halliday considers language use as a communicative event and describes three strands of functional meaning as ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning.
vocabulary, grammatical features or cohesive devices
2. Norman Fairclough
Born:1941
Professor of Linguistics at Lancaster University.
One of the founders of critical discourse analysis (CDA) as applied to sociolinguistics. CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. CDA studies discourse; in CDA this includes texts, talk, video and practices.
1. Critical Discourse Analysis
1.Emerged from 'critical linguistics' and developed at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s.
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Text and Context Labov: Language in the Inner City J. E. Grimes: The Thread of Discourse Halliday and Hasan: Cohesion in English Halliday: Language as Social Semiotic Givon: On Understanding Grammar
• 2)理论语言学自身发展的结果，使人们把眼光 投人到比句子更大的话语形式
• 3)Austin, Grice和Searle等语言哲学家关于言语 行为的研究。
Development of DA
Stage Three: Development in the 1980s T. A. van Dijk Journals: Text
Text Linguistics • Grimes: Papers on Discourse • Metzing: Frame Conception and Text
Understanding
• 话语分析之所以在这段时间中形成，主要受以 下一些因素的影响:
• 1)受语言研究中其他学科发展的影响。如计算 机自然语言处理的研究。这个领域的研究者发 现，许多问题在句内无法解决，只有借助话语 分析才能解决。又如社会语言学的研究， Labov(1972)对黑人斗嘴的话语、讲述的故事的 研究，也促进了话语分析的发展。
Development of DA
3) Psycholinguistic perspective Carroll & Freedle (1972) Schema, frame, script
Introduction of new concepts into traditional grammar:
Collections
• J. Sinclair & M. Coulthard: Towards an Analysis of Discourse
• Petofi & Rieser: Studies in Text Grammar • Petofi: Text vs. Sentence: Basic Questions of
discourse analysis，从成分分布的角度研究话语结构 Method: distribution analysis, interested only in
morphological and syntactic structures
Development of DA
2）Mitchell (1957) who, using Firth’s theory, divided a text into several stages
Context, register, reference, dexis, anaphora,
Substitution, coherence, cohesion, macrostructure, micro-structure ect.
Monographs
Lehister: Suprasegmentals Van Dijk: Some Aspects of Text Grammar
重视句子的主位结构
Development of DA
Stage Two （1970s) Development in the 1970s 1) Sociological perspective H. Sacks, E. A. Schegloff, & G. Jefferson (1974) Conversational analysis 2) Pragmatic perspective Speech act theory Labov & Fanshel (1977) Politeness Principle; CP
Discourse Analysis
Hu Jian
Introduction
I. Development of discourse analysis (three stages) Stage One: (1952-the end of the 1960s) 1. Early representatives: 1）Z. S. Harris (1952) who first put forward the concept of
Development of DA
3）Systemic grammar
Halliday: analyzing the relationship between sentence and utterance
Three functions of language: ideational, interpersonal, and textual
Discourse Process Michael Stubbs(1982): Discourse Analysis: A
Social Linguistic Analysis on Natural Language Brown & Yule (1983): Discourse Analysis
t of DA
2) Anthropological perspective D. Hymes (1964) Language in Culture and Society: A
Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology Gradually “ethnography of speaking” 话语文化学 对言语交际形式、尤其是 讲话方式进行探索。
“The language of buying and selling in Cysenaica: a situational statement”
Method: Semantic analysis 结合语境研究买卖对话的特点
Development of DA
2. Development in the 1960s 1) Semiotic perspective Barthes Greimas Metz Analyzing narrative discourse
• 2)理论语言学自身发展的结果，使人们把眼光 投人到比句子更大的话语形式
• 3)Austin, Grice和Searle等语言哲学家关于言语 行为的研究。
Development of DA
Stage Three: Development in the 1980s T. A. van Dijk Journals: Text
Text Linguistics • Grimes: Papers on Discourse • Metzing: Frame Conception and Text
Understanding
• 话语分析之所以在这段时间中形成，主要受以 下一些因素的影响:
• 1)受语言研究中其他学科发展的影响。如计算 机自然语言处理的研究。这个领域的研究者发 现，许多问题在句内无法解决，只有借助话语 分析才能解决。又如社会语言学的研究， Labov(1972)对黑人斗嘴的话语、讲述的故事的 研究，也促进了话语分析的发展。
Development of DA
3) Psycholinguistic perspective Carroll & Freedle (1972) Schema, frame, script
Introduction of new concepts into traditional grammar:
Collections
• J. Sinclair & M. Coulthard: Towards an Analysis of Discourse
• Petofi & Rieser: Studies in Text Grammar • Petofi: Text vs. Sentence: Basic Questions of
discourse analysis，从成分分布的角度研究话语结构 Method: distribution analysis, interested only in
morphological and syntactic structures
Development of DA
2）Mitchell (1957) who, using Firth’s theory, divided a text into several stages
Context, register, reference, dexis, anaphora,
Substitution, coherence, cohesion, macrostructure, micro-structure ect.
Monographs
Lehister: Suprasegmentals Van Dijk: Some Aspects of Text Grammar
重视句子的主位结构
Development of DA
Stage Two （1970s) Development in the 1970s 1) Sociological perspective H. Sacks, E. A. Schegloff, & G. Jefferson (1974) Conversational analysis 2) Pragmatic perspective Speech act theory Labov & Fanshel (1977) Politeness Principle; CP
Discourse Analysis
Hu Jian
Introduction
I. Development of discourse analysis (three stages) Stage One: (1952-the end of the 1960s) 1. Early representatives: 1）Z. S. Harris (1952) who first put forward the concept of
Development of DA
3）Systemic grammar
Halliday: analyzing the relationship between sentence and utterance
Three functions of language: ideational, interpersonal, and textual
Discourse Process Michael Stubbs(1982): Discourse Analysis: A
Social Linguistic Analysis on Natural Language Brown & Yule (1983): Discourse Analysis
t of DA
2) Anthropological perspective D. Hymes (1964) Language in Culture and Society: A
Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology Gradually “ethnography of speaking” 话语文化学 对言语交际形式、尤其是 讲话方式进行探索。
“The language of buying and selling in Cysenaica: a situational statement”
Method: Semantic analysis 结合语境研究买卖对话的特点
Development of DA
2. Development in the 1960s 1) Semiotic perspective Barthes Greimas Metz Analyzing narrative discourse