Chapter2过滤

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filter过滤器原理

filter过滤器原理

filter过滤器原理
filter过滤器的原理是根据特定的条件或规则,对给定的输入
进行过滤或筛选,只保留符合条件的元素,并将它们作为输出。

过滤器一般应用于数据处理、数据分析和数据转换等领域。

过滤器的工作原理通常包括以下几个步骤:
1. 接收输入:过滤器首先接收输入,这可以是一个数据集、一个文件或者一个数据流。

2. 制定过滤条件:根据需求,过滤器制定一定的过滤条件或规则,这些条件可以包括相等性、大小关系、正则表达式、包含关系等。

3. 过滤数据:过滤器根据设定的条件,对输入进行过滤,将满足条件的数据保留下来,而不符合条件的数据被排除掉。

4. 生成输出:过滤器生成经过过滤后的输出,这可以是一个新的数据集、一个新的文件或者一个处理完毕的数据流。

5. 其他处理:根据需要,过滤器可能还会进行其他的数据处理,比如数据转换、数据聚合等。

过滤器的应用十分广泛。

在数据分析领域,过滤器可以用于数据清洗,去除脏数据和噪声;在图像处理领域,过滤器可以应用于图像去噪、图像锐化等;在网络安全领域,过滤器可以用于防火墙、入侵检测系统等。

过滤器的原理简单而灵活,可以根据具体的需求进行自定义,以实现不同的过滤操作。

PF95LP 系列便携式过滤系统安装与操作手册说明书

PF95LP 系列便携式过滤系统安装与操作手册说明书

PARTS LISTINCLUDEDFrymaster, a member of the Commercial Food Equipment Service Association, recommendsusing CFESA Certified Technicians.24-Hour Service Hotline 1-800-551-8633*8195724*5/2019PF95LP Series Portable Filtration SystemsInstallation & Operation Manual Please read all sections of this manual and retain for future referenceInstallation, maintenance, and repairs should be performed by your Frymaster/Dean Factory Authorized Servicer.NOTICE:If this filter unit is cleaned with water, disconnect the unit from power source before cleaning and thoroughly dry the filter unit before reconnecting to electrical power source.NOTICE:Drawings and photos used in this manual are intended to illustrate operational, cleaning and technical procedures and may not conform to on-site management operational procedures.NOTICEIF, DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD, THE CUSTOMER USES A PART FOR THIS FRYMASTER EQUIPMENT OTHER THAN AN UNMODIFIED NEW OR RECYCLED PART PURCHASED DIRECTLY FROM FRYMASTER DEAN, OR ANY OF ITS AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTERS, AND/OR THE PART BEING USED IS MODIFIED FROM ITS ORIGINAL CONFIGURATION, THIS WARRANTY WILL BE VOID. FURTHER, FRYMASTER DEAN AND ITS AFFILIATES WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIMS, DAMAGES OR EXPENSES INCURRED BY THE CUSTOMER WHICH ARISE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, DUE TO THE INSTALLATION OF ANY MODIFIED PART AND/OR PART RECEIVED FROM AN UNAUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER.PF95LP Series Portable Filtration SystemsInstallation & Operation ManualTABLE OF CONTENTSPage #1. INTRODUCTION 1-1INFORMATION 2-1 2. IMPORTANTINSTRUCTIONS 3-1 3. INSTALLATIONOPERATION 4-14. FILTER5. CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE 5-16. TROUBLESHOOTING 6-1LIST 7-1 7. PARTSPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Parts Ordering/Service InformationPlace parts orders directly with your local Frymaster/Dean Factory Authorized Servicer (FAS). Your nearest Frymaster FAS is accessible at or you can contact the Frymaster Service Department at 1-800-24-FRYER or 1-318-865-1711.To help speed your order, the following information is required:Model Number TypeNumberSerialOptional FeaturesItem Part Number Quantity Needed1.2 Service InformationCall the 1-800-551-8633 or (318) 865-1711 Service Hotline number for the location of your nearest Factory Authorized Servicer. Always give the model and serial numbers of your filter unit. Also, identify if your unit is supplied with or without a heater.To assist you more efficiently, the following information will be needed:Model Number TypeSerial NumberOptional FeaturesNature of Problem:Additional information (i.e. oil temperature at filter time, time of day and other pertinent information) may be helpful in solving your service problem.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.3 After PurchaseIn order to improve service, have the following chart filled in by the Authorized Service Technician who installed this equipment.Authorized ServiceTechnician/FASAddressTelephone/FaxModel NumberSerial Number1.4 Safety InformationBefore attempting to operate your unit, read the instructions in this manual thoroughly. Throughout this manual, you will find notations enclosed in double-bordered boxes similar to the ones below.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.5 Service Personnel1.5.1 DefinitionsA.Qualified and/or Authorized Operating Personnel1.Qualified/authorized operating personnel are those who have carefully read the informationin this manual and have familiarized themselves with the equipment functions, or have had previous experience with the operation of equipment covered in this manual.B.Qualified Installation Personnel1.Qualified installation personnel are individuals, or firms, corporations, or companies that,either in person or through a representative, are engaged in and are responsible for theinstallation of electrical appliances. Qualified personnel must be experienced in such work, be familiar with all electrical precautions involved, and have complied with all requirements of applicable national and local codes.C.Qualified Service Personnel1.Qualified service personnel are those who are familiar with Frymaster/Dean equipment andhave been authorized by Frymaster/Dean to perform service on Frymaster/Dean equipment.All authorized service personnel are required to be equipped with a complete set of service parts manuals and stock a minimum amount of parts for Frymaster/Dean equipment.Failure to use qualified service personnel will void the Frymaster/Dean warranty on your equipment.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.1 GeneralPF95LP portable filters can be used with a variety of Frymaster fryers, as well as othermanufacturers’ equipment. Oil capacity is approximately 105 pounds. Unit specifications are listed below.Model Unit Height (inches) Unit Width (inches) Unit Length (inches) Tank Height (inches) Oil Capacity(pounds)PF95LP 24 18 33 ½ 9 105PF95LP Series filter unit dimensions (unit and tank heights are measured frombottom of casters to top of unit and tank, respectively).PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.1 General (cont.)Oil or shortening is gravity-drained from the fryer into the filter, and then filtered through filter paper. Filter powder, which enhances the filtering process, is distributed over the paper prior to filtering.All units are shipped completely assembled with accessories packed inside the filter pan. All units are adjusted, tested and inspected at the factory before shipment.An ON/OFF switch activates/deactivates thefilter pump, and a 7-amp (120V), or 5-amp(230V) circuit breaker switches the power OFF ifan overload occurs. An internal backup thermal-overload switch on the pump-motor providesadditional protection. Remove the 6-Phillips headscrews and remove the motor housing to accessthe thermal overload reset switch.NOTE : If the circuit breaker is triggered,depress the reset button to activate thecircuit after the failure has beendetected and repaired.2.2 Rating Plate Information on the rating plate includes model and serial numbers, as well as electrical requirements. The rating plate is located on the back housing, near the electrical receptacle. Have the rating plate information handy when communicating with the factory about a unit or requesting special parts or information. Without rating plate information, proper identification of the unit cannot be confirmed.7-Amp circuit breaker On/Off SwitchNOTE: An additional thermal overload switch is on the filter motor. Remove the 6-Phillips head screws and then remove themotor housing cover to access the thermal overload switch.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 2: IMPORTANT INFORMATION2.3 Pre-InstallationNOTE: Failure to use qualified service personnel will void the Frymaster/Dean warranty.A.Standards: Use of this filter unit must be in accordance with all applicable state and localcodes.B.Electrical Connections: Domestic PF95 filter units require a 115V 60 Hz., 15 amp electricalsupply. International/CE units require 230V 50 Hz., 7 amp electrical supply. Units areequipped with a grounded male receptacle for use with a 16-3 SJT power cord set. If anextension cord is required, it must be a three-conductor, grounded power cord of at least 16gauge.2.4 Unpacking the Filter SystemEnsure the container is upright. Unpack the filter carefully and remove all accessories from the carton. Do not discard or misplace parts and/or accessories; they will be needed for filter setup and operation. Any accessories or starter kits included with the unit will be packaged inside the filter tank.After unpacking, immediately check the equipment for visible signs of shipping damage. If such damage has occurred, contact the carrier and file the appropriate freight claims. Do not contact the factory, as the responsibility of shipping damage is between the carrier and dealer or end-user.If your equipment arrives damaged:a.File claim for damages immediately – Regardless of extent of damage.b.Visible loss or damage – Be sure this is noted on the freight bill or express receipt and issigned by the person making the delivery.c.Concealed loss or damage – If damage is unnoticed until equipment is unpacked, notifyfreight company or carrier immediately, and file a concealed damage claim. This should be done within 15 days of date of delivery. Retain the shipping container for inspection. NOTE: Frymaster does not assume responsibility for damage or loss incurred in transit.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 3: FILTER PREPARATION3-13.1 Assembling The Filter SystemOn initial installation and before each use, remove all loose parts from the filter, wash the filter pan and all accessories in hot, soapy water and dry thoroughly.PF95LP Series portable filtration systems use a filter support grid, one sheet of filter paper and a hold-down ring to secure the filter paper in place.3.1.1 Filter Paper ConfigurationSee illustration for proper assembly. 1.Filter Pan Cover 2.Hold-Down Ring3.Filter Paper (one sheet)4.Screen/Support Grid5.Filter Pan AssemblyA.First, place the support grid in the bottom of filter pan.B.Place one sheet of filter paper on top of the support grid. Ensure the paper evenly covers the filter pan bottom.C.Position the hold-down ring on top of the filter paper and latch the hold-down ring and filter paper securely against the filter pan bottom, forming a tight seal.D.Sprinkle 8 ounces of filter powder over the filter paper, distributing the powder as evenly as possible. If filtering a second frypot immediately after the first, add only 4 ounces of filter powder for the second filtering.E.Place the crumb catcher screen (if applicable) in the filter pan. Allow the crumb catcher screento rest on the top edges of the hold-down ring.F.Place filter pan cover onto the filter pan assembly.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 3: FILTER PREPARATION3-23.1.1 Filter Paper Configuration (cont.)G.Position filter under the fryer drainpipe to gravity drain the fryer. Lock the rear casters toprevent filter from moving out of position during the filtering process.PF95LP portable filter positioned correctly next to fryer drain valve, with rear casterslocked in place.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4.1 GeneralPF95LP Series portable filters are designed to operate primarily as an independent filter unit. Operations always start by ensuring the unit is properly plugged in, then rolling the filter to the fryer to be filtered. The filter works directly under the fryers’ drain valves. The general layout of aPF95LP Series portable filter with major components identified is illustrated below.4-1PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-24.2 Filtering ToolsThese tools are not required, but are recommended to make the filtering task easier. A.Measuring Cup: Used to measure eight ounces by volume of filter powder.B.Scrub Brush: To clean sediment and residue from the filter pan and frypot.C.Appropriate Clothing.4.3 Filter Preparation1.Position the PF95LP portable filter next to the fryer. Remove filter pan lid and positionfilter unit under frypot drain-valve extension.2.Ensure the filter power switch is in "OFF" position prior to connecting to power supply.3.Plug power cord into electrical outlet. The filter unit is ready for filtering. After filtering,follow instructions in Section 4.4, Changing Filter Paper.4.4 Changing Filter PaperFilter paper should be replaced after each filter session, and most certainly at the beginning of each workday. If filter paper is replaced once per day, excess sediment should be scraped from the filter paper after each frypot is filtered (see photo). Use care not to tear the paper when scraping off sediment. Filter at closing if possible. This ensures the oil is at proper filtering temperature.Note: If filtering at closing, remove and discardthe used filter paper in a fireproof containerwhen filter operations are complete. Wash allcomponents in soapy water and dry completely.If filtering more than one frypot with the samefilter paper, scrape excess sediment from the filter paper after each filtering.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-34.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)Remove and replace the paper as follows: 1.Remove filter cover. Place the hose wand in the wand holster, located on the left side of the pan (arrow).2.Open the locking latches of the hold-down ring and lift the ring out of the filter tank.3.Roll both ends of the filter paper into the center, ensuring no sediment falls out,and discard.Removing hold-down ring. Note location of wand holster (arrow).Removing dirty filter paper from pan.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-44.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)4.Remove and check the filter papersupport screen for cleanliness and clean if necessary.5.Check the filter-pan for cleanliness and clean if necessary; check the drain ports at the bottom rear of the filter pan and clear any solidified shortening from the opening (black arrow). Also ensure vent hole on top of tube is clear of shortening and/or debris (white arrow).6.Replace the filter paper support screen and place a new sheet of filter paper ontop of the screen.Removing paper support screen from pan.Solidified shortening can build-up in the nipple-pipe assembly (black arrow).Placing new sheet of filter paper over paper support screen.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-54.4 Changing Filter Paper (cont.)7. Replace the hold-down ring and secureby locking latches in place.8. Measure 8 ounces of filter powder anddistribute evenly over the paper surface.9. Replace filter pan cover. The filter isready for operation.Secure the hold-down ring latches to lock filter paper in place. Evenly distribute 8 ounces of filter powder over the filter paper surface. Filter unit ready for filtering operations.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4.5 Unit Operation1.When filtering, follow these steps:2.Follow the appropriate instructions in Sections 4.3 and 4.4 to prepare the filter unit for operation.3.Position the filter unit under the fryer drain valve extension prior to draining fryer.4.Turn the fryer main power switch to the "OFF" position.5.Open the fryer door and place the filter in the proper position under the fryer drain valveextension (see photo below). Lock rear casters to prevent filter movement during the filtering process.4-6PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-74.5 Unit Operation (cont.)6.Open the drain-valve and allow the frypot oil to drain into the filter pan.7. With the oil return wand in frypot, turn filter switch "ON" to begin pumping clean oil into the fryer. Allow the oil to recycle through the fryer for a few seconds to wash out sediment on the bottom of the frypot before closing the drain valve.Note: The oil return wand can also bemounted in the wand holster inside the pan,for extended filtering periods (polishing) priorto refilling frypot. NEVER LEAVE THE FILTER SYSTEM UNATTENDED WHILEFILTERING!Frypot draining into filter pan. Ensure oil is at operating temperature before opening drain valve. Use the nozzle to rinse sediment and debrisfrom the frypot during the filtering process ("U"units only).PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4: FILTER OPERATION4-84.5 Unit Operation (cont.)8. When filtering is complete, close the drain valve handle. It takes approximately 5 to 7 minutes for the filter to pump all the oil back into the fryer.9. Allow the pump to run for 10-15 seconds after air starts to flow through the wand, before shutting off the filter. Clearing residual shortening or oil from the return lines reduces the likelihood of clogged lines.NOTE: After filtering, scrape off debris and sediment accumulated on the filter paper anddiscard into a fireproof container.NOTE:If filtration operations problems are encountered during use, please refer to Chapter 6 in this manual.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMS CHAPTER 5: PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE5.1 GeneralCleaning operations fall into three general categories:∙Wiping unit clean, interior and exterior, after each filter session.∙Cleaning, changing filter paper and preparing the unit for the next day’s business.∙Weekly cleaning to remove oil deposits and other particles that were previously missed.5.2 Each Filter UseEach time the portable filter is used:∙Wash down the insides of the filter pan with hot oil during the filtering process. DO NOT allow excessive residue buildup to occur inside the filter pan.∙Change filter paper after each filter session or at the end of the day. Scrape sediment from filter paper after each frypot is filtered within a filter session. Do not filter more than three fryers per one sheet of filter paper.∙Wipe up any oil which may have splashed or spilled.∙Wipe all exterior surfaces of the filter unit.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 5: PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE5.3 Daily- Close Of BusinessAt the close of a working day, filter the oil in all fryers. When the last fryer is finished, follow these steps:1.Ensure the flexible hose and pump lines are clear by running the filter pump for anadditional 10–15 seconds after air bubbles start coming from the oil return line. Then drain the flexible hose.2.Discard the filter paper after use.3.Remove the filter pan cover and hold-down ring assembly, then remove the filter paper andfilter support screen.4.Wash all filter components with soapy water and rinse.5.Dry all filter parts and filter pan thoroughly before reassembling.6.Check all fittings at the rear of the filter unit; ensure that all fittings are properly tightened.5.4 WeeklyFollow the same procedure as for "Daily", with these additional steps:∙Wash the filter pan with hot, soapy water and a brush. Dry and reassemble with new filter paper.∙Clean thoroughly under, around, and behind the fryers and filtering area.∙Do not operate motor/pump until all traces of water have been removed from the pan.Under no circumstances should water or boil-out solution be allowed to enter the pump housing; irreparable damage will result, and all warranties will be voided.∙Check the connections of the inlet lines and tighten if lines become loose or start to leak oil.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.1 Operating ProblemsPlugged lines and plugged filter paper account for over 90 percent of filtration system malfunctions.A general troubleshooting chart included in this chapter provides systematic instructions to assist the operator in diagnosing common malfunctions. Contact a factory-authorized service technician for troubleshooting beyond the scope of the operator.A.Plugged Lines1.To guard against plugged lines when using solid shortening, follow these guidelines:a.At the end of the filtering cycle, let the filter bubble into the fryer through the flexiblehose for about 10-15 seconds. If it is blowing bubbles, air is moving through the linesand the filter is less likely to be plugged.b.When filtering is complete, disconnect the flexible line and hang it up to drain.B.Plugged PaperImproper use of the filter powder will cause a slow oil flow return rate. The first indication of paper plugging is a surging, jerking movement of the hose. To correct this, review the instructions for the correct use of filter powder, and change the filter paper more frequently. When filtering several fryers prior to changing paper, ensure that excess sediment is scraped off the filter paper after filtering each frypot. If plugged paper remains a problem, review the chart in section 6.2 for proper diagnosis.6.2 General TroubleshootingThe following chart contains information to assist the user in diagnosing the most common malfunctions with portable filtration systems. Possible solutions and/or corrective actions are given for each scenario.If the malfunction cannot be diagnosed using the information in this section, contact your Factory Authorized Service Agent for repairs.PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.2 General Troubleshooting (cont.)PF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 6: TROUBLESHOOTING6.3 Wiring Diagrams6.3.1 PF95LP 120V Wiring6.3.2 PF95LP 230V WiringPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.1 Main ComponentsItem Part # Description1 824-1089 Caster, Rear- Locking- 2"2 810-2141 Caster, Front- Swivel- 2"3 823-3613 Frame, Filter PF95 Series4 823-3680 Pan, Filter- PF95 Series* 809-0070 Nut, ¼-20 Hex SS (Filter Pan to Frame- 4 Required)* 809-0190 Washer, .625 x .275 x 40 Flat SS (Use With 809-0070)5 823-8435 Screen, Paper Support- PF95 Series* Not IllustratedPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.1 Main Components (cont.)6 106-2032SP Ring, Hold-down Assy- 4-Handle PF95 Series* 810-2289Ring, Hold-down Assy- 6-Handle PF95 Series7 810-2108Handle, Latch (For Hold-Down Rings)* 809-0808Screw, Shoulder- 5/16-18 x 0.803" (For Latch Handles)8 210-1883Lid, Filter Pan- PF95 Series9 810-2105Handle, Chrome- Pan Lid* 809-0918Screw, #10-24 x ½" (Pan Lid Handle)* 809-0191Washer, ¼" Spring10 823-3684Housing, Top- Motor/ComponentSwitch11200-1542Housing,Housing12823-3590Back,Motor13 807-3577Breaker, Circuit- 7 Amp (120VAC)* 807-3538Breaker, Circuit- 5 Amp (230VAC)14 807-1041Switch, Toggle- On/Off SPST- "U" Series Only15 106-1831SP Disconnect, Quick Assembly- 3/8"16 813-0772Nipple, 3/8" NPT x Close- SS17 813-0691Elbow, ½ x 3/8" Chrome-Plated18 813-0761Nipple, ½ NPT x 5" SS5GPMFilter-19810-2252Pump,20 810-2100Motor, Filter Pump- 115/230V 1/3 HP* 807-3689Harness, Wire- Receptacle To Motor* 807-3752Harness, Wire- Motor To Switch/Circuit Breaker21 210-2955Bracket, Receptacle Mount- 120V Units Only* 210-3818Bracket, Receptacle Mount- 230V Units Only22 807-1219Receptacle, 120 VAC Three-Wire* 807-3795Receptacle, 230 VAC Three-Wire23 200-1588Tray, Pump and Motor24 807-1224Cordset, 120V Filter* 807-3831Connector, Export Plug- 230V (Cord Not Included)Rear25210-2978Cover,26 210-1570Cover, Switch/Circuit Breaker27 200-2956Bracket, Power Cord Storage*Not IllustratedPF95LP SERIES PORTABLE FILTRATION SYSTEMSCHAPTER 7: PARTS LIST7.2 Plumbing, Oil-Return Components and AccessoriesItem Part # Description1 813-0022Nipple, ½" NPT x Close2 813-0062Elbow, ½" NPT 90°3 810-1668Adapter, Male- 5/8 O.D. x ½" (Flexline to NPT)4 810-1400Flexline, 5/8 x 21"5 813-0629Plug, ½" NPT Square Head6 813-0003Tee, ½" NPT7 810-2172Connector, Disconnect- Male8 813-0632Elbow, Street- 3/8" 90° NPT BM9 810-2113Hose, ½ x 3/8" Fittings- 61-½" LongWandAssembly10106-1454SP*106-1455SPHose/Wand Assy- Complete (Items 7–10) * 803-0284Filter Paper, "16 3/x8 x 24 3/8” — 100 Sheets* 803-0002Filter Powder, Carton (80 1-Oz Applications) *Not IllustratedTHIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANKFrymaster, L.L.C., 8700 Line Avenue, Shreveport, Louisiana 71106TEL 1-318-865-1711PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES SERVICE HOTLINE1-800-551-863381957245/2019。

2雾化制粉

2雾化制粉
Powder Metallurgy Principle Li Chengwei
2009
Pro.
Chapter 2 雾 化(atomized
是将液体金属或合金直接破碎成为细小的 液滴,其大小一般小于150微米,而成为 粉末。适合于任何材料。 开始于第二次世界大战,成熟于上世纪 60~70年代。 借助高压水流或气流的冲击力来破碎液流, 称为水雾化或气雾化,也称二流雾化。 主要介绍水雾化,是目前主要的工业生产 方法。
Tundish
Tundish nozzle
Special atomizer
High pressurized water(gas)
Water atomized metal powder
雾化机理
雾化过程是一个复杂的过程,既有物理 机械作用,又有物理化学变化。高速的 水流即是破碎金属液流的动力,也是金 属液流的冷却剂。因此有能量和热量的 交换。 金属液流的黏度和表面张力不断变化, 化学成分变化。 瞬间完成,难以观察研究。
离心雾化
雾化粉末显微结构
合金钢齿轮系列
作 业
• 技术专题: • 1,我国水雾化生产铁粉概况 • 2,水雾化生产工具钢与不锈钢发展与应
用。。
水 雾 化 工 工 作 台
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
雾化中间包和钢包
水雾化铁粉SEM颗粒图象
还原与雾化铁粉金相
还原与雾化铁粉外貌
SEM photograph of 2%Ni-Fe pre-alloyed water atomized powder
Grade PF-10F
Mean particle size 6.2 μm Tap density 3.97 Mg/m3 Specific surface area 610 m2/kg Chemical composition (mass%) C 0.38 Si 0.12 Mn 0.01 Fe Bal. Ni 2.00 O(ppm) 4,000

chapter 5-2

chapter 5-2

计算题
• 例如:某水井蓄水10立方米,加氯消毒时需氯 量为5mg/L。如用有效氯为70%的漂白粉精片
来消毒,问应用多少?
• 所 需 漂 白 粉 精 10×1000 ( 5+0.7 ) ×100/(70×1000)=80(g)
3. 水温、水的浑浊度、水中微生物的种类和数量

水温高,杀菌效果好。水温每提高10℃,病菌 杀灭率约提高2-3倍。
饮用水的深度净化
• •
目的:获得优质饮用水
深度净化的方式: ①分散式(桶装供水) 矿化、磁化和纯水等净化器。 ②集中式(管道供水)
市政自来水再经小区净水站(净水屋)净化,由 专用管道入户或居民在净水站汲取,即分质供水 和直饮水。

深度净化的方法:
活性炭吸附法、膜过滤法、离子交换法等
城市分质供水问题
水中含氨时,氨与次氯酸反应生成氯胺 (一氯胺 NH2Cl,二氯胺 NHCl2··) ·· ··
NH3+ HOCl NH2Cl + HOCl NH2Cl H2O NHCl2 + H2O
消毒效果 次氯酸 ﹥ 次氯酸根 ﹥ 氯胺
(HOCl) (OClˉ) (NH2Cl)
氯的杀菌作用机制

次氯酸体积小,电荷中性,易于穿过细胞壁;
主要是游离性余氯。

优缺点:消毒效果好,但可产生氯化副产物,
游离性余氯较不稳定,不易在较长管网中保持
至管网末梢。
氯胺消毒法
• •
加氯量控制在C点前,在水中加入氨,加氯后
生成的是一氯胺和二氯胺。
优点:三卤甲烷类物质的形成明显较普通氯化
法低;化合性余氯较稳定,在管网中可维持较
长时间,使管网末梢余氯得到保证。
3.消毒 disinfection

4.12第四章酶的分离纯化

4.12第四章酶的分离纯化
高 速离心 机 的最大转速为(1~2.5)×104 r/min ,相对离心力达到 1×104~1×105 g ,在酶的分离中主要用于沉淀、细胞碎片和细胞器等 的分离。为了防止高速离心过程中,温度升高而造成酶的变性失活,有些高 速离心机装设有冷冻装置,谓之高速冷冻离心机。
超速离心机的最大转速达 (2.5~12)×104 r/min,相对离心力可以高达 5×105 g甚至更高。超速离心主要用于DNA、RNA、蛋白质等生物大分 子以及细胞器、病毒等的分离纯化;样品纯度的检测;沉降系数和相对 分子质量的测定等。
溶液的介电常数降低,就使溶质分子间的静电引力增 大,互相吸引而易于凝集,同时,对于具有水膜的分 子来说,有机溶剂与水互相作用,使溶质分子表面的 水膜破坏,也使其溶解度降低而沉淀析出。
常用于酶的沉淀分离的有机溶剂有乙醇、丙酮、异丙 醇、甲醇等 。
2、离心分离
离心分离是借助于离心机旋转所产生的离心力,使不同大小、 不同密度的物质分离的技术过程。
4.4 酶的分离方法
1、沉淀分离 2、离心分离 3、过滤与膜分离 4、层析分离 5、电泳分离 6、萃取分离
1、沉淀分离
沉淀分离是通过改变某些条件或添加某种物质,使酶的溶解 度降低,而从溶液中沉淀析出,与其它溶质分离的技术过程。
沉淀分离方法 盐析沉淀法
等电点沉淀法
有机溶剂沉淀法
复合沉淀法 选择性变性沉淀 法
胆固醇浆液分析 牛奶灭菌后H2O2的 清除
1、细胞破碎
许多酶存在于细胞内。 为了提取这些胞内酶, 首先需要对细胞进行破 碎处理。
1)机械破碎 2)物理破碎 3)化学破碎 4)酶解破碎
参见动画
高 压 细 胞 破 碎 机
超 声 波 细 胞 粉 碎 机

burpsuite的过滤匹配规则

burpsuite的过滤匹配规则

Burp Suite是一款用于web应用程序渗透测试和安全审核的集成评台。

它包含了许多功能强大的工具,可以帮助安全研究人员在渗透测试中发现攻击面、发现漏洞并进行web应用程序安全审核。

在使用Burp Suite进行渗透测试时,过滤匹配规则是非常重要的一部分。

根据不同的情况和需求,我们可以设置不同的过滤匹配规则来过滤我们不需要的请求或响应,从而更高效地进行渗透测试工作。

1. 匹配规则在Burp Suite中,过滤匹配规则可以通过Proxy选项卡中的"Options" > "Match and Replace"菜单进行设置。

我们可以设置包括请求头、响应头、请求内容和响应内容在内的多种匹配规则,从而对我们的请求和响应进行过滤匹配。

2. 请求头匹配规则我们可以通过设置请求头中的匹配规则来过滤我们不需要的请求。

我们可以通过设置"Host"字段来只匹配特定的主机,或者通过设置"User-Agent"字段来只匹配特定的用户代理,从而过滤掉其他不需要的请求。

3. 响应头匹配规则通过设置响应头中的匹配规则,我们可以过滤掉一些不需要的响应。

我们可以通过设置"Content-Type"字段来只匹配特定类型的响应,或者通过设置"Set-Cookie"字段来只匹配包含特定Cookie的响应。

4. 请求内容匹配规则除了匹配请求头和响应头,我们还可以通过设置请求内容的匹配规则来进行过滤。

我们可以通过设置"URL"字段来只匹配特定的URL,或者通过设置"Body"字段来只匹配特定的请求体内容。

5. 响应内容匹配规则通过设置响应内容的匹配规则,我们可以过滤掉一些不需要的响应内容。

我们可以通过设置"Body"字段来只匹配特定的响应体内容,或者通过设置"Status"字段来只匹配特定状态码的响应。

《压缩空气过滤器》课件


04
压缩空气过滤器的维护与保养
Chapter
日常维护与保养
每日检查
检查压缩空气过滤器的外 观是否完好,无破损或泄 漏现象。
清洁与除尘
定期清洁过滤器表面,去 除灰尘和杂质,保持清洁 。
紧固与润滑
检查并紧固连接部件,对 活动部件进行润滑,确保 正常运转。
常见故障及排除方法
过滤器堵塞
当过滤器进出口压差增大时,可 能是滤芯堵塞,需更换滤芯。
05
压缩空气过滤器的发展趋势与 展望
Chapter
技术创新与改进
高效过滤技术
采用新型过滤材料和设计,提高过滤效率,降低 压降。
智能化控制
引入传感器和智能算法,实现过滤器的实时监测 和自动调节。
长寿命设计
优化滤芯结构和材料,延长滤芯使用寿命,降低 更换成本。
市场发展前景与趋势
市场需求增长
随着工业领域对压缩空气质量要求的提高,市场需求呈现增长趋 势。
漏气
检查密封垫片是否完好,如有问题 及时更换。
噪音与振动
检查过滤器内部是否有异物或松动 部件,进行清理或紧固。
定期检查与检测
性能检测
定期对过滤器的性能进行检测, 确保其过滤效果符合要求。
更换滤芯
根据使用情况定期更换滤芯,保 证过滤效果和使用寿命。
全面检查
每年对过滤器进行一次全面检查 ,包括内部结构、密封件等。
低压降
在保证过滤效果的前 提下,尽量减小过滤 器对压缩空气的阻力 ,降低能耗。
长寿命
选用耐久性强、不易 损坏的材料,提高过 滤器的使用寿命。
易于维护
设计时应考虑过滤器 的清洗和更换滤芯的 便利性。
选型步骤与注意事项
选型步骤 1. 确定压缩空气的流量、压力、温度和杂质含量等参数。

filter过滤器原理

filter过滤器原理Filter过滤器是Java Servlet规范中的一个重要组成部分,它主要用于Web应用程序中对请求或响应进行一些处理或修改。

Filter过滤器能够拦截客户端请求和响应,并对其进行一些预处理或后处理,同时不对底层资源进行任何的改变。

在Web应用程序中,客户端的请求会按照一定的顺序被多个过滤器拦截,最后才会到达目标Servlet或JSP页面。

过滤器的拦截顺序是由web.xml文件中的顺序决定的,顺序越靠前的过滤器越先拦截请求。

Filter过滤器的工作过程可以用下面的流程来描述:1、当客户端发起请求时,服务器会根据客户端请求的URL找到相应的Servlet或JSP 页面。

2、在Servlet或JSP页面被执行之前,在过滤器链中的第一个过滤器会被调用。

这个过滤器可以实现一些真正的过滤操作,比如验证用户身份等。

3、当第一个过滤器完成处理后,请求会按照web.xml文件中定义的顺序,依次经过它后面的过滤器。

4、如果过滤器链中有多个过滤器,请求将根据它们的顺序进行处理。

当请求到达最后一个过滤器时,如果没有被任何一个过滤器拦截,则将请求传递给目标Servlet或JSP 页面。

5、在Servlet或JSP页面处理请求并生成响应后,响应会按照相反的顺序经过过滤器链中的过滤器进行处理或修改,最终响应到达客户端。

通过使用Filter过滤器,可以有效的将Web应用程序的功能模块拆分成多个独立的模块,这些模块可以按照一定的顺序调用,扩展或修改Web应用程序的行为。

具体的优点包括:1、实现模块可复用性:在一个应用程序中,多个模块可能会需要进行相同或相似的过滤操作,而使用Filter可以将这些操作独立出来,易于重复使用。

2、抽象控制流:通过使用Filter可以抽象出整个请求和响应的控制流,实现更细粒度的控制。

3、有效的处理URL:通过Filter可以有效的处理URL,实现URL的解析和路由处理。

4、可扩展性:在Web应用程序中,Filter可以很方便的进行增加、删除或修改,从而实现Web应用程序的功能扩展。

多孔铝板规格-概述说明以及解释

多孔铝板规格-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述多孔铝板是一种表面有多个小孔的铝材料。

这些小孔可以通过不同的制造工艺形成,并且可以具有不同的形状和大小。

多孔铝板具有很多独特的特点和优势,使其在各个领域得到广泛的应用。

首先,多孔铝板具有较低的密度和高强度。

铝材料本身的密度较低,因此多孔铝板相较于其他材料,具有相对较轻的重量。

此外,通过调整多孔铝板的孔隙结构和排布方式,可以提高其强度,使其具备较好的抗压能力和韧性。

其次,多孔铝板具有良好的导热性和导电性。

铝材料具有良好的热传导性和电导性,因此多孔铝板可以有效地传导热量和电流。

这使得多孔铝板在一些需要散热或导电的领域具有重要的应用,如电子设备散热器、电池导电板等。

此外,多孔铝板还具有较好的吸声和隔热性能。

多孔结构可以有效地吸收空气中的声波和热量,减少噪音和热量的传播。

因此,多孔铝板被广泛应用于建筑物的隔音和隔热装饰材料,以提供更好的室内环境。

总之,多孔铝板具有较低的密度、高强度、良好的导热性和导电性以及吸声和隔热性能。

这些优点使得多孔铝板在汽车制造、建筑装饰、电子设备等领域都具有广泛的应用。

本文将进一步介绍多孔铝板的应用领域、制造工艺以及规格选择的重要性和发展趋势。

文章结构部分的内容应该包括整篇文章的分章节安排和各章节的主题内容。

以下是文章结构部分的一个例子:1.2 文章结构本文共分为引言、正文和结论三个部分。

引言部分(Chapter 1)主要对多孔铝板规格的研究背景和意义进行概述,介绍多孔铝板规格对于相关领域的重要性。

正文部分(Chapter 2)包括了多孔铝板的定义和特点(Section 2.1),多孔铝板的应用领域(Section 2.2)以及多孔铝板的制造工艺(Section 2.3)。

在这一部分,将详细介绍多孔铝板的相关概念、特性以及广泛应用于哪些领域,并且重点解析多孔铝板的制造过程和工艺。

结论部分(Chapter 3)主要总结全文的主要观点和论述,并对多孔铝板规格的重要性(Section 3.1)、选择因素(Section 3.2)以及发展趋势(Section 3.3)进行深入讨论和分析。

Chapter 2 油料预处理

本章重点 1、油料清理方法; 2、油料的剥壳方法; 3、油料生坯的制备过程; 4、油料的膨化过程;

本章内容
第一节:油料的清理 第二节:油料的水分调节 第三节:油料的剥壳与去皮 第四节:油料生坯的制备 第五节:油料的挤压和膨化 第六节:油料的湿热处理
油料预处理概论
1、预处理的定义 油料提油前的一系列处理工序称油料预处 理。 2、油料预处理的基本过程
(三)风选设备
1.风力分选器(Air separator) 特点:分离杂质率高,体积大,适宜于含杂多 的油籽清选 例:cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed
四、比重法去石(Gravity separation stone)
(一)比重去石方法 : 干法去石:借助风力和机械力使物料产生不同的 加速度,而将油料中各组份分离; (二)比重去石的特点: 1. 去石效率高; 2. 动力较小; 3. 结构复杂; 比重去石方法还可以用于去石和仁壳分离;

(三)筛选设备(Screenings equipment)
1、固定筛(static screen) 也称之为淌筛或溜筛; A.结构:筛网,只有一层,外壳、料门等。 B.工作原理,靠物料的散落性流至筛面,小于筛 孔的物料被分离下来。 C.特点: a、设备简单,投资小. b、除杂率低,生产小。
2、振动筛(Vibrating screen)
(2)筛孔大小和形状的选择:
A.筛孔大小的确定; a.理想情况下: dd1除小杂,dd2除大杂 b.实际情况下:大杂质中的小颗粒直径比 油料中的大颗粒还要小,而小杂质中的 大颗粒比油料中的小颗粒还要大; 因此易造成油料中含杂,杂中含油籽的 结果。
B.筛孔形状的确定
a.圆形,正方形,六角形,适宜于油籽和杂质在 直径和长度上差异较大的油料:Cottonseed、 Sesame、Soybean、Rapeseed、Ricebran b.长圆形和长方形:适宜于油籽和杂质在宽度和 厚 度 上 差 异 较 大 的 油 籽 。 例 : Peanut、 Sunflowerseed、Flaxseed、Safflowerseed 长圆形的孔长为物料长的两倍
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(2)絮凝
絮凝是指在某些高分子絮凝剂存在下,高分子聚合物(絮凝剂)的 许多链节通过范德华力、静电引力、氢键分别吸附在不同的胶粒表 面上,产生桥架联接,使胶体粒子形成较大絮凝团的过程。
絮凝剂 ( flocculant )的要求
1. 要求其分子必须含有相当多的活性官能团,使之能和胶粒 表面相结合; 2. 具有长链的线性结构,以便同时与多个胶粒吸附形成较大 的絮团, 3. 相对分子质量不能超过一定限度,以使其具有良好的溶解 性。
方程(2.9)可简化为:
t=(μαρ0/(2△P))*(V/A)
该式仅适合不可压缩的滤饼
(2.12)
对于可压缩滤饼
滤饼可压缩,则过滤速度降低,能耗增大 α=α’(△P)s α’:与滤饼组成、粒子大小和形状相关的常数 s: 滤饼的压缩系数 s=0 理想的不可压缩滤饼 s=1 高度可压缩滤饼 s=0.1-0.8 可压缩滤饼
ε=0 r=1, 此时不论使用多少
1.00 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.60 0.04 0.20
洗液均没有效果
r=0 ε=1
洗涤效果很好
pH 5.0 pH 9.3
0.90 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.80
0.02
0
WASH LIQUID / RETAINED LIQUID n
珍珠岩是处理过的膨胀火山岩。
pH 2.8
3
pH 3.8 600 pH 4.2 400
200
0 0
pH 4.6
6
12
18
Time,minutes
Fig2.1 The effect on filtrate volume of pH and filter aid
图2.1
pH值与助滤剂对过滤体积的影响
5% 3%
果目标产物存在于生物机体中,这种扩散可以提高回收。 残留可溶物的分数常与洗液体积有关
r=(1-ε)n
(2.3-7)
r为洗涤之后的溶质含量与洗涤之前滤饼中最初溶质含量之比。 n-洗液的体积与滤饼中残液的体积之比
ε-滤饼的洗涤效率
r : 0~1. r值越低,洗涤效果越好
RETAINED SOLUTES / ORIGINAL SOLUTES r
性物质。
3、凝聚和絮凝
凝聚 Coagulation :是指在电解质作用下,由于胶体 粒子之间双电层电排斥作用降低,电位下降,而 使胶体体系不稳定的现象。
絮凝 flocculation :是指在某些高分子絮凝剂存在下, 基于桥架作用,使胶粒形成较大絮凝团的过程。
(1)凝聚
向胶体悬浮液中加入具有相反电性的某种电解质,中和胶 粒的电性,胶粒的双电层电位降低,使胶体间的范德华力成为 主导,胶体体系不稳定,胶体粒子间因相互碰撞而产生聚集的 现象。 凝聚值:使胶体粒子发生凝聚的最低电解质浓度(mmol/L), 表示电解质的凝聚能力。
Chapter 2
第二章
Filtration
过 滤
过滤:在某一支撑物上放过滤介质,注入含固体颗粒的溶液,使液
体通过,固体颗粒留下,是固液分离的常用方法之一。
按照其推动力可分为: 重力过滤 Gravity filtration 离心过滤 Centrifugal filtration 加压过滤 Pressure filtration 真空过滤 Vacuum filtration
4、Adsorption on filter aids
凝聚和絮凝
助滤剂吸附
这些方法也适用于对于离心和沉淀分离过程。
1、 加热
加热降低料液的粘度,使蛋白凝固沉淀,改善过滤性能,同
时对其进行灭菌。但加热变性的方法只适合于对热稳定性
的生化产物。
2、 调节pH
直接影响发酵液中某些物质的电解质和电荷性质,大多数 蛋白质的等电点在酸性范围内(pH4.0-5.5),利用酸性 来调节发酵液pH使之达到等电点,可除去蛋白质等酸性两
而形状多变的微生物细胞、发酵液和其它生物溶液的
过滤就变得复杂了 。 固体非刚性,高度可压缩 料液粘度大,多为非牛顿型流体
颗粒的相对密度与液体接近,悬浮
通过预处理改善过滤性能
A
Pretreatment 预处理
1、Heating 加热
2、Adjust pH 调整pH
3、Coagulation and flocculation
Efficiency of washing
洗涤效率
流过滤饼的流速估算
洗液不包含所加的固体物,因此,洗液的流量是一个常量, 且等于滤饼形成的最后瞬间过滤液的速率,这个速率是:
Vw /A=[(△p)rs / 2μα'βtf ]1/2tw
Vw -- 洗涤所需的洗液体积 tw -- 洗涤时间 许多情况下,通过式2.3-9计算 tw / tf =2 Vw/ Vf
絮凝作用的影响因素:
絮凝剂用量:絮凝效果呈钟形变化。 溶液的pH:pH主要影响离子型絮凝剂中功能团的电离度, 从而影响了分子链的伸展状态,改变了架桥能力。 搅拌速度和时间 助滤剂:添加助滤剂能增加絮凝效果。
常用絮凝剂的种类:
1.有机高分子聚合物絮凝剂, 聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide)衍生物 非离子型: 阴离子型:(含-COOH) 阳离子型:(含-NH2) ,有一定的毒性 2. 无机高分子聚合物絮凝剂 聚合铝盐 聚合铁盐 3.天然有机高分子絮凝剂 明胶 海藻酸钠 骨胶 甲壳素 甲酰胺 多聚糖类胶粘物
结合方程(2.2-6)和(2.2-13)可以改写滤饼阻力Rc为:
Rc = αρ0 (V/A) =α’ρ0(V/A)(△P)s tf=(μαρ0/(2△P1-s))*(Vf/A) tf:滤饼形成时间 (2.3-3) (2.3-4)
Vf: 滤饼形成期间被集中的滤液体积(滤液流量)
这个关系有时也可用旋转周期tc来表示:
过滤介质
无定形颗粒:颗粒活性炭、沙、无烟煤 成形颗粒:烧结金属、烧结塑料 非金属织物:尼龙、玻璃纤维 金属织物:不锈钢丝网 无纺品:纸、石棉
(1)澄清过滤:借助硅藻土、活性碳以及金属、非金属 烧结材料等过滤介质,形成过滤层,当悬浮液通过过滤层 时,固体颗粒被阻拦或吸附在过滤介质上,使滤液澄清。 过滤介质起主要的过滤作用。
4、助滤剂吸附Adsorption on Filter Aids
助滤剂是一种不可压缩的多孔微粒,它 能使滤饼疏松,吸附胶体,扩大过滤面 积,滤速增大。使用方法见P12-15
(1) Diatomaceous earths 硅藻土
硅藻土是百年前水生植物沉淀下来的遗 骸(SiO2)。 (2) Perlites 珍珠岩
按照过滤原理可分为:
滤饼过滤(表面过滤):固体堆
积在过滤介质上形成滤饼层的过
滤方式 。 深层过滤:当颗粒尺寸小于介质
孔道直径时,不能在过滤介质表
面形成滤饼, 颗粒进入介质内部, 借惯性和扩散作用趋近孔道壁面,
并在静电和表面力的作用下沉积
下来,与流体分离的过滤方式。
对于定型的晶体颗粒,过滤分离简单易行。但对微小
(3.8)
(2.3-9) (2.3-10)
=2(Vw/Vr)( Vr/Vf) tw / tf =2nf
Vr-滤饼中残液的体积 tf -滤饼的形成时间
f- 滤饼中残液体积占总滤液体积的分数
许多情况下,通过式2.3-9计算
tw / tf =2 Vw/ Vf =2(Vw/Vr)( Vr/Vf) tw / tf =2nf Vr-滤饼中残液的体积 (2.3-10) (2.3-9)
tf -滤饼的形成时间
f- 滤饼中残液体积占总滤液体积的分数
C. 过滤设备及其结构 过滤设备的分类 根据推动力的不同可分为四类


重力过滤 加压过滤 真空过滤 离心过滤(第3章中介绍)
过滤设备的选择
被过滤液体的过滤特性 生产规模:间歇式,连续式 操作条件:料液是否挥发 操作要求:流出液及滤饼的处理方法 材料:料液是否有腐蚀性
典型的过滤设备
板框压滤机(加压过滤设 备) 优点:结构简单、过滤 面积大、操作压力高、 适用范围广,适合于固 体含量1%~10%的悬 浮液的分离。 缺点:设备笨重、间歇 操作、劳动强度大、辅 助时间长
滤板
滤浆
洗水
v=(1/A)*dV/dt
A – 过滤面积
(2.3)
V – 过滤液体积
t – 过滤时间
过滤阻力的计算:
l/K= Rm + Rc
Rm : 过滤介质的阻力 Rc : 滤饼的阻力
(2.4)
综合是式2.1-2.4
(1/A)*dV/dt = △P/(μ(Rm + Rc))
(2.5)
Rm 是常数,与滤饼可否压缩无关; RC 与滤液总体积有关;Rc的变化取决于滤饼是不可 压缩还是可压缩。 不可压缩滤饼的阻力Rc
Rc=αρ0(V/A)
α—滤饼的阻力特性
(2.6)
ρ0 —单位体积滤液含有的固体滤饼量
把方程(2.6)代入(2.5)得到: (1/A)*dV/dt=△P/(μ(αρ0(V/A)+Rm) ( 2.7)
初始条件为: T=0 (2.7)积分后整理得
V=0Biblioteka K=μαρ0/(2△P) B=μRm/△P
At/V对 V/A作图可得到K(斜率)。 截距B与滤饼特性无关,正比于介质阻力Rm。通常 Rm可忽略不计
tf=βtc
(2.3-5)
β—过滤器被浸渍的时间分数,即旋转周期形成滤饼所用的
时间分数
tc- 旋转周期
用旋转周期表示为:
Vf /(Atc)=((2β(△P1-s) /( μα’ρ0 tc))0.5 (2.3-6)
滤饼的洗涤
滤饼形成以后,滤饼需要进一步洗涤。
将孔中含有的发酵液洗出;滤饼中溶质可以从生物机体中扩散出,如
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