Chain Entanglement链缠结
Chain Entanglement链缠结
6
The ratio of the weight-average and number-average molecular weights, , is a measure of the polydispersity of a polymer mixture how widely distributed the range of molecular weights are in the mixture. A ratio that is around 1.0 indicates that the range of molecular weights in the mixture is narrow; a high ratio indicates that the range is wide.
7
Suppose that you want to travel from Atlanta to Los Angeles, visiting your friends along the way. Unfortunately your friends live only on the eastern and western coasts, leading to a somewhat unconventional journey.
2790
8
The number-average of the miles traveled in the four legs of the journey is 928 miles. This is the average distance traveled in each leg of the journey. It places equal emphasis on each leg. The mass-average of the miles traveled in the four legs of the journey is 2216 miles. This average places a greater emphasis on the leg of the journey with the largest "mass" - that is the fourth leg in which you travel 2790 miles. It is more representative of the major part of your journey.
项链打结最简单方法
项链打结最简单方法
《项链打结，原来如此简单》
嘿，家人们！今天咱就来唠唠这“项链打结最简单方法”。
说起项链打结这事儿啊，那可真是让好多人头疼过。
不知道你们有没有过着急出门呢，结果项链不小心打了个结，解半天都解不开，那个心急火燎呀，感觉时间都在那打结的项链上停滞了。
我以前就深受其害啊，有时候好不容易解开了吧，累得是气喘吁吁，手都酸了。
不过呢，经过我多次的实践和摸索，嘿嘿，我可算是找到了几种简单又好用的方法。
首先呢，就是那个“神奇的双手指法”。
用两只手指捏住项链打结的地方，然后轻轻地、慢慢地顺着结的纹理去捋，就像给它做按摩一样，千万别着急，一着急就容易坏事。
有时候它就像个调皮的小孩，你越急它越不听话，但是你耐心点对它，它就会乖乖地解开啦。
这种方法简单吧，咱老百姓都能用得上。
还有一种“绕圈圈法”也很不错。
把项链绕在一个手指上，然后慢慢地转动手指，让项链跟着绕圈，神奇的是，有时候那个结就自己松开了。
就好像项链自己也觉得打着结不舒服，乖乖地恢复了顺畅。
不过呢，我还得提醒大家一句，项链打结这事啊，最好还是能提前避免。
比如存放项链的时候，别乱揉成一团，找个小盒子或者专门的首饰袋装起来，这样就能大大减少它打结的概率啦。
总之，项链打结不可怕，掌握了方法，分分钟就能搞定。
别再为它烦恼啦，咱开开心心地戴着漂亮的项链出门去，让自己美美的。
咱就把这小小的项链打结当成生活中的一个小插曲，用轻松的心态去面对，用巧妙的方法去解决。
哈哈，是不是感觉十分有趣呀！大家赶紧去试试我分享的这些方法吧，保准让你们告别项链打结的烦恼，轻松戴上心仪的项链，出门闪耀去咯！。
手链打结方法
手链打结方法手链是一种常见的饰品，它可以为我们的手腕增添一份别致的风采。
然而，手链的打结问题却是困扰着许多人的难题。
今天，我将为大家介绍几种常见的手链打结方法，希望能够帮助大家解决这一问题。
首先，我们来介绍一种最常见的手链打结方法——单结。
这种方法适用于细链条的手链，操作简单方便。
首先，将手链穿过手腕，然后在手链的一端打一个简单的结，即可完成打结。
这种方法简单易行，适用于日常佩戴。
其次，我们来介绍一种更为复杂一些的手链打结方法——双结。
这种方法适用于链条较粗、较长的手链。
首先，将手链穿过手腕，然后在手链的一端打一个结，接着再打第二个结。
这样打出的双结不仅能够更牢固地固定手链，还能够增加一份别致的装饰效果。
除了单结和双结之外，还有一种更为特别的手链打结方法——编织结。
这种方法适用于线状手链或者绳状手链。
首先，将手链穿过手腕，然后将手链分成两股，像编织一样交叉打结，直至整条手链都被编织完成。
这种方法打出的编织结不仅能够增加手链的美观度，还能够增加手链的质感。
最后，我们来介绍一种适用于金属手链的打结方法——扣环结。
这种方法适用于金属链条手链，首先，将手链穿过手腕，然后在手链的一端打一个小环，接着将另一端的链条穿过小环，再打一个结。
这样打出的扣环结不仅能够更加牢固地固定手链，还能够增加一份时尚感。
总的来说，手链的打结方法有很多种，我们可以根据手链的材质和款式来选择适合的打结方法。
希望以上介绍的几种方法能够帮助大家解决手链打结的难题，让我们的手链能够更好地展现出魅力。
希望大家都能够找到适合自己的手链打结方法，让手链成为我们日常生活中的一份美好。
不同类型链条的英语单词
不同类型链条的英语单词
在英语中，有许多不同类型的链条，每种链条都有自己独特的名称。
以下是一些常见类型链条的英语单词：
1. 项链 Necklace.
2. 手链 Bracelet.
3. 脚链 Anklet.
4. 领带链 Tie chain.
5. 钥匙链 Keychain.
6. 脖子链 Choker.
7. 腰链 Waist chain.
8. 耳环链 Earring chain.
9. 腕表链 Watch chain.
10. 链带 Belt chain.
11. 链条装饰 Chainmail.
12. 钱包链 Wallet chain.
13. 脚踝链 Foot chain.
14. 长链 Long chain.
15. 短链 Short chain.
16. 金属链 Metal chain.
17. 皮革链 Leather chain.
18. 珠宝链 Jewelry chain.
19. 链条挂饰 Chain pendant.
20. 链条手环 Chain bracelet.
这些是一些常见的链条类型，它们在英语中有各自的专用名称。
希望这些信息能对你有所帮助。
项链缠起来的原理
项链缠起来的原理
项链缠起来的原理是由于项链的链条材质的柔软性和环节的尺寸设计不当，导致链条在佩戴或储存过程中容易扭曲、交织在一起。
当链条的环节相互锁结或者环扣与链条缠绕在一起时，就会形成缠结。
这主要是由于链条的自身重力、运动惯性、摩擦力以及纤维的柔韧性等物理力学因素共同作用的结果。
具体而言，链条在佩戴或储存过程中，由于重力的作用，链条上的环节会自然地向下挂垂。
当链条与其他物体接触或者环节之间相互交错时，会产生摩擦力，使得链条的一些部分相互缠绕在一起。
这种缠结会随着链条的摆动、转动或者拿取而加剧，最终形成一团缠结的链条。
为了避免项链缠结，可以尽量避免链条自由摆动或运动，这样可以减少链条相互交错的机会。
此外，正确储存和佩戴项链，例如将项链平放在首饰盒或具有隔离功能的收纳盒中，可以有效地减少链条缠结的可能性。
另外，适当选择环节尺寸和链条材质，也有助于减少链条缠结的发生。
橡胶英语翻译--高分子物理高分子化学类
结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整，整]度isotacticity间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度，无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation剥离强度peeling strength 疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass 黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular wweight分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer 毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation 折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation 结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition，微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性，弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation。
中式盘绳结的打法
中式盘绳结的打法
中式盘绳结有很多不同的打法，下面为您介绍三种常见打法：
1.双重结：这是较实用的结，结形小巧不易松散。
它常被用于编制结饰的开端或结尾，有时也用来编项链或腰带中间的装饰结。
2.双钱结：又称金钱结或双金线结，是以两个古铜钱状相连而得名，象征“好事成双”。
古时钱又称为泉，与“全”同间，可寓意为“双全”。
本结常被应用于编制项链、腰带等饰物，而利用数个双钱结的组合，更可构成美丽的图案，如云彩、十全结。
3.平结：用途甚广，除了可用来连接粗细相同的绳索外，也可以连续数十个平结编成手镯、项链、门帘，或编制动物图案，如蜻蜒的身体部分。
此外，还有纽扣结等其他打法。
如需了解更多中式盘绳结的打法，建议查阅相关书籍或咨询专业人士。
高分子专业术语中英文对照表
高分子专业术语中英文对照表加工processing反应性加工reactive processing等离子体加工plasma processing加工性processability熔体流动指数melt [flow] index门尼粘度Mooney index塑化plasticizing增塑作用plasticization内增塑作用internal plasticization外增塑作用external plasticization增塑溶胶plastisol增强reinforcing增容作用compatibilization相容性compatibility相溶性intermiscibility生物相容性biocompatibility血液相容性blood compatibility组织相容性tissue compatibility混炼milling, mixing素炼mastication塑炼plastication过炼dead milled橡胶配合rubber compounding共混blend捏和kneading冷轧cold rolling压延性calenderability压延calendering埋置embedding压片preforming模塑molding模压成型compression molding压缩成型compression forming冲压模塑impact moulding, shock moulding叠模压塑stack moulding复合成型composite molding注射成型injection molding注塑压缩成型injection compression molding射流注塑jet molding无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding共注塑coinjection molding气辅注塑gas aided injection molding注塑焊接injection welding传递成型transfer molding树脂传递成型resin transfer molding铸塑cast熔铸fusion casting铸塑成型cast molding单体浇铸monomer casting挤出extrusion共挤出coextrusion多层挤塑multi-layer extrusion共挤吹塑coextrusion blow molding同轴挤塑coaxial extrusion吹胀挤塑blown extrusion挤出吹塑extrusion blow molding挤拉吹塑成型extrusion draw blow molding 反应性挤塑reactive extrusion固相挤出solid-phase extrusion发泡expanding foam后发泡post expansion物理发泡physical foam化学发泡chemical foam吹塑blow molding多层吹塑multi-layer blow molding拉伸吹塑成型stretch blow molding滚塑rotational moulding反应注射成型reaction injection molding, RIM 真空成型vacuum forming无压成型zero ressure molding真空烧结vacuum sintering真空袋成型vacuum bag molding热成型thermal forming拉伸热成型stretch thermoforming袋模塑bag molding糊塑paste molding镶铸imbedding冲压成型impact molding触压成型impression molding层压材料laminate泡沫塑料成型foam molding包模成型drape molding充气吹胀inflation橡胶胶乳rubber latex胶乳latex高分子胶体polymer colloid生橡胶raw rubber，crude rubber硬质胶ebonite再生胶reclaimed rubber充油橡胶oil-extended rubber母胶masterbatch交联crosslinking固化cure光固化photo-cure硫化vulcanization后硫化post cure，post vulcanization自硫[化] bin cure自交联self crosslinking , self curing过硫over cure返硫reversion欠硫under cure动态硫化dynamic vulcanization不均匀硫化heterogeneous vulcanization开始[硫化]效应set-up effect自动硫化self-curing, self-vulcanizing焦烧scorching无压硫化non-pressure cure模压硫化moulding curing常温硫化auto-vulcanization热硫化heat curing蒸汽硫化steam curing微波硫化micro wave curing辐射硫化radiation vulcanization辐射交联radiation crosslinking连续硫化continuous vulcanization无模硫化open vulcanization成纤fiber forming可纺性spinnability纺丝spinning干纺dry spinning湿纺wet spinning干湿法纺丝dry wet spinning干喷湿法纺丝dry jet wet spinning溶液纺丝solution spinning乳液纺丝emulsion spinning乳液闪蒸纺丝法emulsion flash spinning process 喷射纺丝jet spinning喷纺成形spray spinning液晶纺丝liquid crystal spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning凝胶纺[丝] gel spinning反应纺丝reaction spinning静电纺丝electrostatic spinning高压纺丝high-pressure spinning复合纺丝conjugate spinning无纺布non-woven fabrics单丝monofilament, monofil复丝multifilament全取向丝fully oriented yarn中空纤维hollow fiber皮芯纤维sheath core fiber共纺cospinning冷拉伸cold drawing, cold stretching单轴拉伸uniaxial drawing，uniaxial elongation双轴拉伸biaxial drawing多轴拉伸multiaxial drawing皮心效应skin and core effect皮层效应skin effect防缩non-shrink熟成ripening垂挂sag定型sizing起球现象pilling effect捻度twist旦denier特tex纱yarn股strand粘合adhesion反应粘合reaction bonding压敏粘合pressure sensitive adhesion 底漆primer浸渍impregnation浸渍树脂solvent impregnated resin基体matrix聚合物表面活性剂polymeric surfactant 高分子絮凝剂polymeric flocculant预发颗粒pre-expanded bead高分子膜polymeric membraneH-膜H-filmLB膜Langmuir Blodgett film (LB film) 半透膜semipermeable membrane反渗透膜Reverse osmosis membrance多孔膜porous membrane各向异性膜anisotropic membrane正离子交换膜cation exchange membrane 负离子交换膜anionic exchange membrane 吸附树脂polymeric adsorbent添加剂additive固化剂curing agent潜固化剂latent curing agent硫化剂vulcanizing agent给硫剂sulfur donor agent, sulfur donor硫化促进剂vulcanization accelerator硫化活化剂vulcanization activator活化促进剂activating accelerator活化剂activator防焦剂scorch retarder抗硫化返原剂anti-reversion agent塑解剂peptizer偶联剂coupling agent硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent钛酸酯偶联剂titanate coupling agent铝酸酯偶联剂aluminate coupling agent增强剂reinforcing agent增硬剂hardening agent惰性填料inert filler增塑剂plasticizer辅增塑剂coplasticizer增粘剂tackifier增容剂compatibilizer增塑增容剂plasticizer extender分散剂dispersant agent结构控制剂constitution controller色料colorant荧光增白剂optical bleaching agent抗降解剂antidegradant防老剂anti-aging agent防臭氧剂antiozonant抗龟裂剂anticracking agent抗疲劳剂anti-fatigue agent抗微生物剂biocide防蚀剂anti-corrosion agent光致抗蚀剂photoresist防霉剂antiseptic防腐剂rot resistor防潮剂moisture proof agent除臭剂re-odorant抗氧剂antioxidant热稳定剂heat stabilizer抗静电添加剂antistatic additive抗静电剂antistatic agent紫外线稳定剂ultraviolet stabilizer紫外光吸收剂ultraviolet absorber光稳定剂light stabilizer, photostabilizer光屏蔽剂light screener发泡剂foaming agent物理发泡剂physical foaming agent化学发泡剂chemical foaming agent脱模剂releasing agent内脱模剂internal releasing agent外脱模剂external releasing agent阻燃剂flame retardant防火剂fire retardant烧蚀剂ablator润滑剂lubricant湿润剂wetting agent隔离剂separant增韧剂toughening agent抗冲改性剂impact modifier消泡剂antifoaming agent减阻剂drag reducer破乳剂demulsifier粘度改进剂viscosity modifier增稠剂thickening agent, thickener阻黏剂abhesive洗脱剂eluant附聚剂agglomerating agent后处理剂after-treating agent催干剂drier防结皮剂anti-skinning agent纺织品整理剂textile finishing agent－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－高物高化类：结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整]度isotacticity间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度，无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular weight分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性，弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength剥离强度peeling strength疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance 挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation 裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA 应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid假塑性pseudoplastic拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity 剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－聚合反应类：单体monomer官能度functionality平均官能度average functionality双官能［基］单体bifunctional monomer三官能［基］单体trifunctional monomer乙烯基单体vinyl monomer1,1-亚乙烯基单体，偏［二］取代乙烯单体vinylidene monomer1,2-亚乙烯基单体，1,2-二取代乙烯单体vinylene monomer双烯单体，二烯单体diene monomer极性单体polar monomer非极性单体non polar monomer共轭单体conjugated monomer非共轭单体non conjugated monomer活化单体activated monomer官能单体functional monomer大分子单体macromer, macromonomer环状单体cyclic monomer共聚单体comonomer聚合［反应］polymerization均聚反应homopolymerization低聚反应，齐聚反应(曾用名) oligomerization调聚反应telomerization自发聚合spontaneous polymerization预聚合prepolymerization后聚合post polymerization再聚合repolymerization铸塑聚合, 浇铸聚合cast polymerization链［式］聚合chain polymerization烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization双烯［类］聚合diene polymerization加［成］聚［合］addition polymerization自由基聚合，游离基聚合(曾用名) free radical polymerization,radical polymerization控制自由基聚合，可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization，CRP活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization，ATRP反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radical polymerization，RATRP 可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chaintransfer，RAFT氮氧[自由基]调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization，FRP自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerization polymerization自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization氧化还原聚合redox polymerization无活性端聚合，死端聚合(曾用名) dead end polymerization光［致］聚合photo polymerization光引发聚合light initiated polymerization光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization四中心聚合four center polymerization电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization热聚合thermal polymerization电解聚合electrolytic polymerization等离子体聚合plasma polymerization易位聚合metathesis polymerization开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization，ROMP精密聚合precision polymerization环化聚合cyclopolymerization拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization离子［型］聚合ionic polymerization辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization离子对聚合ion pair polymerization正离子聚合，阳离子聚合cationic polymerization碳正离子聚合carbenium ion polymerization,carbocationic polymerization假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization假正离子活［性］聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization活［性］聚合living polymerization两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization配位聚合coordination polymerization配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization插入聚合insertion polymerization定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization 有规立构聚合tactic polymerization全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselective polymerization对映［体］不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization对映［体］对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization异构化聚合isomerization polymerization氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization，GTP消除聚合elimination polymerization模板聚合matrix polymerization,template polymerization插层聚合intercalation polymerization无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization开环聚合ring opening polymerization活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization不死的聚合immortal polymerization酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization聚加成反应，逐步加成聚合(曾用名) polyaddition偶联聚合coupling polymerization序列聚合sequential polymerization闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization氧化聚合oxidative polymerization氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization逐步［增长］聚合step growth polymerization缩聚反应condensation polymerization，polycondensation酯交换型聚合transesterification type polymerization, ester exchange polycondensation自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation均相聚合homogeneous polymerization非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization本体聚合bulk polymerization, mass polymerization固相聚合solid phase polymerization气相聚合gaseous polymerization,gas phase polymerization吸附聚合adsorption polymerization溶液聚合solution polymerization沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization淤浆聚合slurry polymerization悬浮聚合suspension polymerization反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspension polymerization 珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearl polymerization分散聚合dispersion polymerization反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization种子聚合seeding polymerization乳液聚合emulsion polymerization无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization连续聚合continuous polymerization半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization原位聚合in situ polymerization均相缩聚homopolycondensation活化缩聚activated polycondensation熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation固相缩聚solid phase polycondensation体型缩聚three dimensional polycondensation界面聚合interfacial polymerization界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization引发剂initiator引发剂活性activity of initiator聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst自由基引发剂radical initiator偶氮［类］引发剂azo type initiator2,2′偶氮二异丁腈2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator复合引发体系complex initiation system氧化还原引发剂redox initiator电荷转移复合物，电荷转移络合物charge transfer complex, CTC聚合加速剂，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator光敏引发剂photoinitiator双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator，difunctional initiator三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator大分子引发剂macroinitiator引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator, iniferter光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter热引发转移终止剂thermoiniferter正离子催化剂cationic catalyst正离子引发剂cationic initiator负离子引发剂ionioic initiator共引发剂coinitiator烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst后过渡金属催化剂late transition metal catalyst金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst［二］茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAOμ氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂b imetallic μ-oxo alkoxides catalyst双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst桥基茂金属bridged metallocene限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocene catalyst 均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst链引发chain initiation热引发thermal initiation染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation诱导期induction period引发剂效率initiator efficiency诱导分解induced decomposition再引发reinitiation链增长chain growth, chain propagation增长链端propagating chain end活性种reactive species活性中心active center持续自由基persistent radical聚合最高温度ceilling temperature of polymerization链终止chain termination双分子终止bimolecular termination初级自由基终止primary radical termination扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination歧化终止disproportionation termination偶合终止coupling termination单分子终止unimolecular termination自发终止spontaneous termination终止剂terminator链终止剂chain terminating agent假终止pseudotermination自发终止self termination自由基捕获剂radical scavenger旋转光闸法rotating sector method自由基寿命free radical lifetime凝胶效应gel effect自动加速效应autoacceleration effect链转移chain transfer链转移剂chain transfer agent尾咬转移backbitting transfer退化链转移degradation (degradative) chain transfer加成断裂链转移［反应］addition fragmentation chain transfer 链转移常数chain transfer constant①缓聚作用②延迟作用retardation阻聚作用inhibition缓聚剂retarder缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent阻聚剂inhibitor封端［反应］end capping端基terminal group聚合动力学polymerization kinetics聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics聚合热heat of polymerization共聚合［反应］copolymerization二元共聚合binary copolymerization三元共聚合ternary copolymerization竞聚率reactivity ratio自由基共聚合radical copolymerization离子共聚合ionic copolymerization无规共聚合random copolymerization理想共聚合ideal copolymerization交替共聚合alternating copolymerization恒［组］分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization 接枝共聚合graft copolymerization嵌段共聚合block copolymerization开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization共聚合方程copolymerization equation共缩聚copolycondensation逐步共聚合step copolymerization同种增长homopropagation自增长self propagation交叉增长cross propagation前末端基效应penultimate effect交叉终止cross terminationQ值Q valuee值e valueQ,e概念Q, e scheme序列长度分布sequence length distribution侧基反应reaction of pendant group扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender交联crosslinking化学交联chemical crosslinking自交联self crosslinking光交联photocrosslinking交联度degree of crosslinking硫化vulcanization固化curing硫［黄］硫化sulfur vulcanization促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking无规交联random crosslinking交联密度crosslinking density交联指数crosslinking index解聚depolymerization①降解②退化degradation链断裂chain breaking解聚酶depolymerase细菌降解bacterial degradation生物降解biodegradation化学降解chemical degradation辐射降解radiation degradation断链降解chain scission degradation自由基链降解free radical chain degradation无规降解random degradation水解降解hydrolytic degradation热降解thermal degradation热氧化降解thermal oxidative degradation光降解photodegradation光氧化降解photo oxidative degradation力化学降解mechanochemical degradation接枝聚合graft polymerization活化接枝activation grafting接枝点grafting site链支化chain branching支化度degree of branching接枝效率efficiency of grafting接枝度grafting degree辐射诱导接枝radiation induced grafting嵌段聚合block polymerization－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－通用类：高分子macromolecule, polymer超高分子supra polymer天然高分子natural polymer无机高分子inorganic polymer有机高分子organic polymer无机-有机高分子inorganic organic polymer金属有机聚合物organometallic polymer元素高分子element polymer高聚物high polymer聚合物polymer低聚物oligomer二聚体dimer三聚体trimer调聚物telomer预聚物prepolymer均聚物homopolymer无规聚合物random polymer无规卷曲聚合物random coiling polymer头-头聚合物head-to-head polymer头-尾聚合物head-to-tail polymer尾-尾聚合物tail-to-tail polymer反式有规聚合物transtactic polymer顺式有规聚合物cistactic polymer。
手串结绳方法
手串结绳方法
手串的结绳方法因其独特的工艺和美好的寓意，成为了人们日常佩戴的时尚配饰。
手串结绳的方法多种多样，常见的方法有七星结、红麻花结、龙腾结等。
下面介绍一下手串的基本结绳方法：首先，准备好绳子和珠子，按照需要盘绕的长度计算好所需材料。
其次，将珠子穿过绳子中央，然后将两端的绳子向外缠绕一圈，再然后将两端的绳子穿过中央的绳子，最后将两端的绳子向前拉紧。
最后，将珠子移动到穿过绳子中央的两条绳子之间，然后将其中一条绳子沿着珠子穿过，再将这条绳子向前拉紧。
接下来，将另一条绳子也沿着珠子穿过，最后将珠子移动到下一个结点。
以上就是手串结绳的基本方法，需要注意的是，操作过程中要保持绳子和珠子的紧密贴合，手法要轻缓有力，才能做出精美的手串。
手链结绳方法
手链结绳方法手链是一种具有时尚与装饰作用的饰品，而结绳手链更是一种特别有个性的手链款式。
不同的手链结绳方法和不同的绳子材质能带来不同的效果和质感。
下面我们就来介绍一些手链结绳方法，让你做出自己心仪的手链。
1、基础结基础结也称为扣结，这是制作手链时最基础、最简单的结绳方法。
首先，将线剪成两段，打一个结使两段线连接起来，同时排好顺序以方便结绳。
将左线绕过右线，再从右线下方穿过，拉紧即可。
接下来再将右线绕过左线，再从左线下方穿过，拉紧即可，如此反复完成手链制作。
2、扭结扭结的做法其实很简单，两根线以扣结相接，并将其固定。
然后左线铺在右线上方，右线过左线后接着从右边绕一圈，再松下去。
可以通过扭曲线，调整线开始和结束的位置，从而更换新的花纹。
3、蛇形结蛇形结也叫做鳄鱼结，它是一种非常合适给男生做的气质手链。
首先，准备将材料线剪成两段一致长度，并将两根线交叉，然后将左线拧成S形扭曲，并在右线上方，从右侧下方穿过，并拧到右侧。
再将右线连结，进而左线向右穿过。
一直到链的长度满足要求为止。
4、十字绳结十字绳结是一种比较独特的样式，与其他结绳方法相比更具吸引力。
将线剪成短和长两截，交叉成十字形。
在长线的四个角落，放进短线，把两根线隔着十字形绕圈子，做出上下四个角到边角的形状。
接下来将线尾绕到另一个角落，左线向上，右线向下，接着绕圈成圆形。
重复绕圈子的步骤，直到手链长成所希望的长度。
5、玫瑰结玫瑰结是一种浪漫的结绳技巧，它的花瓣形状很像一个真正的玫瑰花。
通过几个简单的步骤，你就可以做出截然不同的手链。
首先，将线剪成两截，将两截线以扣结相连接。
接着，将左线从右线底下绕轮一圈，再从轮顶上穿过轮，接着，拉住左线和右线，将左线在轮底下绕一圈，在轮顶上穿过轮中端穿过，再将左线从花瓣边角沿线穿过。
接下来，继续左线穿翻轮右侧，再穿上轮左侧。
现在，左线形成了一小圆绕在轮之上。
将左线落在花瓣底部，顺着花形往上穿过，通过调整线的起点和方向，完成玫瑰结的制作。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
14
2 Chains One at 10,000;One at 100,000
• Mn = (100,000 + 10,000) /2 = 55,000 • Mw
– 100,000 / 110,000 = .91 – 10,000 / 110,000 = .09 – (100,000 x .91) + (10,000 x .09) = 91,900 – Mw = 91,900
7
Suppose that you want to travel from Atlanta to Los Angeles, visiting your friends along the way. Unfortunately your friends live only on the eastern and western coasts, leading to a somewhat unconventional journey.
21
For polysulfone Tg > 500C; flexible ether linkages increase
mobility and bring the Tg to 190C
22
23
24
Plasticizers
• Sometimes, a polymer has a Tg that is higher than we'd like. That's ok, we just put something in it called a plasticizer. This is a small molecule which will get in between the polymer chains, and space them out from each other. We call this increasing the free volume. When this happens they can slide past each other more easily.
• But even crystalline polymers will have a some amorphous portion. This portion usually makes up 4070% of the polymer sample. This is why the same polymer can have both a glass transition temperature and a melting temperature.
repeating units in the polymer chain.
( ) H H CC
HH
n
• The molecular weight of a particular polymer molecule is a product of the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight of the repeating unit. For instance a particular polyethylene molecule with DP = 1000 will have a molecular weight of 28,000.
4
Averaging
• Because polymeric materials do not consist of strictly identical molecules, but instead are a mixture of many species having different values of DP, the DP of the material only is an average value, . Hence, measured polymer molecular weights are only average values.
CHM 585 / 490
Chapter 7 Properties
1
Chapter 7
• Molecular weight • Tg • Melting Point
2
Chain Entanglement
3
The degree of polymerization
(DP)
• DP in a polymer molecule is the number, n, of
25
DOP
O O
O O
26
Tg versus Melting Point.
• Melting is a transition which occurs in crystalline polymers. Melting happens when the polymer chains fall out of their crystal structures, and become a disordered liquid.
9
10
11
If you look at the numbers you can see that the average person doesn't live in a town of a population of 180,000. Take a look there. most of the people in the combined populations of the four towns live in Memphis, a town with a lot more than 180,000 people. So how do we calculate the size of town that the average person lives in, if the simple average doesn't work?
Start 1: Atlanta, GA 2: Columbia, SC 3: Charlotte, NC 4. New York, NY
Destination 2: Columbia, SC 3. Charlotte, NC 4. New York, NY 5. Los Angeles, CA
Miles 210 90 620 2790
Start
Destination
Miles
1: Atlanta, GA
2: Columbia, SC
210
2: Columbia, SC
3. Charlotte, NC
90
3: Charlotte, NC
4. ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ew York, NY
620
4. New York, NY
5. Los Angeles, CA
What we need is a weighted average.
12
Take Memphis. It has a population of 700,000. The total population of our four cities is 723,500. So the fraction of people who live in Memphis is...
• The probability factor in a weight-average emphasizes the mass of the molecules so that the heavier molecules are more important.
6
The ratio of the weight-average and number-average molecular weights, , is a measure of the polydispersity of a polymer mixture how widely distributed the range of molecular weights are in the mixture. A ratio that is around 1.0 indicates that the range of molecular weights in the mixture is narrow; a high ratio indicates that the range is wide.
• The glass transition is a transition which happens to amorphous polymers; that is, polymers whose chains are not arranged in ordered crystals, but are just strewn around in any old fashion, even though they are in the solid state.
5
Weight Average / Number Average
• The number average is the simple arithmetic mean, representing the total weight of the molecules present divided by the total number of molecules
20
How easily the chains move.
A polymer chain that can move around fairly easily will have a very low Tg, while one that doesn't move so well will have a high one. This makes sense. The more easily a polymer can move, the less heat it takes for the chains to commence wiggling and break out of the rigid glassy state and into the soft rubbery state.