2014年厦门大学考博人文素质题目及语文通论
厦门大学现当代文学专业试题2000
厦门大学现当代文学专业试题2000-2004厦门大学中文系现当代文学专业试题2000年考题一，解释（20）1，“三大主义”2，“语丝”文体3，太阳社4，《重放的鲜花》5，寻根文学二，简答（30）1，20世纪30年代的中国诗歌，在思想倾向上大致可以分为拿几种情况？2，曹禺的《日出》在思想艺术上比起《雷雨》有什么变化？3，你如何看待60年代杨朔的散文？三，论述题（50）1，分析下面一段散文（《这样的战士》），谈谈鲁迅写作《野草》时的精神状态。
（20）2，谈谈鲁迅开创的“改造国民性”的文学主题在20世纪中国文学史上的延续和发展。
科目：文艺理论一，解释题（30）1，艺术真实2，现实主义文学3，现代主义文学4，“有我之境、无我之境”5，接受美学二，评述题（30）1，“蜘蛛的活动同织工的活动相似，蜜蜂建筑蜂房的本领使人间的许多建筑师感到惭愧。
但是，最蹩脚的建筑师从一开始就比最灵巧的蜜蜂高明的地方，是他在用蜂蜡建筑蜂房以前，已经在自己的头脑中把它建成了。
劳动过程结束时得到的结果，在这个过程开始时就已经在劳动者的表象中存在着，即已经观念地存在着。
”2，“……人们只看到，艺术和科学不是同一件东西，都不知道它们之间的差别根本不在内容，而在处理一定内容时所用的方法。
哲学家用三段论法，诗人用形象和图画说话，然而他们所说的都是同一件事。
……一个是证明，一个是显示，可是他们都是说服，所不同的只是一个用逻辑结论，另一个用图画而已。
”三，论述题。
（40）1，为什么说美学的观点和历史的观点是马克思主义批评的总原则和方法论？2，结合文学史上的现象谈谈继承和创新的关系。
考试科目：中外文学（中国文学部分50%）一，请指出以下作品的作者、写作年代，并简要概述其内容。
（30）1，《九辩》2，《七发》3，《归去来辞》4，《长安古意》5，《茅屋为秋风所破歌》6，《师说》7，《莺莺传》8，《永遇乐》（千古江山）9，《琵琶记》10，《镜花缘》二，试述晚明社会思想背景对文学创作的影响。
2014年综合性大学自主选拔录取联合考试人文科学基础——文科试卷语文
2014年综合性大学自主选拔录取联合考试人文科学基础——文科试卷语文高三2014-04-11 18:392014年综合性大学自主选拔录取联合考试人文科学基础——文科试卷语文部分一、选择题（每小题2分，共10分）1.与“常、胖、剑”不是一类的是（）A 吊B 畔C 到2.下列成语正确的是（）A 一脉相成B 按部就班C 带罪立功3.“六六三十六”最多可以有几种解释（A 1B 3C 54.“红楼隔雨相望冷，珠箔飘灯独自归”的作者是( )A 杜甫B 李白C 李商隐5.王国维描述的三种学术境界中最初的一种是（）A 衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。
B 昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望尽天涯路。
C 众里寻他千百度，暮然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处。
二.填空题（每空1分，共10分）6.有一种江湖黑话，“布”用“摆故”表示；“普”用“排骨”表示；据此“母”可以用两个字“____”和“____”表示。
7.很多人的第一次骄傲____是从戴上北大____清华的校徽开始的。
8.同是我这一个人，要写正经的文章就为了推敲一个字_____出心肝，若写些所谓小品，我却是日试万言，_____可待。
9.研究学习调查分析保证 _____ ______10.高端大气上档次，低调奢华_______;时尚亮丽________,可爱乡村非主流。
三.将下段古文翻译成现代汉语(20分)11.今王公大人其所富其所贵皆王公大人骨肉之亲无故富贵面目美好者也今王公大人骨肉之亲无故富贵面目美好者焉故必知哉若不知使治其国家则其国家之乱可得而知也今天下之士君子皆欲富贵而恶贫贱然女何为而得富贵而辟贫贱哉曰莫若为王公大人骨肉之亲无故富贵面目美好者王公大人骨肉之亲无故富贵面目美好者此非可学而能者也使不知辩德行之厚若禹汤文武不加得也王公大人骨肉之亲躄喑聋瞽@暴为桀纣不加失也是故以赏不当贤罚不当暴…… 若此则饥者不得食寒者不得衣乱者不得治----选自《墨子. 尚贤下》@躄(bi),跛足；喑（yin）,哑巴；瞽（gu）,瞎子。
厦门大学博士入学考试试题
厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part ADirections:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have tomake sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?A.He believes that there are too many MBAsB.He believes that the degree is over-valuedC.He believes that standards are inconsistentD.He believes that the degree has dubious value2. According to the passage, employers_________.A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinkingmanagement structures3. According to the passage_________.A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training need to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not need to write letters.4. In the writer's opinion_________.A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more trainingB.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential abilityC.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAspanies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in theirown staffPassage 2One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learningtheory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes theirdependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of theirdrinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming thesignal for another bout of alcohol abuse?8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxietiesⅡ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking boutsⅢ. punishment for alcoholic behaviorA.Ⅰ onlyB.Ⅰ and Ⅱ onlyC.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and ⅢD.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulusgeneralization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order toinduce him to drink.D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage themto abstain from drinking.Part BSummary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineMalnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused bycontaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.A.veilB.viewC.fringeD.profile2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.A.proscribedB.inscribedC.prescribedD.described3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.A.evadeB.deludeC.secludeD.invade4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.A.promoteB.strengthenC.assertD.assess6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.A.symposiumB.symphonyC.spectrogramD.synthesis7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.A.preoccupiedB.onerousC.triflingD.omnipresent8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.A.shammingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.A.distractedB.deviatedC.intriguedD.permeated10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A.intent onB.provokedC.elatedD.pruned11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.A.inspectB.expeditedC.upholdD.reinstall12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A.indulgedB.troubledC.exertedD.frustrated13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.A.rectifyB.rebukeC.negotiateD.reconcile14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.A.assuranceB.warrantC.guaranteeD.insurance15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.A.desertsB.deflectsC.detainsD.threw16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.A.extravagantB.prominentC.prescientD.eternal18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.A.by accidentB.on averageC.on occasionD.at random19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.A.pleaB.petitionC.patentD.claim20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.A.previewB.forestallC.igniteD.fluctuateⅢ. Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of Frenchrespondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.Ⅳ. Writing (15%)Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.试题详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part A1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题第一篇：2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题一、名词解释epicranial aponeurosis椎前筋膜iliotibial tract奇静脉肋膈隐窝二、面侧深区的境界及内容三、胸锁乳突肌区的境界及内容四、上纵隔的层级结构五、腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜的延续及临床意义六、盆筋膜壁层和盆筋膜壁层的配布七、肩关节及肩袖的组成八、胸部交感干的形成及节前节后纤维的走向九、上运动神经元和下运动神经元的鉴别十、肾筋膜的延续和临床意义第二篇：复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题04复旦考博入学试题——文史哲综合名词解释（6*5）：魔幻现实主义；类书；玄言诗；“形而上”；词汇学；？填空（10*1’）：[古今中外都有，难度不大，关键是范围广，不易复习，感觉只能靠平时积累] 选择（15*1’）：[感觉与填空差不多，如1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者是哪一位？] 论述（8题选三，3*15’）：1、请对儒家的几个代表人物的思想说说你的看法及其现实意义；2、谈谈人文学科对于科技和经济的导向作用；3、试述“垮掉的一代”创作思潮的特点及其对于中国青年文学的影响；4、乾嘉学派在文献整理方面的成就；5、民族和国家的文化交流对古代文学的影响；复旦大学——文史哲专业2003年博士研究生入学考试试题2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等六个方向。
一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）相对真理文字资治通鉴新感觉派五经元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）1、反映论是----的认识论。
2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的-------。
3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代5。
同光体发生年代6。
三言是指7。
甲骨文以前的成体系文字是------8。
厦门大学历届试题word精品文档12页
厦门大学2019年招收读硕士学位研究生管理学原理部分一, 名词解释(12分)职能工长制秩序原则权威接受理论直线部门二, 简答题(18分)1,有效的管理为什么说是既要使组织适应环境,又要为组织创造和选择一个良好的外部环境? 2,请简述非正式组织的存在对正式组织目标实现的影响作用.3,请你对”合作社会系统学派”的观点进行评价.三,论述题(20分)请结合实际,特别结合是现代社会经济与科学技术的发展对管理的影响,谈谈你对管理既是一门科学又是一门艺术的认识和看法.财务管理部分一,名词解释(15分)资本结构直接筹资融资租赁财务风险净现值二,问答题(24分)1,企业公积金来源.2,你认为企业财务目标是什么?为什么?3,中国人民银行重新界定的流动资金贷款种类及其内容.4,长期借款与长期债券比较分析.三,计算题(11分)东方公司向银行贷款800万元,期限5年,年利率10%.银行要求按年度等额还本付息(年末支付),①按复利计算,每年偿还额应为多少?②按单利计算每年偿还额又是多少?(PVIFA10%,5=3.791)市场营销学部分一,名词解释(每题3分,共12分)市场市场营销社会市场营销观念市场营销组合二,简答题(每题6分,共18分)1,请比较无差异性目标市场策略,差异性目标市场策略和集中性目标市场策略三者的异同点,并分析各自的应用条件.2,请分析快速渗透战略的应用条件.3,请阐述日用消费品的销售渠道策略.三,论述题(20分)为什么说以消费者需求为中心的营销观念的产生是一场重要的思想革命?人力资源管理部分一,名词解释(每题5分,共20分)1,何谓人事管理2,人类的三大需要是什么?3,人事部主任的作用4,何谓工作满意度二,简答题(每题8分,共16分)1,人事管理面临怎样的挑战?2,人事考核的基本原则.三,论述题(14分)何谓能力考核与态度考核?请你论述能力与态度之间的相关与区别,并举例说明你个人的观点:选拔人员时是能力更重要,还是态度更重要?2019年企业管理专业课试题厦门大学2019年招收读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一管理学原理部分(50分)(一)名词解释(12分)共享权力组织界限社会人前馈控制(二)简述题(28分)1,请用马克思的管理二重性理论对西方管理理论中的“诱因≥贡献”理论进行评析.2,请简述你对人际关系学说的评价与认识.3,你对管理理论走出理论丛林的认识.4,请谈谈目标在整个管理过程中的地位与作用.(三)论述题(10分)有人认为,我国当前的管理水平还不如当年泰罗的“科学管理理论”,对此,你是如何认识的?请谈谈你对我国当前企业管理水平的看法与评价.二财务管理部分(50分)(一)名词解释(12分)权益资本财务危机成本EBIT 内含报酬率(二)简述题(28分)1,简述可转换债券的一般特点及我国现行可转换债券的特征.2,简述营业租赁与融资租赁的区别.3,举例说明财务杠杆的作用.4,简述长期贷款合同中银行对借款企业的一般性限制条款.(三)计算题(10分)1996年环宇公司信用条件为30天付款,无现金折扣,平均收现期为40天,销售收入为10万元,预计2019年的销售利润率与1996年相同,仍保持15%.现为了扩大销售,公司财务部门制定了两个方案.方案一:信用条件”3/10,n/20”，预计销售收入将增加3万元，增加的销售额中，坏账损失率为3%，客户获得现金折扣的比率为60%，平均收现期为15天。
厦门大学人类学01-10年专业课真题
1999年试题招生专业：民族学考试课程：文化人类学一.名词解释（30）文化相对论文化区文化丛巫术涵化对偶家庭人科二.问答题（一）论述亲属分类的原则（20）（二）为什么说文化既是稳定的又是变迁的？简述文化变迁的原因，举例说明文化变迁的质变形式和量变形式。
（20）（三）阐述：（1）参与观察与直接观察的区别（2）参与观察的参与的意义（3）参与观察的优点与缺点（4）正式访谈和非正式访谈各自的特点（30）招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学概论研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*5）涵化民族志田野作业从妻居莫斯二.论述题（3*25）（1）简述文化人类学与其他人文社会科学的主要差异（2）简述生命的“通过礼仪”的主要内容以及其象征意喻与社会的相互关系。
（3）谈谈乡土社会的主要特点以及在中国现代化进程中的这些特点的作用。
招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学史研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*6）1.复兴运动2.濡化3.集体表象4.文化模式5.马林诺斯基二.问答题1.试述柴尔德、怀特、斯图尔德、萨林斯和塞维斯新进化理论的异同？（30）2.法国社会学派解释社会事实的主要原则是什么？（20）3.试述古典进化论理论的基本特点（20）2000年试题招生专业：民族学考试课程：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*6）1.园圃农业2.新石器时代3.民族4.扩大家庭5.萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说6.符号二.问答题1.简述国家的产生（25）2.宗教信仰的发展与社会结构有哪些关系？（20）3.阐述文化与生态环境的相互影响。
（25）招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学概论研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*5）进化论参与观察小传统人格利奇二.论述题（25*3）1.简述人类学作为一们学科产生的主要根据2.论述“传播学派”的基本主张与局限3.请用所学过的人类学知识分析“经济全球化”与“文化多元化”的关系，并举例说明。
招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学史研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（6*5）1.怀特2.佩里3.涵化4.《菊与刀》5.亚文化6.文化取代二.问答题1.涂尔干确立的社会学方法论准则包括哪些主要内容？（20）2.试述认识人类学研究的基本方法？（20）3.试论新进化论与古典进化论的异同？（30）［此帖子已被辄馨在 2009-1-11 21:34:02 编辑过］［此帖子已被辄馨在 2010-1-12 22:16:27 编辑过］作者：辄馨发表时间：2006-4-17 2:10:292001年试题招生专业：民族学考试课程：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*7）1.民族志2.问卷3.产翁4.社区5.失范6.交感巫术7.百越二．简答题1.简述田野访谈的类别及其优缺点、相互关系（20）2.试论语言与文化的相互影响（20）3.试论原始社会婚姻形态的演变及其对社会产生的影响（25）招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学概论研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（5*6）人种民族中心主义新考古学手势语匮乏文化二．问答题1.试论述人类学的研究对象、学科特色（或本质）、分科体系和研究方法（30）2.试述人种的传统分类、分布和影响人种形成的主要因素（20）（考生不必答出各人种的具体特征）3.试述宗教的功能（20）招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学史研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释（6*5）1.摩尔根2.文化变迁3.《家庭、私有制与国家的起源》4.社会化5.民族学6.文化二．问答题1.试述泰勒对人类学所作出的贡献？（30）2.试述赫斯科维茨文化相对论的基本观点？（20）3.象征人类学有那些特点？（20）2002年试题（缺）厦门大学2003年人类学试题（分值不详）招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学理论方法研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释社会人类学林惠祥黑巫术主位客位相对论入赘二．论述布朗与列维-斯特劳斯“结构”研究的区别？文化生态学理论方法？克娄伯的语言观招生专业：民族学考试课程：人类学概论研究方向：文化人类学一．名词解释巫术文化体质人类学符号语言人类学相对论二．论述文化人类学的方法论有哪些？田野工作理论方法具体方法？全球背景下的民族文化？［此帖子已被辄馨在 2006-9-10 2:00:31 编辑过］作者：辄馨发表时间：2006-4-17 2:11:062004年文化人类学理论与方法名词解释（56分，每小题7分）1、恋母情结；2、边缘遗存；3、前万物有灵论；4、施密特（Schmidt,1868-1954）;5、母系继嗣；6、政治人类学；7、联合家庭；8、整体观问答题：试述文化相对论的基本观点？（25分）马文-哈里斯是如何分类社会文化体系的？（25分）拉德克利夫-布朗的思想渊源有哪几方面？（24分）列维-斯特劳斯的哲学观有哪些特点？（20分）2004人类学通论一、名词解释（42分，每题6分）1、人科2、文明3、新石器时代4、族群5、萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说6、继嗣群7、萨满教二、问答题（108分）1、试述物质文化研究的内容（32分）2、论述田野工作的研究角度（38分）3、举例分析文化生态学的方法（38分）2005年文化人类学理论与方法一、名词解释：（56分，每题7分）1、文化；2、社会网络；3、自然宗教；4、表层结构；5、族群；6、主干家庭；7、林耀华；8、过渡礼仪二、问答题：（94分）1、恩格斯是如何评价摩尔根的？（20分）2、研究文化变迁有哪几种方法？（24分）3、试述怀特在人类学中的贡献？（25分）4、改革开放以后，中国人类学与民族学取得了哪些重要成果？（25分）2005年人类学通论问答题（108分， 3、4题任选一题）简述何为物质文化，并举例说明物质文化与制度文化、精神文化的关系。
厦门大学704人类学通论2014年考研初试专业课真题答案解析
厦门大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析科目代码：704科目名称：人类学通论招生专业：人类学、民族学、中国少数民族史考生须知：答题书写须使用黑（蓝）色字迹钢笔、签字笔或圆珠笔；各类答案（包括选择题、填空题）均必须写在答题纸上规定处，不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分，后果考生自负。
一、名词解释（总分值50分，每小题分值10分）1、戏虐关系【考查重点】：属于课外知识点，可以参考《天真的人类学家》【答案解析】：由英国结构功能主义的代表人物，拉德克里夫-布朗提出，认为一些社会承认某些人或某些范畴人之间的一种特别关系，这种关系应该是相互戏谑、彼此亲密的。
戏谑关系是指一种存在于两个人（或两个团体）间的关系，按照习俗，一方可以向另一方戏谑揶揄，后者不得引以为忤。
有时戏谑是相互的行为。
戏谑的实际形式差异很大，但猥亵和取走财务是最平常的形式。
此种关系式一种友情与敌意的混合，它常见于具有冲突可能性但极力避免的情况中。
此种具有双重价值的关系，能够经由尊敬、回避或允许相互轻视、放纵而产生一种稳定的形式。
也有人认为交相戏谑可排除敌意，最大的功能在于净化双方的感情。
在这种戏谑关系中，一方对另一方戏谑、嘲弄、无礼甚至侮辱，而对方不可表示不悦，它可以说是一种“被容许的不敬“关系。
一般常见于非洲，主要是在父系社会舅甥之间、姻亲之间、交表之间。
他对戏谑关系的进一步研究，认为在戏谑关系存在的社会中，往往形成敬畏和回避关系。
敬畏和回避关系指的是，女婿与岳母或媳妇与公婆之间尽可能躲避，其特征是表现极端的尊敬或恭敬，以至于到了双方尽量避免任何接触的地步。
布朗指出，戏谑或回避关系都是一种固定而稳定社会行为体系的方法，在这一体系中，互相连接于互不连接的因素得到维持和结合。
2、平衡互惠【考查重点】：经济人类学相关名词，人类学通论p104-p107【答案解析】：互惠交易，也称互酬，意为在亲属和朋友间的互相“赠予”的义务行为。
厦大文学考博之论述题及标准答案
1你对《尚书‧尧典》中〝诗言志〞的诗歌理论有什么看法?《尧典》是《尚书》开卷第一篇，记述尧舜执政时言论及行事。
“诗言志”是在先秦时代对文艺本质的一个基本认识，初见于今文《尚书·尧典》，为中国学术史、文学史上一大课题，是我国古代文论家对诗的本质特征的认识。
《诗经》的作者关于作诗目的的叙述中就有“诗言志”这种观念的萌芽。
各家所说的“诗言志”含义并不完全一样。
《尧典》的“诗言志”是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。
“诗言志，歌咏言”等观点成为中国诗乐理论的本原。
朱自清曾给予诗言志以中国历代诗论开山纲领的高度评价。
《尚书•尧典》中最早纪录了“诗言志”观点。
《尚书•尧典》中记舜的话说：“诗言志，歌永言，声依永，律和声”，提出的"诗言志"，其内容始初应当与祭祀天地鬼神、祖宗社稷的活动有关。
它反映了古代人们对于诗歌的一种认识：作者通过诗歌表露自己的内心世界，表达对于社会中的人和事的观点和态度，并且希望诗歌对社会，政治发生影响。
“诗言志”是人们对诗歌性质，功能的认识的一种概括新的表述，对后代这方面形成比较系统的理论具有奠基作用。
诗是用语言写成的，“在心为志，发言为诗”。
诗以言志为本，志是诗的本原。
诗言表现为文辞，文辞言志而成诗。
《尧典》的“诗言志”，是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。
从先秦一直到今天，“诗言志”始终是中国文论最重要的传统之一。
我们从以下几个方面分析：首先，从艺术表现上探究。
如果说“诗言志”主要强调诗歌表现人的情志，那么“歌咏言”则强调诗歌的吟咏诵唱。
“歌咏言”所强调的是对言辞的涵咏。
而声依咏则是诗歌在咏唱的过程中，声调依附于歌咏。
通过对声调抑扬顿挫意义的深入体会。
律和声。
现代音乐所谓“和声”指两个以上的音按一定的规律同时发声。
古代“和声”指调和声调，协和声律。
“和声入于耳，而藏于心。
”“律和声”是说：歌咏“依声律和乐”，“正言与和声同发”。
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2014年厦门大学考博人文素质基础及语文通论回忆版
人文素质基础有10道选择题，一道2分，共20分。
第一道，中国的私学始于（春秋时期）
第二道，我国的国难日，南京大屠杀（12月13日）
第三道，中国社会主义特色的法律体系形成于（2010年）
第四道，西方文学没有受哪个流行思潮的影响？（建构主义，做错了）第五道，不对称平衡定义
第六道，经济萧条了，得施行（紧的货币政策和松的财政政策）
第七道，剩下三道忘了。
大题，三选一，共80分
第一道，有关食品安全；
第二道，忘了，想不起了。
第三道，对新型城镇化的看法和见解，不少于两千字。
语文通论有三道大题，三选一，100分。
第一道，西方文学思潮对文学的影响。
第二道，中国语言学史就是研究中国语言的历史吗？为什么？
第三道，中国传统文学叙事有哪些形态或模式？请试着结合作品分析中国现代文学叙事如何在外来影响及中国传统文学叙事因素中进行综合创作的？。