历年真题版
英语四级答案(历年)真题完整版
英语四级答案（历年）真题完整版英语四级答案真题完整版1、听力News Report One(1) A 22-year-old Chinese woman who suffered from a persistent cough was shocked to learn that she had a piece of chicken bone lodged in her lung. The unnamed woman from the province of Shandong started have coughing problems when she was 7 or 8 years old. For 14 years, she made numerous hospital visits. However, no doctor could identify any problem. Her uncontrollable coughing was a mystery. Finally, the woman got a full body scan at a hospital in the city of Qingdao. This special medical procedure revealed she had a chicken bone stuck in her lung. (2) Doctors performed surgery and removed the bone. The simple procedure went smoothly and the woman has recovered fully with the bone finally removed from her lung, the woman is very happy that she no longer suffers from that annoying cough.1. What was the woman’s problem?2. How was the woman’s problem eventually solved?News Report Two(3) A white shape named Prickles that ran away from an Australian farm during the 2013 bush fires recently returned home. According to farmer Alice Gray, Prickles was only a lamb when she ran away. The bush firesthat hit the area back then destroyed a large part of her family’s massive property. They thought Prickles had died in the fire. But instead, the young sheep escaped into a 200-acre forest near the farm. (4) Once the fires were over, the family had to fix the damage done to the farm as it was such a large property, which included rebuilding about 40 kilometers of fencing. It was this huge fencing that prevented Pickles from finding her way back. Over the years, the family spotted her a few times. They even recorded her with cameras installed to monitor the activity. But when they knew Pringles was alive, they couldn’t find her and never expected her to return by herself. Seven years later, they were proven wrong.3. What does the news say about the white sheep Prickles?4.What the family do of the bush fires?News Report Three(5) Tons of gold have fallen out of the sky in Russia after a cargo plane malfunctioned in midair this morning. The aircraft was carrying 265 million pounds worth of gold and diamonds, when the door flew open, sending the precious metal back to earth. According to the official news agency, Russian authorities have recovered more than 170 gold bars weighing 20 kilograms each. The plane was traveling from Yakutsk airport in a major diamond producing region to the city Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. (6)However, the aircraft made an emergency landing in Magan after began losing some of its valuable cargo. Reports suggest some bars of gold were scattered up to fifteen miles away from the airport. Nine tons of gold on plane AN12 belonged to a gold mine company. Police have sealed off the runway and say it is unclear if it was an accident or an attempted robbery. (7)Technical engineers who worked on the plane prior to takeoff are reportedly going to be questioned by the police.5. What is the news report mainly about?6. What did the aircraft do when the incident happened?7. What does the news report say about the technical engineers who worked on the plane before takeoff?Conversation One8. Why does the man have this conversation with the man recorded?His job is related to the customer service.9. What is the woman’s purpose of calling to the furniture company?She wants to know when she can get her money back.10. What does the woman say about her bank card?The new bank card will be sent to her on Tuesday, and the bank may has canceled the old one before the man made the payment.11. What does the man advise the woman to do?She needs to update the card details directly on the website.Conversation Two12. Why isn’t the man going to cook?He’s worn out.13. What does the man say he’ll do on his phone?He’ll use the food delivery app on his phone.14. What does the woman think of the Indian food?That’s not the kind of the hot she means. She needs something mild.15. What does the man think of the woman?She’s really difficult to please.Passage One(16) A new study carried out by the university of Lincoln has founda link between the personalities of cat owners and the behavior and wellbeing of their cats. The findings suggest that just as apparent personality can affect the personality of a child, the same is true for a cat and its owner. Owners defined as individuals with high levels of anxiety, fear, anger, depression and loneliness were more likely to have cats with behavioral issues. Such cats display more aggressive and anxious behavioral styles as well as more stress related sickness. They will also more likely to have an ongoing medical condition and be overweight. The research also found that mentally well-adjusted owners had come from happier and healthier cats. Researchers explained that many owners regard their pets as a family member and form close social bonds with them. (17) The majority of owners want to provide the best care for their pets and is therefore possible that pets could be affected by the way their owners interact with and manage them. The study highlights an important relationship between our personalities and the well-being of our pets.(18) Further research is needed to investigate the cause of nature of this relationship and look at how owners’ personalities are directly influencing their pet’s behavior and well-being. It is possible that thewell-being of pets is driven by the underlying nature of the owner not simply by their conscious decisions and behaviors.16. What do we learn from the new study by the University of Lincoln?17. What does the passage say most pet owners want to do?18. What does the passage say it’s still needed to understand the effects of owners’ personalities on their pets?Passage Two(19) One 50-minute run can add seven hours to your life. This was a claim made by The Times last week. The claim was based on a new review of studies about the effects of running. The review concluded that an average runners live three years longer than non-runners and that running does more to extend life than any other form of exercise. But there’s more to running than its health benefits. (20) Research published in recent years have shown that running changes your brain and mind in some fascinating ways from increasing your brain function to regulating your emotions. However, the precise effects vary according to whether you engage in short fast running or long distance running. For example, in one study, researchers compared participants’ ability to learn new words after several minutes of intense running, and after 40 minutes of gentle running, participants were able to learn 20 percent faster after the intense running and they showed a superior memory when tested again a week later. In another study, researchers asked volunteers to jog for 30 minutes and then showed them clips from a sad movie. Participants who usually struggled to handle negative emotions were more intensely affected by the sad clips just as you’d expect. But crucially, this wasless so if they had completed the 30 minutes jog. (21) The researchers said moderate exercise appears to have helped those participants to be less vulnerable to the impact of the sad movie.19. What did the new review of studies claim?20. What is one effect that running has on people according to recent research?21. What did another study find about the participant after they hada 30 minutes jog?Passage ThreeWelcome to the tour of the Hill House. This house built in 1904 is one of the most well-known works of Charles Hill, the famous architect. It was designed and built for local entrepreneur and his family. Before starting the tour, let me give you a brief introduction about the design of this amazing building. (23) Prior to beginning his design, the architect spends sometime in the client’s old home, observing their life and studying their habits. This meant that he could design the house according to the needs of the family. (24) The client’s main desire was to have a home with unique design, so the architect was given complete freedom. The building style is radically different from what was the fashion of the period. At the time, most large homes were constructed of timber and brick. This one, however, is made of concrete, a novel construction material in those days. The interior of the house, including the fittings and furniture, was also designed by the same person. Most of the furniture you will see is original and in good condition. However, (25) both pieces in the children’s bedrooms are copies built to the designsof the architect. Fortunately, all the blueprints for both the building and its contents have been preserved, so we’ve been able to replace badly damaged furniture. Let’s begin our tour, starting from the rooms.22. What do we learn about the speaker?He is the guide of the tour.23. What dis the architect do before beginning his design?24. What did the architect’s client mainly want?25. What do we learn about the pieces of furniture in the children’s bedrooms?1. D) He did an unusual good deed2. C) Give some money to the waiter3. A) Whether or not to move to the states mainland4. B) It costs too much money5. A) To investigate whether people are grateful for help6. C) They held doors open for people at various places7. B) Most people express gratitude for help8. C) To enquire about solar panel installation9. D) He has a large family.10. B) The cost of a solar panel installation11. D) About five years12. A) At a travel agency13. D) She wanted to spend more time her family.14 D) Two weeks.15. A) Choosing some activities herself16. D) Pay a green tax upon arrival17. A) It has not been doing a good job in recycling.18. B) To ban single-use plastic bags and straws on Bali land.19. D) Its population is now showing signs of increase20. C) Commercial hunting21. D) To seek breeding grounds22. C) They consume less milk these days23. A) It is not as healthy as once thought24. C) They lack the necessary proteins to digest it25. B) It provides some necessary nutrients2、选词填空∶Many people believe that commitment are the foundations of ..26.O)unique27.)possess28.D)endure29.C)confused30.J)presence31.B)assess32.Flgenius33.A)acknowledge34.M)surprising35.G)highly3、信息匹配：Why it matters that teens are reading less?36.[E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media rge surveys con-ducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.37.[B]Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…….38.[G] Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year was one out of three by . That is triple the number from two decades ago.……39.[D]If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give activities? Maybe not. Over the years, many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities.…40[.A] Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago.But todays teens have grown up with smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of de-cades ago, the way they interact with traditional media like books and movies is fundamentally different.…41.[H]] This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and current reading habits will influence their academic per-formance.….42.[c] Teens did not always spend that much time with digi-tal media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media use has moved from a periodic activity to a daily one in the same period.By , nearly nine out of ten young women in the 12th grade said they visited social media sites every day.……43.[F]But the treads related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research has revealed an enormous decline in reading.In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a book, newspaper or magazine every day that was not assigned for school.By , only 16 percent did.44.[B] Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.……45.[E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.….4、仔细阅读：Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touchsomeone ?46.C)Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships .47.D)How close the communicator‘s relationships are .48.B) They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.49.A)Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.50.D)Take other peoples preference into consideration .From climate change to the ongoing pandemic (大流行病) and beyond ，the issues facing todays world are increasingly complex and dynamic .51.A)It faces problems that are getting more varied and compli-cated.52.C) People are divided about the nature of interest .53.D)How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to crossdisciplinarythinking.54.C) Making innovative products needs multidisciplinary products.55.B) Broadening their interests .5、翻译：坎儿井(Karez)是新疆干旱地区的一种水利系统，由地下渠道将水井连接而成。
历年行测真题答案与解析(完整版)
第一部分言语理解与表达本部分包括表达与理解两方面的内容，请根据题目要求，在四个选项中选出一个最恰当的答案。
请开始答题：1．“诗是不可译的，中国古典诗歌更是不可译的。
”爱好古典诗歌的中国人，包括不少作家、学者、翻译家常常如是说，语气中带着七分三分。
然而，话说回来，如果没有翻译。
中国古典诗歌如何走出国门，走向世界呢？依此填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）A．自豪遗憾B．无奈悲伤C．感伤埋怨D．骄傲惭愧2．茶艺与茶道精神是中国茶文化的核心，“艺”是指制茶、烹茶、品茶等艺茶之术，“道”是指艺茶过程中所的精神。
有道而无艺，那是的理论；有艺而无道，艺则无精、无神。
依此填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）A．传达虚浮B．包涵虚无C．贯穿空洞D．体现枯燥3．从20世纪90年代“人类基因工程”计划启动之日起，美国，日本，欧洲等展开了一场激烈的基因专利争夺战，因为谁拥有专利，就意味着谁能在国籍上获得基因产业的“王牌”，谁就能拥有今后基因开发的庞大市场，为此，美国等少数发达国家大量地将阶段性研究成果申请了专利。
依此填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）A．垄断抢先B．操作独立C．控制自发D．专营及时4．明代工艺品的名字大都先强调年号，然后再强调东西本身，但景泰蓝不是在景泰年间出现，而是在元代就出现了，到了景泰年间，皇家的重视使它，因此有了今天这样一个通俗易懂且带有文学色彩的名字──景泰蓝。
依此填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）A．如日中天B．名声大噪C．声名鹊起D．享誉中外5．五四运动后，许多人追求真理。
追求人们开始用新的眼光看中国、看世界，从对各种社会思潮，政治主张和政治力量的中认真思考，逐步看到西方的种种社会，开始怀疑资产阶级共和国的救国方案。
依此填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是（）A．识别通病B．甄别矛盾C．辨别现象D．鉴别弊端6．世界主要经济发展发达国家和地区目前已就发展低碳经济达成共识：以经济发展模式由“高碳”向“低碳”转型为，通过市场机制下的经济手段推动低碳经济的发展，以减缓人类活动对气候的破坏并逐渐达到一种互相的良性发展状态。
考研英语历年真题电子版
2022年考研英语（一）真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “pla nt neurobiology” was (1)_____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be (2)_____ to intelligence in animals. (3)_____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that (4)_____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it (5)_____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called (6)_____ of plants’ intelligenc e is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have (7)_____ that plants possess neuron—like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, (8)_____ “a plant nervous system, (9)_____ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They (10)_____ claimed that plants have “brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”This (11)_____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, (12)_____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. (13)_____, the signaling in a plant is only (14)_____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold (15)_____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he (16)_____. “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the (17)_____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from (18)_____, so investing energy in a body system which (19)_____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very (20)_____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1. A. coinedB. discoveredC. collectedD. issued答案：A2. A. attributedB. directedC. comparedD. confined答案：C3. A. UnlessB. WhenC. OnceD. Though答案：D4. A. coped withB. consisted ofC. hinted atD. extended in答案：C5. A. suffersB. benefitsC. developsD. differs答案：D6. A. acceptanceB. evidenceC. cultivationD. creation答案：B7. A. doubtedB. deniedC. arguedD. requested答案：C8. A. adaptingB. formingC. repairingD. testing答案：B9. A. analogousB. essentialC. suitableD. sensitive答案：A10. A. justB. everC. stillD. even答案：D11. A. restrictionB. experimentC. perspectiveD. demand答案：C12. A. attachingB. reducingC. returningD. exposing答案：B13. A. HoweverC. ThereforeD. Otherwise答案：A14. A. temporarilyB. literallyC. superficiallyD. imaginarily答案：C15. A. listB. levelC. labelD. local答案：B16. A. recalledB. agreedC. questionedD. added答案：D17. A. chancesB. risksC. excusesD. assumptions答案：A18. A. dangerB. failureC. warningD. control答案：A19. A. representsB. includesC. revealsD. recognizes答案：D20. A. humbleB. poorC. practicalD. easy答案：BSection ⅡReading Comprehension Part ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Nethe rlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locke d some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Ol d objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOV A School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve ... will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in _____.A. maintaining their plastic itemsB. obtaining durable plastic artifactsC. handling outdated plastic exhibitsD. classifying their plastic collections答案：A22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are _____.A. immune to decayB. improperly shapedC. inherently flawedD. complex in structure答案：B23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to _____.A. keep them from hurting visitorsB. duplicate them for future displayC. have their ingredients analyzedD. prevent them from further damage答案：D24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is _____.A. costlyB. unworthyC. unpopularD. challenging答案：D25. In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts _____.A. will inspire future scientific researchB. has profound historical significanceC. will help us separate the material agesD. has an impact on today’s cultural life答案：BText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate applications and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Gen Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles; a percentage which is double the average amongst the OECD.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but, rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Gen Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Gen Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay agile, relevant and employable. It has been estimated that this generation due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘I am a geographer’ or ‘I am a classist’. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.26. The author suggests that Generation Z should _____.A. be careful in choosing a collegeB. be diligent at each educational stageC. reassess the necessity of college educationD. postpone their undergraduate application答案：C27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.A. Millennial’s opinions about workB. the shrinking value of a degreeC. public discontent with educationD. the desired route of social mobility答案：B28.The author considers it a good sign that _____.A. Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degreeB. school leavers are willing to be skilled workersC. employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreeD. parents are changing their minds about education答案：C29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should _____.A. make an early decision on their careerB. attend on the job training programsC. team up with high-paid postgraduatesD. further their studies in a specific field答案：D30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?A. Lifelong learning will define them.B. They will make qualified educators.C. Depress will no longer appeal them.D. They will have a limited choice of jobs.答案：AText 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that e nhance learning.” One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CA VS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual studies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time whenleading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have _____.A. caught the attention of criticsB. received favorable responsesC. promoted academic publishingD. sparked heated public disputes答案：B32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that _____.A. art can offer audiences easy access to scienceB. science can help with the expression of emotionsC. public participation in science has a promising futureD. art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations答案：A33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership _____.A. their role may be underestimatedB. their reputation may be impairedC. their creativity may be inhibitedD. their work may be misguided答案：A34. What does the author say about CA VS?A. It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.B. It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.C. Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.D. Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.答案：B35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art- science collaborations _____.A. are likely to go beyond public expectationsB. will intensify interdisciplinary competitionC. should do more than communicating scienceD. are becoming more popular than before答案：CText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employ er from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earningmanagers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing manag ers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabili ties as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to _____.A. punish dubious corporate practicesB. improve traditional hiring proceduresC. exempt employers from certain dutiesD. protect the rights of ordinary workers答案：D37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may _____.A. hinder business developmentB. undermine managers’ authorityC. affect the public image of the firmsD. worsen labor-management relations答案：A38. Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?A. Imposing reasonable wage restraints.B. Enforcing employment protection lawsC. Limiting the powers of business owners.D. Dismissing poorly performing managers.答案：D39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified di smissal procedures?A. Highly paid managers lose their jobs.B. Employees suffer from salary cuts.C. Society sees a rise in overall well-being.D. Employers need to hire new staff.答案：B40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia _____.A. has secured managers’ earningsB. has produced undesired resultsC. is beneficial to business ownersD. is difficult to put into practice答案：CPart BDirections:Read the following comments on an article titled “The Case Against Zoos” by Emma Ma rris and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement from the list A.-[G] for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(41) Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation. They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise. Animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead. It’s past time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42) Karen R. SimeAs a zoology professor. I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.(43) Greg NewberryEmma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousand s of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.(44) Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But l believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are, in that sense, similar to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creature while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.(45) John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, tobetter understand the natural world we live in.A. Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B. To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in theircare.C. While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path ofrelated sciences.D. Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E. For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.F. Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize moneymaking over animals’ wellbeing.G. Marris distorts our findings, which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.41. ____答案：F42. ____答案：C43. ____答案：A44. ____答案：D45. ____答案：GPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshal s sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.” (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was su rprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office (in Kew, west London) I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes a work in the peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preservedin this collection. I realized at once that this was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on. Furthermore, Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.The story of Wellington himself also gripped me. Half a century ago his campaigns were considered a central part of the British historical mythology and spoon-fed to schoolboys. More recently this has not been the case, which is a great shame. A generation has grown up.46.答案：这也是一场密码制作者与密码破解者之间的斗争，甚至许多对这一时期有深入了解的人都不知道这一点。
环境保护法历年司考真题版
(2011)31.某化肥厂以其污水处理设施“效率低、费用高”为由，予以停运拆除。
在下列哪一情况下，该厂构成违反《环境保护法》的行为？（）（2011年卷一单选第31题）A.未在事前获得权威性技术论证B.未采用替代性的污水处理措施C.未征得当地环保局的同意D.未征得附近村民的同意【答案】C（2010年）28.根据《环境保护法》规定，关于污染物排放标准，下列哪一说法是错误的？（）（2010年卷一单选第28题）A.省级地方政府对国家污染物排放标准中已作规定和未作规定的项目，都可以制定地方污染物排放标准B.对国家污染物排放标准中已作规定的项目，在制定地方污染物排放标准时，可以因地制宜，严于或宽于国家污染物排放标准C.地方污染物排放标准须报国务院环境保护行政主管部门备案D.凡是向已有地方污染物排放标准的区域排放污染物的，应当执行地方污染物排放标准「答案」B（2008年）28.由于某化工厂长期排污，该厂周边方圆一公里内的庄稼蔬菜生长不良、有害物质含量超标，河塘鱼类无法繁衍，该地域内三个村庄几年来多人患有罕见的严重疾病。
根据《环境保护法》的规定，下列哪一选项是错误的？A.受害的三个村的村委会和受害村民有权对该厂提起民事诉讼B.因环境污染引起的民事诉讼的时效为3年C.环境污染民事责任的归责原则实行公平责任原则D.环境污染致害的因果关系证明，受害方不负举证责任答案：C（2007年）28.根据《环境保护法》的规定，下列哪一项是县级以上人民政府环境保护行政主管部门的职权？A.对国家环境质量标准中未作规定的项目，制定地方环境质量标准B.对国家污染物排放标准中未作规定的项目，制定地方污染物排放标准；对国家污染物排放标准中已作规定的项目，制定严于国家污染物排放标准的地方污染物排放标准C.定期发布环境状况公报D.会同有关部门对管辖范围内的环境状况进行调查和评价，拟订环境保护规划答案：D（2005年）25.根据《中华人民共和国环境保护法》的规定，环境影响报告书应在建设项目的哪一阶段报批？A.设计阶段B.可行性研究阶段C.竣工验收阶段D.投入使用阶段答案：B（2004年）27.下列有关环境质量标准的说法哪一个是正确的？A.环境质量标准包括国家环境标准和各级地方政府制定的地方环境标准B.对国家污染物排放标准已作规定的项目，不得制定地方标准C.凡是向已有地方污染物排放标准的区域排污的，应当执行该地方标准D.地方污染物排放标准必须报国务院环境保护行政主管部门批准答案：C（2003年）17.关于环境污染赔偿责任和赔偿金额的纠纷解决，下列哪一项表述是符合法律规定的？A.先请求环保部门进行处理，对处理不服才可以提起行政诉讼B.先请求环保部门进行处理，对处理不服才可以提起民事诉讼C.可以先请求环保部门进行调解，对调解不服的，可提起行政诉讼；也可以直接向人民法院起诉D.可以先请求环保部门进行处理，对处理决定不服的，可以向人民法院起诉；也可以直接向人民法院起诉答案：D（2011年）73.中央直接管辖的某大型国有企业在某县境内设立的工厂发生剧毒物质大量泄漏事故，该县张县长提出的下列哪些意见符合《环境保护法》的规定？（）（2011年卷一多选第73题）A.要求该企业立即采取措施控制泄漏，并及时通报污染地区的单位和居民B.县环保局应立即上报市政府，请市政府采取有效措施紧急疏散群众C.建议省政府对该企业作出限期治理的决定D.该企业如未在限期内完成治理任务，县政府将处以罚款，并报省政府批准责令该工厂关闭【答案】ABC（2010年）77.我国对建设项目的环境影响评价实行分类管理制度。
国际关系学院历年真题(完整版)
国际关系学院2006年考研题目一名词解释:1,普法战争2,白里安凯洛格公约3,德黑兰会议4,肯尼迪和平战略5,北约伙伴关系计划6,日本关于联合国维和行动合作纲领二:简答题1,简述二战时苏联建立“东方战线”的过程及影响2,试述20世纪70-80年代发展中国家建立国际经济新秩序的背景行动及成果?三论述1,20世纪30年代美国中立法,以及租界法案的背景内容以及影响? 2,20世纪70年代苏攻美守战略形态的成因的内容以及影响?国际关系学院国际关系专业（政治）综合简答 1简述东亚峰会的意义2简述中日关系僵局的原因短论 论911事件的影响简述一下二战时苏联建立“东方战线”的过程及影响国际关系史：一名词解释:1,普法战争 2,白里安凯洛格公约 3,德黑兰会议 4,肯尼迪和平战略\ 5,北约“和平伙伴关系计划 ”6,日本《联合国维持和平活动合作法》\二:简答题1,简述二战时苏联建立“东方战线”的建立并评价其作用2,试述20世纪70-80年代发展中国家开展建立国际经济新秩序斗争的背景、目标及成果。
三论述1,20世纪30年代美国先后制定《中立法》与《租界法》的背景、主要内容及其影响。
2,20世纪70年代苏攻美守战略形态形成的原因、表现及其影响。
国际关系学院国际关系（政治）专业综合一、简答（每题25分）1试析首届东亚峰会的意义2简析当前中日关系陷入僵局的原因\二、短论 （100分）评估911恐怖事件的影响国际政治专业综合一、名词解释1、“文明冲突论”2、欧洲一体化3、中国提出的新安全观4、国际政治行为体5、民族主义6、第四轮朝核六方会谈二、论述题1、什么是世界格局？试论世界格局划分的基本理论及21世纪初的世界格局。
2、试析当前中日关系及中国关于中日关系发展的主张。
3、试论新现实主义的基本理论、流派及意义。
国际关系专业（文传）方向专业综合一、名词解释1、博客2、把关人3、公众4、意见领袖5、财经传播6、遣唐使7、文艺复兴8、和平崛起二、简答题（前4题选答3道，第5题必答）1、试结合信息社会中因特网这一传播新媒体，简析马歇尔.麦克卢汉“媒介即讯息”的观点2、当今美国公共关系理论研究中有所谓“管理学派”、“语艺学派”和“整合营销传播学派”，请选择其中一个学派，简述其对公共关系的基本观点，并说明其主要的学术代表人物。
发展与教育心理学历年真题及答案(吐血整理版)
一、单项选择题1.当一个人的思维发展处于"每个人对问题的看法都是不一样的"时，其思维发展处于 C.相对论阶段2.影响小学生性格发展的最直接的因素是 A.家庭教育方式3.自我形象受到空前关注是在 C.高中阶段4.“程序教学”的理论基础是 D.操作条件作用理论得分5.根据个体认知发展水平作为标准划分心理发展阶段的心理学家是 B.皮亚杰6.在弗洛依德的人格动力结构中，受快乐原则支配的部分是 A.原我7.可以为“教育万能论”提供支持的心理学理论是 B. 行为主义理论8.在小学阶段，小学儿童的识记 A. 机械识记和意义识记效果均随年龄增长而提高9.下列人际关系属于小学儿童之间的人际关系的是 B. 同学关系10.曾有一位心理学家说过，如果给他十几个健康的婴儿，他可以将他们中的任何一个训练成医生、律师或是乞丐，无论他们的出身及种族是什么。
他完全否认遗传的作用，认为环境和教育可以造就一切。
这位心理学家是属于下列哪一个心理学流派的？ B. 行为主义1.最早对成人期的心理进行发展理论研究的心理学家是 D.荣格2.对研究的问题了解有限的条件下所进行的实验,称为 B.探索性实验3.将内部图式加以改变，以适应环境现实的过程叫 C.顺应4.埃里克森认为，幼儿阶段（3～6岁）心理社会性发展的主要矛盾是 C.主动性对内疚感5.以下称为先天愚型的是 A.唐氏综合症6.选出一个具有某一特征的对象作为指标个案，然后从这个指标个案出发，调查其家族史中出现相似特征的对象的数目。
这种方法称为 C.家谱分析法7.婴儿（2岁左右开始）表现出怕黑、怕狼、怕坏人，属于 B.预测性恐惧8.幼儿获得知识经验，发展观察力、想象力、记忆力、思维力和言语能力，以及培养良好个性的最佳途径是 B.教学游戏9.婴幼儿动作发展是从身体中部开始的，越是接近躯干的部位，动作发展越早，而越是远离身体中轴的部位，动作发展越迟。
这体现了婴幼儿身体发展遵循 B.由近及远原则10.对客观事物运动的延续性和顺序的反映属于 A.时间知觉11.初中生感到自己已经长大成人，渴望参与成人的活动，要求独立，希望得到自尊的体验，属于 D.成人感12.情绪情感表现可以用“疾风暴雨”来形容的是 B.初中生13.有的高中生对“现实的我”的认识和评价过低，对“理想的我”的认识和评价过高，他们属于 B.自我否定型14.在心理学领域，衡量一个人的智力水平一般使用的概念是 C.智商15.以下不属于元认知成分的是 D.元认知结构16.动物心理实验的首创者是 A.桑代克17.美国认知心理学家奥苏伯尔根据学习进行的方式，把学习分为 D.接受学习和发现学习18.区分多种刺激的不同之处，如区分戌、戍、戊、戎四个字属于 B.多重辨别学习19.陈述性知识的核心成分是 C.概念和命题20.对具体加工方法的选择、运用和调整指的是 B.精加工策略21.学习之间发生迁移时，学习者原有经验的组成要素没有发生变化，即抽象的结构没有变化，只是将一种学习中习得经验的组成要素重新组合并移用于另一种学习之中。
历年公共基础知识真题及答案整理版
历年公共基础知识真题汇总第1题 下列说法正确的是( )。
A. 下行文采用多级行文方式可以提高公文传递的效率，节省公文转发的时间，故下行文提倡使用多级行文方式 B. 一般上行文均可采取越级行文的方式 C. 政府发布的行政法规和重要政策措施等，往往直达行文 D. 平行文多采用直达行文的行文方式【正确答案】：C 第2题 唐代“南青北白唐三彩”中的“南青”是指( )的青瓷。
A. 汝窑B. 越窑C. 邢窑D. 定窑 【正确答案】：B 第3题 下列情况导致对汽车的需求减少的是( )。
A. 汽车的价格下降了B. 汽油的价格下降了C. 消费者的收入提高了D. 消费者预期汽车的价格要下降 【正确答案】：D 第4题 1994年，我国颁布( )。
这是新中国历史上第一个有明确目标、明确对象、明确措施和明确期限的扶贫开发行动纲领。
A. 《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划》B. 《中国农村扶贫开发纲要》C. 《中国反贫困战略》D. 《消除贫困国际合作计划》【正确答案】：A 第5题 下列各项中不属于行政诉讼和行政复议共同适用的基本原则和规定是( )。
A. 不适用调解的规定B. 不停止执行具体符政行文的规定C. 合法性审查原则D. 适当性审查原则【正确答案】：D第6题 在字体字号的选用上，公文的正文一般用( )。
A. 三号仿宋体字B. 四号宋体字C. 四号楷体字D. 五号黑体字 【正确答案】：A 第7题 美国研究人员初步证实，西兰花等十字花科蔬菜中富含被称做异硫酸氰酯的化合物(ITC)，可以优先杀死变异P53基因，并留下正常P53基因。
由P53基因组成的蛋白质有助于阻止癌细胞生长，不过P53基因一旦发生变异，就失去了这些保护作用，而变异的P53基因与差不多一半的人类癌症有关。
西兰花可以防癌的原因是( )。
A. 西兰花中富含的异硫酸氰酯(ITC)能够杀死癌细胞B. 西兰花能够阻止正常的P53基因发生变异C. 西兰花中含有能够消灭变异P53基因，保留正常P53基因的物质D. 西兰花中含有有助于阻止癌细胞生长的蛋白质【正确答案】：C 第8题 1919年，中国在巴黎和会上的外交失败，激起了社会各阶层人士的强烈愤怒。
河南省历年高考真题电子版
河南省历年高考真题电子版一、选择题：本题共13小题，每小题6分，共78分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.生物膜的结构与功能存在密切的联系。
下列有关叙述错误的是()A.叶绿体的类囊体膜上存在催化ATP合成的酶B.溶酶体膜破裂后释放出的酶会造成细胞结构的破坏C.细胞的核膜是双层膜结构，核孔是物质进出细胞核的通道D.线粒体DNA位于线粒体外膜上，编码参与呼吸作用的酶2.生物体内的DNA常与蛋白质结合，以DNA-蛋白质复合物的形式存在。
下列相关叙述错误的是( )A.真核细胞染色体和染色质中都存在DNA-蛋白质复合物B.真核细胞的核中有DNA-蛋白质复合物，而原核细胞的拟核中没有C. 若复合物中的某蛋白参与DNA复制，则该蛋白可能是DNA聚合酶D.若复合物中正在进行RNA的合成，则该复合物中含有RNA聚合酶3.下列有关植物根系吸收利用营养元素的叙述，错误的是( )A.在酸性土壤中，小麦可吸收利用土壤中的N2和NO-3B.农田适时松土有利于农作物根细胞对矿质元素的吸收C.土壤微生物降解植物秸秆产生的无机离子可被根系吸收D.给玉米施肥过多时，会因根系水分外流引起“烧苗”现象X对细胞增值有促进作用，药物D可抑制药物X的作用，某同学将同一瓶小鼠皮肤细胞平均分为甲、乙、丙三组，分别置于培养液中培养，培养过程中进行不同的处理(其中甲组未加药物)，每隔一段时间测定各组细胞数，结果如图所示。
据图分析，下列相关叙述不合理的是X后再进行培养X，培养一段时间后加入药物D，继续培养D，培养一段时间后加入药物X，继续培养X为蛋白质，则药物D可能改变了药物X的空间结构S型增长是受资源因素限制面呈现的结果K值前，密度对其增长的制约逐渐减弱M和N均不能在基本培养基上生长，但M可在添加了氨基酸甲的基本培养基上生长，N可在添加了氨基酸乙的基本培养基上生长，将M和N在同时添加氨基酸甲和乙的基本培养基中混合培养一段时间后;再将菌体接种在基本培养基平板上，发现长出了大肠杆菌(X)的菌落。
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历年高频名词解释：阴病治阳阳病治阴阴盛格阳阴阳格拒五行制化土爰稼穑木火刑金五行胜复五行生克罢极之本脾主升清肺主治节体阴用阳仓廪之官决渎之官上焦如雾中焦如沤下焦如渎奇恒之腑乙癸同源水火既济心肾不交十二皮部一源三歧奇经八脉阴脉之海用热远热用寒远寒通因通用塞因塞用审证求因异病同治热因热用血虚生风津血同源历年高频简答论述：以虚实论阴阳失调肝火上炎，肝阳上亢之别与联系阴阳偏衰的区别联系阴阳互根解释十二经脉在四肢，头面，躯干的分布脏腑之别解释及临床意义。
阴阳偏衰与阴阳互损的区别火、热邪区别与内火、内热之别三焦如何划分，包括的脏腑，生理功能人体血液运行与脏腑功能的关系肺与肾生理联系，病理意义风气内动的概念，成因，病机五行异常克制的类型、原因、区别脾与精、气、血、津液的联系肝肾的生理、病理联系暑邪与热邪伤津耗气机理之异同扶正祛邪的概念，原则，具体方法津血同源、血汗同源二者如何理解有何临床意义督脉循行，功能；阴阳平和质、偏阳质、偏阴质，三种体质的特点；从生理、病理如何理解“肾主二便”营、卫二气的异同；冲脉与女子月经、孕育有何联系何谓“燥易伤肺”胆为何既为六腑之一，又属奇恒之腑痰饮的形成；中医治则中“标”、“本”的含义外风与内风的区别及联系；肝经循行经过的重要脏器及临床指导意义；辨病论治与辨病论治的优劣；1.气脱与亡阳的定义与联系2.热、火、暑的异同点3.逆治与从治的区别联系4.十二经脉在四肢的分布四：论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.何谓肾精、肾气、肾阳、肾阴试述它们之间的关系。
2.阴阳偏衰既可导致相对一方亢盛，又可导致相对一方虚损不足，对此应如何正确理解和分析3.风气内动的概念、成因和病机。
4.“治病求本”与“标本缓急”中的“本”的区别与联系。
单选1、行于腹部的经脉2、2、入耳的经脉3、3、肝经，经胁部4、4、气化：汗血的生成5、5、心主血脉，表现于舌，面---与睡眠关系？6、6、阴阳互根7、7、木火刑金，属于五行相侮多选以阴阳互根解释：A阴中求阳 B阴损及阳 C阳盛格阳 D阳病治阴 E阴虚阳亢2、以阴阳兴奋抑制解释A对立 B制约 C消长 D 互根 E 转化3、入耳的经脉：三小胆4、肝经经过的部位：目系颃颡少腹 ----5、大肠传化：5个脾运等6、气逆：肝肺胃7、行血：心脾肺8、脾病及肾：为什么？9.肺失宣发的病机: A燥热内生 B呼吸不畅 C 卫气壅滞 D 气郁化热 E 痰湿内壅10、行于腹部的经脉：肾胃肝脾任1、阴阳互根用以下解释：A阴中求阳 B 阴损及阳 C 阴盛格阳 D阴病治阳 E 阴虚阳亢2、行于腹部的经脉：A 足太阴 B 足少阴 C 足阳明 D 足厥阴 E任脉3、到达耳的经脉：A 三焦经 B 小肠经 C 胆经 D 肾经E肝经4、与牙有联系的经脉：A肾经 B 大肠经 C 胃经 D 脾经 E 肝经5、脑为：A 元神之府 B 神明之府 C 精明之府 D 中精之府 E 髓海6、津的分布位置：A 肌肉 B 孔窍 C 骨节 D 皮肤 E 脏腑7、何种外邪侵入人体到致痹：A风邪 B寒邪 C 湿邪 D 热邪 E 燥邪8、属于气化的有：A 气的升降 B 气的出入 C 气转变为精 D 汗的产生过程 E 血的生成过程9、正治：A寒者热之 B寒因寒用 C 以热治热 D 通因通用 E 虚则补之10、急则治其标：A 阴水者复感外邪 B大出血 C 臌胀 D 邪热里结，阴液受伤 E 下利清谷不止，又兼身疼痛1、中医学思维方法：试、探等，书上有，就那几个选项2、人体兴奋，抑制用阴阳解释：是否为阴阳的五个方面解释，书上有，就那5个3、肺主一身之气为：A 呼吸之气 B宗气的生成 C 宣发与肃降 D 气的升降出入4、阴阳方面（没记下)5、冲脉：A 主十二经血脉 B 统一身阴脉 C 主生殖6、入耳的经脉：三小胆7、女子胞与（心肝脾肾）的关联8、肝主疏泄与脾的关系多选：津的分布肺失肃降的病机解释？腹部循行的经络？1，宗气功能（）（）（）；2，益火之源以消阴翳用于治疗（）症，内经称其（）；3，五脏的共同生理特点是（）；4，两胁疼痛多是（）疾病，缺盆中痛常是（）病；5，（）和（）既是病理产物，又是致病因素。
多选：1.行于耳中的经脉2.行于腹面的经脉一、名解1.罢极之本：2.阳病治阴：对阴虚阳盛的虚热之证，治以滋阴清热之法。
3.脾主升清:脾气上升，并将其运化的水谷精微，向上转输至心肺头目，通过心肺的作用化生气血，以营养全身。
同时，脾气主升对维持人体内脏相对恒定位置有重要作用。
4五行制化:制即制约、克制；化即化生、变化。
五行制化是指五行之间相互化生，相互制约，以维持平衡协调的关系。
相生与相克是不可分割的两个方面，没有生，就没有事物的发生与成长，没有克，就没有协调关系下的变化与发展，只有生中有克，克中有生，相反相成，协调平衡，才能生化不息。
5乙癸同源：即肝肾同源，又称精血同源。
乙为天干，五行属木，癸为天干，五行属水。
因此中医用乙癸指代肝肾，又称肝肾同源。
肝藏血，肾藏精，血的化生，有赖于肾中精气的气化，肾精充盛，亦有赖血液的滋养。
精能生血，血能化精，故又称精血同源，说明肝肾之间关系极为密切。
具体同源体现三方面：1精血互化，精与血之间存在着相互滋生、相互转化的关系。
2阴阳互生互制，肝肾阴阳互生互制，维持肝肾阴阳的平衡。
3疏泄与封藏互用互制，肝主疏泄、肾主藏精，疏泄与封藏互用互制，以调节女子月经与男子排精功能。
6用热远热7上焦如雾:是对心肺输布营养至全身的作用和形式的形象描写与概括，喻指上焦宣发卫气，敷布水谷精微、血和津液的作用，如雾露之灌溉。
8十二皮部：是十二经脉之气即十二经脉及其所属络脉在体表皮肤一定部位的反映区。
皮部位于人体最浅表部位，与外界直接接触，对外界变化具有调节作用，并依赖布散于体表的卫气，发挥其抗御外邪的作用。
9土爰稼穑：爰，通“曰”；稼，即种植谷物；穑，即收货谷物。
引申为凡具有生化、承载、受纳性质或作用的事物和现象，归属于土。
10中焦如沤：是对脾胃、肝胆等脏腑的消化饮食物的作用和形式的形象描述与概括，喻指中焦消化饮食物的作用，如发酵酿造之过程。
11水火既济：是对心肾两脏之间生理关系的高度概括，又称心肾相交。
水指肾水；火指心火；心火必须下降于肾，使肾水不寒，肾水必须上济于心，使心火不亢，这样心肾之间的生理功能才能协调。
12通因通用：是用攻下通泻药物治疗实性通泄的病证，又称以通治通。
13木火刑金14审证求因：中医学在认识病因时，除了解可能作为致病因素的客观条件外，主要是以病证的临床表现为依据，通过收集、分析疾病的症状、体征来推求病因，为治疗用药提供依据，这种方法称为“审证求因”，又称“辩证求因”。
15肺主治节:指肺气具有治理调节肺之呼吸及全身之气、血、津液的机能。
其生理作用主要体现在四个方面：①治理调节呼吸运动；②治理调节一身之气的运动；③治理调节血液的运行；④治理调节津液的输布代谢。
16一源三岐：指任、督、冲三条经脉皆起于胞中，出于会阴，然后别道而行，故称此三脉为“一源三岐”。
17塞因塞用：是用寒凉药物资料真热假寒的病证，又称以寒治寒。
18用寒远寒19体阴用阳20阴病治阳：对阳虚阴盛的虚寒之证，治以温阳抑阴之法。
21异病同治：不同的疾病中，由于疾病发展的不同阶段，会出现相同或相近似的病理变化，即出现相同或相似的证，根据辨治论治的原则，治法也就相同，这种情况称为异病同治。
22热因热用：即以热治热，是指用热性的药物来治疗具有假热征象的病证，适用于阴盛格阳的真寒假热证。
23奇经八脉：是督脉、任脉、冲脉、带脉、阴跷脉、阳跷脉、阴维脉、阳维脉的总称。
奇经是与正经相对而言的，由于其分布不如十二经脉那样有规律，与五脏六腑没有直接的属络关系，相互之间也没有表里关系，有异于十二正经，故曰“奇经”。
又因其数有八，故称“奇经八脉”。
24阴盛格阳：即真寒假热证。
指阴盛，虚阳浮越，而格阳于外的一种病理状态。
其本质是真寒证。
由于格阳于外，出现假热之象，又称真寒假热证。
二、选择题10个每个 2分共20分1、肝经，经胁部2、心主血脉，表现于舌，面---与睡眠关系3、阴阳互根4、木火刑金，属于五行相侮5、以阴阳兴奋抑制解释 A对立 B制约 C消长 D 互根 E 转化6、肝经经过的部位：目系颃颡少腹 ----7、大肠传化：5个脾运等8、气逆：肝肺胃9行血：心脾肺10、脾病及肾：为相什么11.肺失宣发的病机: A燥热内生 B呼吸不畅 C 卫气壅滞 D 气郁化热 E 痰湿内壅12、阴阳互根用以下解释：A阴中求阳 B 阴损及阳 C 阴盛格阳 D阴病治阳 E 阴虚阳亢13、行于腹部的经脉：A 足太阴 B 足少阴 C 足阳明 D 足厥阴 E任脉14、到达耳的经脉：A 三焦经 B 小肠经 C 胆经 D 肾经E肝经入耳的经脉：三小胆15、与牙有联系的经脉：A肾经 B 大肠经 C 胃经 D 脾经 E 肝经16、脑为：A 元神之府 B 神明之府 C 精明之府 D 中精之府 E 髓海17、津的分布位置：A 肌肉 B 孔窍 C 骨节 D 皮肤 E 脏腑18、何种外邪侵入人体到致痹：A风邪 B寒邪 C 湿邪 D 热邪 E 燥邪19、属于气化的有：A 气的升降 B 气的出入 C 气转变为精 D 汗的产生过程 E 血的生成过程20、正治：A寒者热之 B寒因寒用 C 以热治热 D 通因通用 E 虚则补之21、急则治其标：A 阴水者复感外邪 B大出血 C 臌胀 D 邪热里结，阴液受伤 E 下利清谷不止，又兼身疼痛22、中医学思维方法：试、探等，书上有，就那几个选项23、人体兴奋，抑制用阴阳解释：是否为阴阳的五个方面解释，书上有，就那5个24、肺主一身之气为：A 呼吸之气 B宗气的生成 C 宣发与肃降 D 气的升降出入25、冲脉：A 主十二经血脉 B 统一身阴脉 C 主生殖26、女子胞与（心肝脾肾）的关联：心主血充养胞宫；心藏神调节女子胞的功能。
肝藏血调节女子胞血流量；肝主疏泄通调月经。
脾运化水谷化生气血以供养女子胞；脾主统血以固摄女子胞的血液。
27、肝主疏泄与脾的关系28、肺失肃降的病机解释1、以虚实论阴阳失调2、肝火上炎，肝阳上亢之别与联系一肝炎上炎和肝阳上亢的病机特点：肝火上炎以实证为主；肝阳上亢为本虚标实，上实下虚证，它的病机是肝肾阴虚，阴不制约阳，而导致肝阳上亢的病理表现。
二病机联系：肝火上炎日久不愈，火热伤阴，可致肝阴不足，甚至肝肾阴虚。
阴不制阳，可导致肝阳上亢。
肝阳上亢是肝火上炎的进一步发展。
三病机区别：肝火上炎指肝的气火上逆，升发太过，躁动不宁，病机特点为：“升、热、动”；肝阳上亢指肝阴不足，阴不制阳，或肾阴亏耗，水不涵木，故其病机特点为阴虚阳亢，本虚标实，上盛下虚。
3、辨病论治与辨病论治的优劣；根据病情确定治疗的方法，称为辨病论治；根据证确定治疗的方法，称为辩证论治。