【红宝书】考研英语十年真题-词汇解析(2010年)
2010年考研英语真题及解析
2010年考研英语真题及解析Section I Use of English【文章综述】本文选自The Economist(《经济学家》，是一本专业报道商业和政治新闻的英文周刊), 原文题为Light Work; Questioning the Hawthorne Effect,（《照明效用：质疑霍桑效应》），刊登在该刊2009年6月4日的Finance and Economics（财政与经济学）专栏上。
其题材为科普知识类【考频4次】，文章介绍了著名的“霍桑效应”的产生过程及多年后人们对此所提出的质疑。
【试题连线】…………………………….…【选项分析】……………………………..….In1924 Awerica's National Research Councilsent two engineers to surpervise a series ofexperiments at a telephone-parts factory called theHawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they wouldlearn how shop-floor lightingworkers'productivity. Instead, thestudies ended givingtheir name to the “Hawthorne effect，”the extremely influential idea thatexperimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the woman in the plant.According to 5 of the experimenteda,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased ,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what was done in the experiment；7 something was changed ,productivity rose ,A(n) 8 that were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analsis.The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in stone. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday ,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondaya. Workers 19to be diligent for the first few of the week in any case, beforeThis suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.[A]affected影响[B]achieved 完成[C]extracted 提取；获取[D]restored 恢复2.[A]（ended）at 在某时刻结束[B]（ended）up 最终处于（意料之外的境况）；以……结束[C]（ended）with 以……结束[D] ended）off 结束3.[A]truth 真相[B]sight 看见[C]act 行为[D]proof 证据4.[A]controversial 有争议的[B]perplexing 令人费解的[C]mischievous 恶作剧的[D]ambiguous 意向不明的；模棱两可的5.[A]requirement 要求[B]explanations 解释[C]accounts 描述；叙述[D]assessments 评估6.[A]conclude 推断[B]matter 要紧[C]indicats 表明[D]work 起作用7.[A]as far as 至于[B]for fear that 唯恐[C]in case that 万一；以防[D]so long as 只要8.[A]awareness 意识；知道[B]expectation 期待[C]sentiment 情绪[D]illusion 幻想9.[A]suitable 适合的[B]excessive 过度[C]enough 足够的[D]aboundant 充裕的10.[A]about 关于[B]for 为了[C]on 关于[D]by（oneself）单独地11.[A]compared 比较[B]shown 宣示[C]subjected 使……遭受[D]conveyed 传达12.[A]Contrary to 与……相反的[B]Consistent with 与……相一致的[C]Parallel with 与…相应的[D]Peculiar to 特有的13.[A]evidence 证据[B]guidance 指导[C]implication 暗示；可能的影响（或结果）[D]source 来源14.[A]disputable 有争议的[B]enlightening 给人启迪的[C]reliable 可信的[D]misleading 误导的15.[A]In contrast 相比之下[B]For example 例如[C]In consequence 结果是；因此[D]As usual 像平常一样16.[A]duly 适当地；按时地[B]accidentally 偶然地[C]unpredictably 变幻莫测的[D]suddenly 突然地17.[A]failed（to do）未能做[B]ceased（to do）停止做[C]started（to do）开始做[D]continued（to do）继续做18.[A]Therefore 因此[B]Furthermore 此外；而且[C]However 然而[D]Meanwhile 同时19.[A]attempted（to do）试图做[B]tended（to do）往往会[C]chose（to do）选择做[D]intended（to do）打算做20.[A]breaking 打破；突破[B]climbing 攀升[C]surpassing 超过[D]hitting 达到【核心词汇】allege [əˈledʒ] v.断言，宣称；指控，辩解（al表强调+lege→表强调讲→宣称）;-ed,adj. 声称的；所谓的arise[ə^raiz]v.发生；产生；出现influential[influ^en∫l]adj. 有影响的interpretation[inʌtЗ:pri^tei∫] n.解释；说明plateau[ˈplætəu]n.高原,（发展、增长后的）平稳状态(时期);停滞时期（plat+eau名词后缀→平坦地）slack［slAk］a.懈怠的,松弛的;萧条的n.淡季;(pl.)便裤;-en,v.使松弛，使萧条surpervise [^su:pəvaiz]v. 监督；管理；指导systematic［sisti5mAtik］a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的，成体系的，有规律的;-ic,人或学科（表名词）【超纲词汇】duly[ˈdu:li] adv. 1. 正确地, 适当地,恰当的2. 按时地, 准时地,适时地shop-floor[∫op^flʌ:(r)]n.车间；工厂【常用词组】experiment on/upon 用………做实验give one’s name to以……的名字命名（新生的）事物go up(价格、水平等)上涨；上升；增长in store(for sb) 1. 储备着, 贮藏着2. 将要发生, 就要出现on record有记载的, 记录在案的, 公开发表的pin down 1. 把…固定住; 使动弹不得2. 迫使作出决定, 采取行动slacken off 松懈下来；减缓turn out 结果（是）；原来（是）【答案与详解】1.答案→A 考点→上下文关系与动词词义辨析。
2010年考研英语真题词汇
2010年考研英语真题词汇swine flu 猪流感epidemic 传染病，流行病heightened 提高的，增加的alert 警惕，警戒assemble 召集，召开（会议）severity 严重程度in progress 在进行中hospitalization 长期住院，住院治疗crop up 突然出现，突然发生virtually 几乎，事实上stockpile 库存，积蓄vaccine 疫苗dose （药物的）剂量，一剂relay 转送，转发（信息，消息等）place order 订购，下订单take order 接受订单deliver order 交付订货give order 下订单，订购prevalent 流行的，普遍的agony 极大的痛苦，痛楚ward 监护，守护；挡住，架住；避开；收容ward off 避开，挡住auctioneer 拍卖师，拍卖商bid 出价，投标bull run 牛市态势file for 申请，提交momentum 势头bewilderingly 令人费解地reckon 认为rise bewilderingly 急剧增长enormous egos 膨胀的自我unfashionable 不合时宜的，过时的auction house 拍卖行downturn （经济活动、生产等）下降、衰退fluctuant 波动的slump （价格、数值等）暴跌、不景气、萧条address 发表演说、向…讲话suburban 郊区的crystallize 使明确化、使具体化irony 具有讽刺意味的情况wreak （对某物）造成破坏，造成混乱havoc 灾难，混乱wreak havoc with 给…带来浩劫virtual 实际上的，事实上的tangible 确凿的、实在的，有形的（资产）stereotypical 典型的，带有成见的cue 提示、暗示hygiene 卫生（学）subtle 微妙的disinfecting 消毒的shrewd 精明的adolescent 青春期的ritual 仪式，例行公事slip A in between B and C 将A悄悄放在B和C之间viable 可行的ruthless 无情的、残忍的tactic 策略；战术，战略jury 陪审团qualification 限定性条件，资格，授权entitled 有资格的verdict 裁定，裁决intentional 有意的elite 精英，掌权人物blue-ribbon 一流的、头等的eligible 有资格的，合适的，合格的exempt 免除、豁免unconstitutional 违反宪法的，不符合章程trumpet 大声宣告、大肆宣扬substantially 实质上、大体上intimate 亲近的aviation 航空sustainability 忍受力，持续性sign on with 与…签约translate 导致、造成reciprocate 报答，回报stagnant 停滞的。
考研英语红宝书——10年真题_部分9
【 词性】 ． ?ｎ 【 词义】 奇事： ｔ ｈ ｅ ～ｓ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅｗ ｏ ｒ ｌ ｄ世界奇观 ／ Ｂ ｏ ｏ ｋ ｓ ① 奇迹， ａ ｒ ｅ ｆ ｉ ｌ ｌ ｅ ｄｗ ｉ ｔ ｈｍ ａ ｎ ｙ～ ｓ ． 书中充满了新奇的事物。 惊讶： Ｈ ｅｆ ｅ ｌ ｔ～ ｍ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｌ ｅ ｄｗ ｉ ｔ ｈａ ｗ ｅａ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅＧ ｒ ａ ｎ ｄ ② 惊奇， 面对着大峡谷， 他又惊奇又惶恐。 Ｃ ａ ｎ ｙ ｏ ｎ ． 【 同义】 ｉ ｒ ａ ｃ ｌ ｅ② ｓ ｕ ｒ ｐ ｒ ｉ ｓ ｅ ， ａ ｍ ａ ｚ ｅ ｍ ｅ ｎ ｔ ①ｍ 【 词性】 ． ?ｖ 【 词义】 ａ ｔ ） 感到惊讶， 感到诧异： Ｉ～ ａ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｒ ｕ ｄ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｓ ． 我 ①（ 对他的粗鲁感到惊讶。 想要知道： Ｉ～ ｈ ｏ ｗｙ ｏ ｕｃ ａ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｏｍ ｉ ｓ ｓ ｙ ｏ ｕ ｒ ② 感到疑惑， ｗ ａ ｙ ． 我想知道你是怎样迷路的。 【 词组】 ｎ ｏ（ 或ｌ ｉ ｔ ｔ ｌ ｅ ， ｓ ｍ ａ ｌ ｌ ， ｗ ｈ ａ ｔ ）ｗ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ 难怪， 怪不得 【 派生】 ｗ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｆ ｕ ｌ ［ ｗ ｎ ｄ ｆ ｌ ］ａ ｄ ｊ ． 惊人的， 奇妙的， 极好的 ｕ ｌ ｂ［ ｂ ｌ ｂ ］ｎ ． ⒉ｂ 【 词义】 Ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｌ ｉ ｇ ｈ ｔ ｂ ｕ ｌ ｂｈ ａ ｓ ｇ ｏ ｎ ｅ ．这灯泡不亮了。 ① 灯泡： 状物） ， 球状物 ： Ｒ ｏ ｏ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅ ～ｓ ｉ ｎｐ ｏ ｔ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇｓ ｏ ｉ ｌ ． 把 ② 鳞茎（ 这些球茎扦插在盆栽土壤里。 ｐ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ［ ｐ ｎ ］ｎ ． ⒊ｏ 【 词义】 选择权： Ｉ ｈ ａ ｖ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｍ ｕ ｃ ｈ～ ｉ ｎｔ ｈ ｅ ｍ ａ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｒ ． 在这 ① 选项， 件事情上我无可选择。 ａ ｎ～ｏ ｎａｐ ａ ｃ ｋ ａ ｇ ｅ ｈ ｏ ｌ ｉ ｄ ａ ｙ包价旅游选 ② 买卖的特权： 择权 【 词组】 ｏ ｐ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎｏ ｎｓ ｔ ｈ ． ……的选择权 ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｃ ｔ ［ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｋ ｔ ］ｎ ． ⒋ｉ 【 词义】 本能， 直觉， 天性： Ｗ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｉ ｍ ｅ ｓ ａ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｎ～ ． 我们有时 凭直觉办事。
2010英语考研真题解释
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项 affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项 achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C 项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B。
3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。
所以这里应选择C。
4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。
四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。
5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。
四个选项中有描述含义的是C项 accounts。
6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。
Do not matter 固定表达，故选B。
7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。
8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。
所以选A。
9.C解析：见第8题解析。
10.D解析：见第8题解析。
11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语。
12.A解析：contrary to表示“与…相反“。
根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味的链接词。
2010考研英语真题(含答案)
2010年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may behave let to 14 interpretation of what happed. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which itappeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s crit icism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click"online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whetherit should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investorsare skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in thatthey[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry foropportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if itsstability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
红宝书英语词汇
红宝书英语词汇1-4(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--【红宝书】考研英语词汇（必考词+基础词+超纲词）Unit 1c onsole 安慰，慰问；控制台，仪表板consist 组成，构成；一致，符合consistent 前后一致的，始终如一的constant 坚定的，永恒的，忠实的；经常的，不断的constituent 构成的，组成的；成分，要素constitute 组成，构成；建立，制定constitution 构成，构造；体格，体质；宪法constrain 强迫(某人)做某事construct 建造，构造；创立，构思distinct 有区别的；明显的distinction 差别，区分distinguish 区别，辨别；使杰出overlook 眺望；忽略；宽容，放任overseas 外国的，海外的；在海外fruitful 多产的，果实累累的；富有成效的frustrate 挫败，阻挠，使灰心；使无效fulfil/fulfill 履行，实现，完成；(使)满意function 功能，职责；运行，起作用fund 资金，基金；储备，蕴藏fundamental 基础的，基本的；基本原则anguish 极度痛苦，苦恼；使痛苦，悲痛annoy 使恼怒，使生气；打搅，骚扰annual 每年的；全年的；年刊，年鉴monopoly 垄断，专卖monotonous 单调无聊的，毫无变化的mood 心境，情绪；语气transmission 播送，发射，传送，传染，传播transmit 传送，传递；播送，发射；传染，传播transplant 移植，移种；移居transport 运输，运送；运输系统，运载工具stride 阔步前进；大步，阔步strike 打击，进攻；罢工；偶然发现striking 显着的，突出的string 细绳；一连串，一系列；串起structure 建筑物；结构，构造stun 使震惊，使晕倒；晕眩，惊倒primary 初级的，最初的；首要的；基本的prime 第一的，原始的；初期，全盛时期；使准备好，做准备primitive 早期的；简单的，粗糙的，落后的principal 最重要的，主要的；负责人；资本；主角；当事人principle 原理，原则psychiatry 精神病学，精神病治疗法psychology 心理学，心理；心理特征liability 责任，义务；债务；倾向liable 负有(法律)责任的，有义务的；易出问题的，易患病的liberal 不严格的；(政治或经济上)自由的，支持(社会、政治)变革的；慷慨的；宽容的人，开明的人liberate 解放，释放，使自由license/licence 许可证，执照；准许，认可innocent 清白的，无罪的；天真的，单纯的innovation 革新，改革；新方法，新技术，新思想environment 环境，客观环境，自然环境，生态环境enterprise 事业心，进取心；事业，企(事)业单位entertain 招待，款待；使有兴趣entertainment 招待，款待；文娱节目【红宝书】必考词——?unit?2pose 摆姿势，炫耀；提出；陈述；产生，引起，造成；冒充，假扮；姿势；姿态position 位置，地方；地位，身份，等级；职位；姿态；见解，立场，态度；处境，状况；安置；安装；使处于，定位positive 积极乐观的，自信的；确实的，明确的，肯定的；积极的，建设性的；十足的,完全的；优势,优点possess 拥有(某物)；拥有(某种品质或才能)；支配，控制possession 拥有；所有权；财产，所有物dilute 冲淡；削弱，降低；稀释的，冲淡的dim 暗淡的，模糊的；愚笨的；不乐观的diminish 削弱，减少，缩小；贬低，轻视amateur 业余爱好者；外行；业余爱好的；外行的amaze 使惊愕，使惊异ambiguous 含糊不清的，模棱两可的，不明确的ambition 野心；雄心，抱负；追求的目标ambitious 有雄心的，野心勃勃的；费力的；耗时的；耗资的；艰巨的bubble 水泡，气泡；幻想的计划budget 预算；财政收支状况；做预算，按计划花钱build 体形，体格，身材；结构；建造，建立business 商业，生意，营业额；任务，职责，公事；企业，公司，店铺，商号compress 压缩；精简，浓缩comprise 包含，包括；构成，组成compromise 妥协，折中conceive 构想出，设想；想象；认为concentrate 集中，专心；浓缩；浓缩物concept 观念，概念conception 概念，观念，计划，意图；设想；怀孕concern 关心，挂念；涉及，关系到concise 简明的，简洁的concrete 具体的，确实的；混凝土；用混凝土修筑conclude 结束，终止；断定，下结论；缔结；议定conclusion 结束，终结；结论，推论confer 商谈，商议；授予，赋予conference 会议，讨论会confess 坦白，承认，忏悔epidemic 流行性的，传染的；流行病；泛滥，传播episode 片断，一段情节；一集epoch 时代，纪元，时期indifferent 冷淡的，不关心的，不积极的；一般的，平庸的；不偏的，中立的indignant 愤怒的，愤慨的indignation 愤怒，愤慨indispensable 必不可少的，必需的individual 个人的，单独的；独特的；个人，与众不同的人mess 混乱，困境；脏乱；弄脏，弄乱message 通讯，消息，信息；启示，要旨，主题思想,寓意；(用电脑、手机等)给……发消息messenger 送信者，使者method 方法，措施；方式；条理，规律militant 好战的，积极从事或支持使用武力的，激进的military 军事的，军用的，军队的；军队，军方，军人mind 头脑，精神；悟性；注意力；在乎redeem 补救，弥补；(尤指基督教的)拯救，救赎；付清；兑现；履行，遵守reduce 减少，缩小；简化；还原reduction 减少，缩小refer 提到；参考；询问，查询reference 提及，涉及；参考，参照；查阅；推荐信spoil 损坏，毁坏；宠坏，溺爱sponsor 发起者，赞助者；发起，举办；资助，赞助spread 伸展；散布，传播；(使)蔓延，扩散，延伸；广泛，多样；差额，价差spur 促进，激励，鞭策；刺激spy 间谍，密探；刺探；搜集情报；发现stability 稳定（性），安定（性）stable 稳定的，安定的；沉稳的，可靠的staff 全体职员，行政人员；为（某部门）配备人员stage 舞台；阶段，时期；步骤【红宝书】必考词—— unit 3Unit 3remote 疏远的，远离的；遥远的，偏僻的remove 搬迁，移动；挪走；消除；开除，撤职removal 移动，迁居；除去，切除remain 剩下，余留；留待；仍然是remainder 剩余物，残余部分；其他人员；余数remains 残余；遗迹，废墟remedy 治疗，药品；补救，纠正；革除，消除remember 记得，回想起remind 提醒，使想起render 使成为；给予，回报；提出contemporary 同时代的；当代的；同代人contempt 轻视，轻蔑content 容量；内容；满足，愿意contend 竞争，争夺；声称，主张contest 竞赛，比赛；争夺，争论context 语境；环境，背景continual 不断的，连续的continue 连续，继续continuous 连续的，持续的contract 合同，契约；缩小，缩短，缩紧contradict 反驳；同……相矛盾contrary 相反的，对抗的；对方的；反对，对立面contrast 使成对比；对照，对比diverse 多种多样的，不同的diversion 转向，转移；娱乐，消遣divert 转移某人的注意力；转向；挪用资金divide 划分；分配；分开，隔开dividend 股息，红利，报酬division 分开，分配；部门；分歧document 文件，文献documentary 文献的，文件的；纪录片execute 实行，实施，履行executive 实行的，执行的，行政的；总经理，董事exemplify 列举，举例证明exert 用(力)，尽(力)；发挥；施加(压力等)exhaust 抽完；耗尽；排气装置；废气exist 存在，生活existence 存在，生存，生活exotic 由外国引进的；吸引人的；外来物，外来语moral 道德的，道义的；寓意morality 道德，美德moreover 再者，此外，而且mostly 主要地，大部分，基本上prior 先前的；优先的；更重要的priority 先前，优先，优先权privacy 隐居；私事，隐私private 私人的，个体的；秘密的privilege 特权，优惠；特殊的待遇prove 证明；检验，考验，鉴定provide 提供；规定provided 倘若，只要，假如prudent 谨慎的，小心的；有先见之明的subject 题目，主题；学科，科目；受……支配的；需要……的subjective 主观的，个人的submit 屈服，投降；听从；提交subordinate 下级的；附属的，次要的subscribe 捐助；订阅；同意；签名subsequent 随后的，后来的substance 物质；基本内容；财力，资产substantial 实质的，真实的；坚固的；大量的，富裕的；重要的substitute 代替者，代替物；代替，替换subtle 微妙的；细致的；敏锐的；精妙的treat 对待，处理；论述，探讨；款待，请客treaty 条约trend 倾向，趋势；时髦，时尚associate 联系，联合，结合；联合的，合伙的association 协会，团体；联系；联想amend 修改，修订；改进，改善among(st) 在……之中，在……中间amount 数量，总额；达到……之多ample 充足的，丰富的；宽敞的，面积大的amuse 逗乐，给……提供娱乐anchor 精神支柱；抛锚，停留；固定，扎根【红宝书】必考词—— unit 4stand 站立；坐落，位于；坚持；经受，忍受；台，座standard 标准，水平，规格，规范；普通的，标准的standpoint 立场，观点start 开始；出发；启动；开端，开始，起点；吃惊startle 惊讶，惊吓，使吃惊starve 挨饿；急需，渴望state 状态，情况；国，州；陈述，说明statement 声明，陈述statesman 政治家，国务活动家statistics 统计数据；统计资料；统计学statue 塑像，雕塑status 地位，身份；情形，状况statute 法令，法规，规则，条例stay 停留；保持；逗留；作客steady 牢固的；坚定的；使稳固，使稳定steer 掌舵，驾驶；带领，指导stem 茎，干；制止，阻止；起源于某事物step 脚步；台阶；步骤，措施；踏，走stern 严厉的，严肃的，严格的；船尾，飞机尾部anonymous 匿名的；无特色的answer 答案，回答；响应；符合anticipate 预期，期望；先发制人；使提前发生anxiety 焦虑，担心，不安；渴望，热望anxious 焦虑的，发愁的；渴望的，急切的apart 分离，分开；相隔；单独地，个别地；分离的assassinate 暗杀，行刺；破坏assault 攻击，袭击；强暴assemble 集合，召集；装配，组装assembly 集合，集会；装配，安装assert 主张，维护component 一部分的，组成的；组成部分，成份，部件compose 组成；创作；使平静composition 作品；作曲；结构；组成comprehend 理解，了解comprehension 理解，了解comprehensive 广泛的，综合的condemn 谴责；判刑condense 压缩，凝结，使简洁condition 状况，状态；环境，情况conduct 行为，举止；引导；处理；指挥；传导conductor 领队，指挥；售票员，列车员；导体，导线disable 使残疾（废）disappear 不见，消失disappoint 使失望，使扫兴discipline 纪律；训练，自制力；行为准则；(尤指大学里的)学科，专业，科目disclose 揭露，透露，使公开discover 发现discovery 发现；被发现的事物hoist 举起，升起，吊起hold 抓住；抑制；容纳；举行；掌握；控制holder 持有者，占有者；支持物household 家庭；家庭的however 无论如何，不管怎样；然而huddle 蜷缩；聚集在一起narrative 叙述性的；叙述narrow 狭窄的；狭隘的nasty 龌龊的；下流的，讨厌的，严重的nation 民族，国家national 民族的，国家的，国立的nationality 国籍；民族native 本地的，本国的；天生的；本地人，本国人natural 自然的；天生的nature 大自然；本性，天性overall 全面的，总体的；全部；总体上；工作服，工装裤overcome 克服，占胜overlap 重叠，部分重叠portion 部分，分配possibility 可能，可能性；希望；机会possible 可能的；潜在的，合适的，合适的人（或物）potential 潜在性，可能性；潜在的，可能的pour 倒，注，灌；倾泻，涌流。
考研真题答案2010英语
考研真题答案2010英语本文为考研真题2010年英语科目的答案解析。
以下将根据题目顺序逐一给出答案，并提供详细的解析和分析。
Section I Use of English1. 【答案】D) dedication【解析】本题考查名词辨析。
dedication意为“奉献、投入”，符合句意和语境。
2. 【答案】C) embarrassed【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。
embarrassed表示“尴尬的、局促不安的”，符合句意和语境。
3. 【答案】A) remove【解析】本题考查动词辨析。
remove意为“移除、搬开”，符合句意和语境。
4. 【答案】B) interacting【解析】本题考查动词辨析。
interacting表示“互动”，符合句意和语境。
5. 【答案】D) consequence【解析】本题考查名词辨析。
consequence意为“结果、后果”，符合句意和语境。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A6. 【答案】D) in time【解析】本题考查固定短语辨析。
句意为“年轻时，Berlioz（意指法国作曲家埃克托尔·贝里奥兹）没有足够的时间去追随他天才的音乐才华。
”in time意为“及时”，符合句意和语境。
7. 【答案】C) It was demanding to make a living as a musician.【解析】本题考查细节理解。
根据第二段第一句可知，即使在大都市巴黎，要靠音乐谋生也是十分困难的。
故选C。
8. 【答案】A) The breathtaking effects of his symphonies.【解析】本题考查细节理解。
根据第四段第一句可知，贝里奥兹音乐的惊人效果为当时的听众所吃惊。
故选A。
9. 【答案】B) The inadequacy of his grammar and vocabulary.【解析】本题考查细节理解。