浙大远程作业 语言学概论离线作业 (满分)
浙大远程作业 语言学概论离线作业 (满分)
浙江大学远程教育学院《语言学概论》课程作业姓名：学号：年级：汉语言文学学习中心：永嘉电大—————————————————————————————第三章~第五章一、名词解释1.词类：词在句法结构中所表现出的特点类型。
2.语法形式：借以表达语法意义的载体或形式，如-s是表示复数的形式。
3.语法范畴：语法意义的类型，如单数、复数构成数范畴。
4.预设：不是由断言表达的句子的背景信息。
5.蕴含：通过句子表达的句子的基本意义更上一个层次的意义。
6.歧义：同一个语言单位可以表达两种以上意义的现象。
7.记号：文字构成形体中不表音义的特殊符号，如汉字中的“工”等。
8.拼音文字：只是记录语言符号的声音成分的文字类型，如英文等。
9.他源文字：以别的文字为基础构造的文字符号系统，如日文等。
二、分析题1．以汉语中的词语“偶然”与“偶尔”为例，说明采用哪一种词类分析标准分析最好。
答：这两个词在意义和形态上难有准确而具体的区别。
只能采用功能或分布分析法判断它们的类别。
它们都能做状语。
但有以下不同：（1）偶然可以受副词“很”、“不”等修饰，偶尔不可以；（2）偶然可以做定语，偶尔不可以；（3）偶然可以做补语，偶尔不可以；结论：偶然是形容词，偶尔是副词。
2．以英语为例，说明“时”范畴的表现。
答：传统语法时态定义为“表示时间区别的动词语法范畴”，认为时态可以用来区分时间，并且它们之间存在着一种一一对应的关系，现在时表示现在时间，过去时表示过去时间。
在有“时”范畴的语言里，以说话人的说话为基点，任何动作必定处于一个相对的时间过程中，并以特定的词形表现出来，这些过程一般分为三种形式：过去，现在，将来。
以英语“to go to school”为例：He went to school.过去时He goes to school.现在时He will go to school.将来时3．请用层次分析法分析下列复杂短语，多义的请多分。
（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上答： | 主| 谓 || 偏| 正 || 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 || 偏 |正 |（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动答： | 主 | 谓 |第一： | 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述 | 宾 || 偏 |正 |第二：两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动| 主 | 谓 || 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 |4．设有语义场“哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹”，请提取它们的共同义素和区别义素，并通过矩阵图的形式，用“+”表示具备该义素，用“-”好表示不具备该义素，分析上述四个词的义素特征。
普通语言学离线作业答案
浙江大学远程教育学院《普通语言学》课程作业答案Answers to Exercises (1)I. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. synchronic2. allophones3. derivational4. transformational5. synonyms6. perlocutionary_7. Conqueror8. speech9. utterance 10. rootII Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.11. T12. F.13. F.14. T15 .F. These two linguistic forms differ in sense but as a matter of fact, they refer to the same star.16. F. The meaning of a sentence is concrete and context - dependent.17. T18.T19.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.20. TIII. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.21. Arbitrariness is one of the desi&1 features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. It refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For example, different languages use different sounds to refer to the same object.22. Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It is concerned with all the speech, sounds used in all human languages.23. Bound morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.24. The maxim of quality, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants not to say what they believe to be false and not to say that for which they lack adequate evidence when making conversation.25. Synchronic linguistics refers to the study of variation in language in different places _d among different groups at a given point in time.26. Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language coexist in a speechcommunity, each with a distinct mange of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.27. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.IV. Directions: Answer the following questions.28.Sentence meaning------refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstrac, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Utterance meaning-----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning. Sentence meaning is concrete and context-dependent and utterance meaning is abstract and de-contextualized.For example: the dog is barking; my bag is heavy.If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation, then we are treating it as a sentence.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.Most utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” “Hi!” and “Ouch!” are all utterances, which have meaning in communication. If “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning,” we do not know form which complete sentences “Hi!” “Ouch! "have been derived.Answers to Exercise (2)I. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. Phonology'2. allophone3. Bound4. syntax5. situational6. Utterance7. sense8. idiolect9. affixes 10. MorphologyII Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the' brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.11. F. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive.12. T13. T14. T15. T16. F. Pragmatics analyses utterances in close connection with their contexts of situation.17. F. All living languages change with time. A language, like Latin which is no longer spoken by the general public of a society, does not change. '18. F. In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.19. F. It is the left hemisphere that has "directed" that action.20. F. Because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D - structure and S structure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.21. Productivity is unique to human language. It refers to that aspect of language which makes it possible for its users to construct and interpret an infinite number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.22 . Voiceless in phonetics refers to the sounds produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide a part to let air go through them without causing vibration.23. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.24. Universal Grammar or UG was a theory proposed and developed by Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists since the-early 1980's. Also known as the principle - and - parameters theory, UG is a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and Parameters about natural languages.25. Polysemy refers to the lexical phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning.26. Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. For example, in the utterance " You have left the 'door wide open" , the illocutionary act performed by the speaker is to ask someone to close the door.27. A speech community is a group of people who form a community, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. A speech community can be as small as a family or as large as a nation.IV. Directions: Answer the following questions.28.Similarities: both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.Differences: Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as , though similar to , F. de. Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product, and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistics point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issuers psychologically or psycholinguistically.Answers to Exercise (3)I. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. descriptive -2. distinctive3. Morphology4. principles5. sense6. Pragmatics7. affixes8. regional9. sentence 10. hierarchicalII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.11. T12. T13. F. A root is part of a word, which is not a free morpheme but a bound morpheme. It can never be used independently.14. F. Because syntactic movement does not occur to all sentences, the D - structure and Sstructure of some sentences look exactly the same at different levels of representation.15. F. "Symbol" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.16. T17. T18. T19. T."20. F. Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.21. Duality, one of the design features which distinguish human language from any animal system of communication, refers to the two sets of structures or the two levels of the system of language. One is a structure of meaningless sounds at the lower or basic level and the other is the units of meaning at the higher level.22. Phonology is a branch of learning concerned with the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.23. Free morphemes are those containing only one morpheme, which are independent Units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.24. The X - bar theory is a widely recognized and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrase structure rules into a single format: X "-+ ( spec) X (Compl).25. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.26. The Maxim of quantity, one of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, requires the participants to make their conversational contribution as informative as required; do not make their contribution more informative than is required.27. Sociolects or social dialects are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.IV. Directions: Answer the following questions.28. (1) Yes, this is an ambiguous sentence. This is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which can be rewritten in two ways as follows:a. The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.b. Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.(2) Since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it.SNP VPArt N V NPNArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.SNP VPArt N V NP PPArt N P NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.SNP VPArt N V NPArt N PPP NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.SNP VPArt N V NP PPArt N P NPArt NThe boy saw the man with the telescope.(3) Tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently, can truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.Answers to Exercise ( 4 )I. Directions: Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. parole2. phonetics3. Compounding4. complex5. Behaviorists6. illocutionary7. lexical8. descriptive9. obstruction 10. productivityII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of the statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.11. F. Language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning.12. T13. F . Prefixes modify the meaning of the original word (stem), but usually do not change thepart of speech.14. F. Move a is a. general rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. What Move a says is "move any constituent to any place" .15. T16. F. Some utterances like" Hi !" and "Ouch!" are not complete sentences. "Good morning" is an utterance, but it is not a sentence.17. F. The general form of the words has remained the same after the Great Vowel Shift, but the vowel sounds have changed considerably from Middle English to Modem English.18. F. Many Black Americans speak standard English in reality.19. T20. TIII. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.21. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.22. Tow allophones of the same phoneme, such as /V and / r / and /p/ and /ph/ in English, occurring in different environments, are said to be in complementary distribution.23. Morpheme is a morphological term used to refer to the smallest meaningful component at thelowest level of a word.24. Syntax is a sub - field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.25. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components or semantic features, which makes it possible to show how words are related in meaning.26. The perlocutionary act refers to the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. For example, upon hearing the utterance " You have left the door wide open," the hearer has closed the door; then the perlocutionary act is successfully perlonned.27. Historical linguistics is the sub - field of linguistics that studies language change, including the historical development of languages and the processes involved in language change.IV. Directions: Answer the following questions.28. The conceptualist view holds that there is not direct link between a linguist form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.For example, the word" dog" is directly associated with a certain concept in our mind, i. e., what a "dog" is like, but it is not directly linked to that particular dog mentioned in the sentence. "The dog over there looks unfriendly," i. e., the referent in this particular case. Thus, the symbol of a word signifies "things" by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker of the language; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.。
浙大远程教育英语第离线作业答案
Unit One4. TranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentences from English to Chinese.1. All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。
2. Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.每一次历史重演，代价都会增加。
3. Even young people with little money do not want to buy cheap furniture that they may soon dislike.就连手里没多少钱年轻人也不想买便宜家具，因为对这些便宜家具很快就会厌倦。
4. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in powerful or moving words伟大的作家不仅拥有伟大的思想，还能用有力、感人的语言表达这些思想。
5. In no other region in the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas.像大熊猫这样的珍稀动物在世界其他地区你是找不到的。
6. Luckily, the planes appear to be quite safe.幸运的是飞机似乎是非常安全的。
7. Most of the plants like water and sunshine.大多数植物喜欢水和阳光。
8. Semiconductor chips are small in size and light in weight.半导体芯片体积小而且重量轻。
浙江大学远程教育 语言学概论一(导言、第一章、第二章)
语言学概论一（导言、第一章、第二章）1.历史比较语言学之前的语言研究属于（）C 前语言学正确答案:C2.普通语言学从理论上研究（）B 人类各种语言的一般的共同规律正确答案:B3.下面几种属性，（）是语言符号的最基本属性。
A 任意性正确答案:A4.下面几个判断中，（）是不正确的。
B 人类的语言是上帝或神赐予的正确答案:B5.语音是( )。
D 上述上个方面的总和正确答案:D6.人类发音器官构成的三个部分是（）。
D .呼吸气管、喉头声带、声道正确答案:D7.发乐音时，（）。
D .声门关闭，气流从声带间挤出，使声带颤动而发音正确答案:D8.音高主要决定于（）。
B 发音体振动的频率正确答案:B9.广州话[ka:u]是“教”的意思，[kau]是“救”的意思，这种差异我们称之为（）。
C 时位正确答案:C10.[p、t…、b、k]在发音方法上的共同点是（）。
C .塞音正确答案:C11.英语“instinct”重音在前[′insti？kt]时是“本能”的意思；重音在后[ins′ti？kt]时是“充满”的意思。
这种现象在语音学上被看作（）。
B .重位不同正确答案:B12.根据词的来源特点，我们可以把词分为（）。
B 古语词、方言词、外来词正确答案:B13.白菜、小鞋（指暗中刁难人的行为）、红花（中药名）等都是（）。
A 一个词正确答案:A14.词义与客观事物的关系是（）。
A 反映与被反映的关系正确答案:A15.“老年化”这个词中（）。
C “老年”是词干正确答案:C16.下面列举的语言学家中，（）应属于现代语言学家。
A .马建忠C 乔姆斯基D 吕叔湘正确答案:ACD17.下面辅音字母中都属于浊音的是（）。
C mD lE r正确答案:CDE18.下面音节中都是C+V（辅音+元音）结构的是（）。
A seeD jiēE lay正确答案:ADE19.下列音节中的字母“e”属于同一个音位的是（）。
A jiēD xuēE yē正确答案:ADE20.下面这些词中都属于派生词的是（）。
语言学概论作业
语言学概论作业第一篇：语言学概论作业新疆广播电视大学开放教育本科汉语言文学专业语言学概论第一次作业（导言、第一章、第二章）一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分）1．语言学2．语言3．符号4．组合关系5．聚合关系二、填空（20分，每空0.5分）1．（）、（）、（）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2．（）是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为（）。
3．结构主义语言学内部又分（）、（）、（）三大学派，其中（代表人物是布龙菲尔德，其著作（语言论）是这一学派的奠基性著作。
）的4．（）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
5．（）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是《普通语言学教程》。
6．语言是人类社会的（），而且也是思维的（），这是语言的两大功能。
7．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性（）。
8．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用（）表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语（）表示。
9．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个（）。
10．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习（）。
11．任何符号，都是由（）和（）两个方面构成的。
12．一个符号，如果没有（），就失去了存在的必要，如果没有（），我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
13．语言符号是（）和（）的统一体，声音是语言符号的。
14．用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员（）。
15．语言符号具有（）和（）特点。
16．语言的底层是一套（），上层是符号和符号的（），可以分为若干级，第一级是（），第二级是（），第三级是（）。
17．语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是（）和（）。
18．（）是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，（）是指符号在性质上的归类。
19．人类之所以具有语言而动物没有，是因为人类具有（）能力和（）能力。
语言学概论网上考核作业
语言学概论网上形考答案及评分提示第一次考核一、初步阅读教材及有关材料，完成下列任务1．阅读主教材《语言学纲要》，请你按照教材顺序简要介绍各章主要内容，以及你认为难以理解的内容。
（10分）2．阅读《语言学纲要学习指导书》，请你谈谈本书和主教材之间的联系，以及如何利用指导书学习本课程。
（10分）评分：本题可根据情况灵活给分。
二、网上自主学习1．上网进入中央电大电大在线语言学概论课程端，在教学辅导栏目阅读《语言学概论导学：谈谈语言学概论的教与学》一文，写出本课程的内容构成板块，按照这个板块写出学习本课程的基本线索。
同时谈谈该文介绍了哪些学习方法，哪些方法对你有效，你自己打算怎样学习本课程？（10分）2．登录中央电大电大在线浏览本课程课程端，看看设置了哪些栏目，简要谈谈观感，提出你的建议或意见。
（5分）3．熟悉中央电大语言学概论课程网上论坛：（15分）a.浏览论坛置顶的几个专题论坛，看看你喜欢哪些专题论坛？说说理由。
有哪些意见和建议请提出来，可以作为b项任务内容之一完成；（注：置顶的几个帖子目前已经设置为专题论坛）b.在中央电大语言学概论课程论坛发一条帖子，内容自定；到省级电大语言学概论课程论坛发一条帖子，内容自定；帖子发布完毕后打开帖子进行修改并发布，最后删除帖子。
本题意在练习学生网上编辑帖子的能力。
c.在课程端教学辅导栏目查看网上教学活动文件夹，看看2004年本课程举行的网上教学活动资料一共有多少种，任选一些打开阅读，了解已往活动情况。
4．随意浏览下列网站，学会通过网络搜集语言学资料的方法，重点介绍中国语文网是什么性质的网站，简要介绍一下有哪些栏目，将介绍文字贴到考核平台。
（10分）a. （中国语文网）b. /dwhy/index.htm（汉语教学网站）c．/index.asp（中国语用学研究会）d．（湘里妹子学术论坛）评分：本帖给分比较灵活，由主持老师自行把握，有些内容需要在教学班由学生操作完成，例如编辑帖子。
2023年浙大远程英语离线作业答案
Unit OneTranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentences from English to Chinese.1.All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。
2.Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.每一次历史重演, 代价都会增长。
3.Even young people with little money do not want to buy cheap furniture that theymay soon dislike.就连手里没多少钱年轻人也不想买廉价家俱, 由于对这些廉价家俱很快就会厌倦。
4.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in powerful or moving words伟大旳作家不仅拥有伟大旳思想, 还能用有力、感人旳语言体现这些思想。
5.In no other region in the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas.像大熊猫这样旳珍稀动物在世界其他地区你是找不到旳。
6.Luckily, the planes appear to be quite safe.幸运旳是飞机似乎是非常安全旳。
7.Most of the plants like water and sunshine.大多数植物喜欢水和阳光。
8.Semiconductor chips are small in size and light in weight.半导体芯片体积小并且重量轻。
9.The evolution theory explains the differences in sleep among animals. 进化论解释动物之间旳睡眠差异。
浙大远程教育英语离线作业答案
U n i t O n e 4. TranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentences from English to Chinese.1. All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。
2. Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.每一次历史重演，代价都会增加。
3. Even young people with little money do not want to buy cheap furniture that they may soon dislike.就连手里没多少钱年轻人也不想买便宜家具，因为对这些便宜家具很快就会厌倦。
4. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in powerful or moving words伟大的作家不仅拥有伟大的思想，还能用有力、感人的语言表达这些思想。
5. In no other region in the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas.像大熊猫这样的珍稀动物在世界其他地区你是找不到的。
6. Luckily, the planes appear to be quite safe.幸运的是飞机似乎是非常安全的。
7. Most of the plants like water and sunshine.大多数植物喜欢水和阳光。
8. Semiconductor chips are small in size and light in weight.半导体芯片体积小而且重量轻。
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浙江大学远程教育学院《语言学概论》课程作业姓名：学号：年级：汉语言文学学习中心：永嘉电大—————————————————————————————第三章~第五章一、名词解释1.词类：词在句法结构中所表现出的特点类型。
2.语法形式：借以表达语法意义的载体或形式，如-s是表示复数的形式。
3.语法范畴：语法意义的类型，如单数、复数构成数范畴。
4.预设：不是由断言表达的句子的背景信息。
5.蕴含：通过句子表达的句子的基本意义更上一个层次的意义。
6.歧义：同一个语言单位可以表达两种以上意义的现象。
7.记号：文字构成形体中不表音义的特殊符号，如汉字中的“工”等。
8.拼音文字：只是记录语言符号的声音成分的文字类型，如英文等。
9.他源文字：以别的文字为基础构造的文字符号系统，如日文等。
二、分析题1．以汉语中的词语“偶然”与“偶尔”为例，说明采用哪一种词类分析标准分析最好。
答：这两个词在意义和形态上难有准确而具体的区别。
只能采用功能或分布分析法判断它们的类别。
它们都能做状语。
但有以下不同：（1）偶然可以受副词“很”、“不”等修饰，偶尔不可以；（2）偶然可以做定语，偶尔不可以；（3）偶然可以做补语，偶尔不可以；结论：偶然是形容词，偶尔是副词。
2．以英语为例，说明“时”范畴的表现。
答：传统语法时态定义为“表示时间区别的动词语法范畴”，认为时态可以用来区分时间，并且它们之间存在着一种一一对应的关系，现在时表示现在时间，过去时表示过去时间。
在有“时”范畴的语言里，以说话人的说话为基点，任何动作必定处于一个相对的时间过程中，并以特定的词形表现出来，这些过程一般分为三种形式：过去，现在，将来。
以英语“to go to school”为例：He went to school.过去时He goes to school.现在时He will go to school.将来时3．请用层次分析法分析下列复杂短语，多义的请多分。
（1）她一直住在热闹非凡的南京路上答： | 主| 谓 || 偏| 正 || 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 || 偏 |正 |（2）两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动答： | 主 | 谓 |第一： | 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述 | 宾 || 偏 |正 |第二：两个学校的老师都参加了植树活动| 主 | 谓 || 偏| 正 | |偏| 正 || 偏| 正 | | 述| 宾 || 偏 | 正 |4．设有语义场“哥哥、弟弟、姐姐、妹妹”，请提取它们的共同义素和区别义素，并通过矩阵图的形式，用“+”表示具备该义素，用“-”好表示不具备该义素，分析上述四个词的义素特征。
共同义素：同胞区别义素1 男性区别义素2 年长哥哥 + + + 弟弟 + + _姐姐 + _ + 妹妹 + _ _ 5．分析汉语的多义词“深”，说出它的三个义项，并分别找出对应的反义词。
答：1.上下落差大。
反义词——浅。
2.含有某种成分多。
反义词——淡。
3.平面距离大。
反义词——近。
6．分析下列汉字，给它们进行造字法的分类。
桥人水钟字磊上旦尖答：象形：人、水指事：上、旦会意：字、尖形声：桥、钟7．请给下面的几种文字符号进行归类：日文汉字英文希腊文古埃及文字韩文（1）自源文字：汉字古埃及文字（2）拼音文字：日文英文希腊文韩文三、问答题1．语法意义与词汇意义有什么不同。
答：词汇意义是词汇成分具有的内容，是人们对客观事物的认识和评价，语法意义是语法单位在组合过程通过一定的形式表达的抽象的苟能；词汇意义以词语成分形式独立存在的，有理性意义、附加意义等的分别，但语法意义是必须出现在句子层面的关系意义，它们必须依附于句子中的成分，但没有理性意义与附加色彩等的区别。
2．词类是客观存在的现象还是语法学家自创的对象？为什么？答：词类是词语功能的反映，是客观存在的事实。
但如何认识和描写它们，却不是它们自身就可以表现的，而要具体的语言学者采用一定的方法进行研究和表现。
每一个词都具有它自身的带有类型意义的功能，同类同能的词便聚合成一类而构成词类。
研究它们有助于认识词语这一本身属性，同时，也有助于进一步描写研究更高层面的语法结构与关系，对语言教学也是非常有价值的。
3．你对20世纪50年代进行的汉字简化工作怎样看？对现在社会上存在的繁简字之争有什么意见呢？答：汉字简化工作是当时社会形势下应该采取的一种文字改革措施，它对普及广大民众的文化知识，提高他们的识字率，提高当时公务人员的文化素质等都有一定的意义。
另外，汉字简化工作总体上看是符合汉字简化的发展趋势的。
当前社会上存在的繁简字争论，特别是主张恢复繁体字，或写简识繁等，应该是误解了汉字简化过程出现的一些问题，误解了两岸字体差异的历史背景，误解了文字发展的总体趋势。
恢复繁体字，在理论上是不科学的，在实践上也不必要，必然会带来大量的混乱，产生不必要的社会成本。
第六章（语用学）、第七章（历史语言学）、第八章（应用语言学）、第九章（心理语言学）一、名词解释1．洋泾浜语：洋泾浜是上海外滩的一个地方，鸦片战争后，这里是外国商人居住地，外国人和当地人在交往中形成了一种混杂着汉语成分的英语。
这就是洋泾浜英语。
后专指那些由不同语言混杂而成，与洋泾浜性质相同的交际工具。
2．亲属语言：从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言，叫亲属语言。
如法语、意大利语等就是从古拉丁语分化而来的。
3．外来词：指从外族语言中翻译或借用的词语。
如沙发、夹克等。
4．综合性语言：主要使用词形变化、词的轻重音等语法手段的语言，（3分）如俄语、德语等。
5．社会方言：共同语在长期的使用过程中形成的与一定的社会分工或因素相关的功能系统，如专业语言、黑话等。
6．话轮：话语语言学的一个概念，指构成会话的基本单位，一般一个完整会话由两个话轮构成。
二、分析题1．阅读下面这段新闻，分析其中言语行为的变化及其产生效果的原因：某城市地铁站内有一位盲人坐在地上乞讨，放在面前的纸牌上写道：“我是盲人，请各位给我点钱买饭吃。
”但过客反映冷淡。
后来一位路过的人，将牌子上的字改作：“现在已经是春天，可是我看不到。
”路人看过，不少人掏出了钱。
答：原来的用于直接乞讨，不易产生同情；后者则以与常人感受对比说话，更能打动路人心理，产生恻隐同情。
2．阅读下面这段新闻，就其间反映的与语言符号的关系谈谈你的认识：本报讯 8月6日，海口市交警部门做出了删除所有带“4”的新车号牌的决定后，在全国迅速掀起了一场讨论删“4”迷信与顺应民心之争的风波，正反双方据理力争，争论愈演愈烈。
昨日下午，海口交巡警专门召开新闻媒体通气会，针对新车牌删“4”引发的争议作出了官方的解释，删“4”既不是信奉迷信，也没有浪费牌号资源，反映了众多市民的意愿。
（《海南特区报》）答：同音忌讳。
反映了汉民族民间存在的语言忌讳心理。
3．话语形式与语境有紧密的联系，请以“欢迎”为题，构拟与以下两个语境相关的欢迎辞：（1）邀请老同学到家里做客时：有空到我家坐坐（2）高级宾馆迎宾小姐对客人说时：欢迎光临4．阅读下面这段文字，按照文意衔接的要求，在提供的四种选择中选择一个最恰当的填在横线上。
春意甚浓了，但在北方还是五风十雨，春寒料峭，乙，又来了一片沁人心脾的冷雨。
甲．一阵乌云刚刚布满天空乙. 一阵暖人心意的春风刚刚吹过丙．一群欢叫的大雁刚刚从高空飞过丁.一堆堆积雪刚刚融化三、问答题1．简述四种关于语言获得理论的主要观点。
答：（1）模仿说。
认为儿童是通过对大人语言的模仿来掌握语言的。
（2）强化说。
跟模仿说有联系，认为儿童除了模仿，更要通过不断受到外界的强化刺激来形成语言习惯。
（3）天赋说。
认为人的语言知识至少有一部分，即一些基本的类别范畴和语法原则，是通过生物进化和遗传得到的，然后通过后天接触的语言环境不断加以调整和补充，最后才获得完整的语言知识。
（4）认知说。
认为在儿童语言获得过程中既有遗传机制的作用，又有语言环境作用，或者说二者是相互作用的。
2．语言发展演变有什么特点？请举例加以说明。
答：有两个特点：第一是渐变性；例如现代汉语的时态助词“了”，是从古代汉语的动词“了”虚化而来，其演变过程大约经历了上千年的时间。
动词“了”大约出现在汉代，是“终了、了结”的意思。
由于动词“了”常用在动词之后充当补语，地位不及一般的动词，于是逐渐虚化，大约到了唐宋之际，“了”才出现了与现代汉语大致相同的用法，成为时态助词。
第二是不平衡性。
在一千年中的发展变化情况做过统计，发现汉语和法语79％未发生变化，英语85％未发生变化，德语78％未发生变化，罗马尼亚语77％未发生变化，葡萄牙语82％未发生变化，西班牙语和意大利语85％未发生变化。
这说明基本词汇的发展变化速度是较为缓慢的。
正因如此，人们把语法和基本词汇看作决定一个语言基本面貌的最为稳定的部分。
3．语言会随着社会分化的不同类型而产生不同的分化，主要结果有哪些？答：一、是社会的地域分化会导致语言的地域分化，产生地域方言甚至亲属语言；二、是社会的社群分化会导致语言的社群分化，产生社会方言。
4．思维与语言之间有哪些主要不同？答：第一，功能上不同。
思维是服务对象，语言是工具。
第二，单位不对等（范畴上不同）。
概念、判断、推理与词语、句子、复句等并不对应。
第三，思维没有民族性，语言有鲜明的民族性。
5．什么是礼貌原则？请简单说明礼貌原则的内容。
答：所谓礼貌原则就是会话活动中会话得以顺利进行时需要的礼貌性的话语原则，一般需要言语形式表现。
从其形式和内容上看，一般礼貌原则主要包括以下几个方面的因素：得体；慷慨；赞誉；谦逊；一致；同情。