工程管理专业英语全文翻译
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。
工程管理专业外语英汉翻译
AA bill of quantities allows each contractor tendering for a project to price the work using the same information.一个账单量允许每个承包商为项目投标价格A bill of quantities is a list of item are entered in the next column followed by the rate ($/meter,$/meter2,$meter3,etc).比尔的数量是一个列表项进入下一列由率（美元/米，美元/平方米，美元/ 立方米，等）A construction manager can provide such coordination and the leadership necessary to produce the work. 一个项目经理提供必要的生产等工作的协调和领导。
A contract can be a ‘simple contract’: specialty contracts are also commonly referred to as ‘contracts under seal’.合同可以是一个简单的合同”：专业合同通常也被称为“盖印契约A contract is agreement between two or more than two parties(individuals or organizations) to perform or not to perform certain acts.合同协议的两个或更多的比之间的两方（个人或组织）执行或不执行某些行为。
A contract may be written or oral, but is only formed when there has an offer to do or provide something that is accepted by another party and is supported by consideration.合同可以是书面的或口头的，但只有当有一个形成作出或提供的东西是由另一方的接受和支持的思考。
工程管理中英文翻译
The stage of the project cost managementFrom The Engineering IndexAbstract:Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：Cost of the construction project, Cost management status investment decision, Phase of the design, phase of the implementation, phase of the cost management in a market economyEven under the WTO and China's accession to the world community,China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects –estimate budget,Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process,stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage,the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s,1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget,content, methodsIand approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. With the historical process,after recovery,reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development,the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking,the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity,will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions,as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices,wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment,the budget estimate for the system approved project cost,help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years,international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China,the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy,light the economy and technology,First,the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second,the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances,My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept,building departments will study the feasibility ofIIprojects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal,learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries,and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system,efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage,the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence,The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price,and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects,the information cannot be fully,comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost,many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors,a combination of practical,comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage,the project's technical and economic decision-making,Cost of the project after theIIIcompletion of the project and the economic benefits,with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage,rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise,invest more,less effective,resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present,some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue,false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems,lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective,even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs,we must do the following aspects:ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis,to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness,design task more scientific and reliability.ⅲCapital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place,and funds must have documents to ensure that theIVproject can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.ⅳTo strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design,Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law:ⅰAs the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on theVsame project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units.ⅱPromoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality, strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.VIⅲStrengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program, in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved, excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control, construction began at best to save and invest 20%, the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates, to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options, the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study, to the design staff costs, to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.ⅳDesign actively promote the so-called cap limit design, even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates, guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget, according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits, and every one professional, each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process, designers should progress to more programs, design optimization, ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable, innovative, stylish, and do not break the limit investment objectives, thus eliminating the engineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the technicalVIIfeasibility of the program, rather than economic rationality phenomenon, the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis, is a modern scientific management technique, is a new techno-economic analysis, is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies, construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period, a lot of wastage, poor quality, high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object, on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise, in the investment decision-making stage, the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits, strive in various construction projects rational use of human, material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy, to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex, this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process, it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is the implementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management, construction management and settlement management.VIIIBidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means, bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects, shortening the construction cycle return on the investment, construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise, in the tender document to include not only the usual content, like tender notes before schedule, tender notes, the conditions of the contract, the contract terms of the agreement, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, tender documents and other reference format, it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory, Bidding as a reference document of the important components. Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory, in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects, unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules, according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged, obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective, impartial, scientific, and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget, and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience, and the material and mechanical construction technology for comprehensive scientific knowledge, in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules, and the sub-projects division engineering units, and in accordance with design drawings, design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general, the entries must be simple, while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division,IXthe situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers, seriously study design drawings, Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements, all familiar with the process, and to the scene of serious investigation, is forecast to make possible the construction of the case, right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition, because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluation process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs. After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explainedXthat the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.ⅰConstruction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieve better economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way.ⅱStrictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, including works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the "grade control, visa quota" system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents, it is bound to cause major changesXIto the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.ⅲWorks on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.ⅳOf project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender waitXIIuntil the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions.ⅴControl material consumption, rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main, the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion, usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%, representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices, so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels, variety and price range materials, construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates, with the progress of the scene, the market, hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.ⅵTechnology and economic integration, strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment, from organizational, technical, economic, contracts, and other measures. Therefore, the construction units must strengthen management, engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept, the quality of education, Training pragmatic working style, the construction side to help improve construction design, reasonable security, financial, and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions, overcome the waste caused by command, to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation, is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender, contract negotiations, costing the budget, signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts, a cost analysis, the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.Do a good job clearing price completion of the assessment project is the completion of settlement construction enterprises in accordance with the provisions ofXIII。
工程管理专业英语2PROJECT PARTICIPANTS及翻译
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT PARTICIPANTSCHAPTER OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONOWNERSPublic OwnersPrivate OwnersOwner RepresentativesDESIGN PROFESSIONALSArchitectsEngineersCONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALSConstructorsSpecialty ContractorsThe TradesMaterial SuppliersEquipment SuppliersOTHER PARTICIPANTSORGANIZATION OF COMPANIESCONCLUSIONSTUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVESIn this chapter you will learn the following:1. The roles and responsibilities of the key construction participants2. The division of labor within a designer organization3. Tlie divislon of labor within a construction organization4. The common categories of construction labor5. Professional registration and certificationINT RODUCTIONThe product of a construction project can exist for hundreds of years. People occupy the buildings, maintain the refineries, operate the pipelines. and use the bridges. However. No one interacts quite as intimately with these facilities as those who dream of them, design them. and build them. Construction projects are born from ideas. For an idea to be realized, it must be translated into graphic form. which in turn must be transformed into a finished product. The idea is defined by the owner, developed by the designer, and produced by the constructor. who then turns it over to the owner. This circle defines the construction project.This chapter concentrates on the people who fill the roles of owner. designer, and constructor. Who fills these roles and how they relate to each other are determined by manyfactors, including time, money, project uniqueness. And cultural environment. At first glance, the roles seem simple to define: the owner is the one with the deep pockets, the designer is the expert, and the constructor is the guy with the pickup truck and the backhoe. A closer look. however, reveals a more complex and interesting reality. Owners are often large organizations or institutions that are accountable to a board of trustees or a foundation that demands tight fiscal control. Designers depend increasingly on manufacturers, suppliers, and builders for technical expertise as technology and product design become more sophisticated. Constructors are professionals with advanced technical degrees who manage projects with sophisticated means and methods.The closer you examine them. the more complicated and indistinct the roles become. As projects grow in complexity, owners are increasingly turning to outside consultants to represent their interests. These program managers and proj ect managers may, in fact, be employed by design or construction firms that may or may not have a direct stake in the design or construction of the project. Owners, especially in large companies, may also be architects, engineers, or constructors by training; and experienced construction companies often employ architects and engineers as staff members.If we consider how the management of the project is arranged, we see another layer of complexity added to these roles. Owners' increased need for tight financial control and quick project turnaround, coupled with concerns about the rising cost of litigation, are contributing to a change in the way in which the roles relate to each other. (See Chapter 4 for details on how project participants can interact.)This chapter discusses the roles of owner, designer. and constructor as separate and distinct. In fact. it is their functions that are separate and distinct. Complexity develops from how those functions are configured and who carries them out.OWNERSOwners can be individuals seeking a home for their growing family, a large organization responding to a change in technology, a municipality seeking to improve its infrastructure, or a developer working to make money by filling a perceived market need. The motivation to build is as varied as the profile of the individuals and companies. Whatever the motivation. however. the owner is where the project is born. After identifying the need. the owner's most important function is to financially back the project; otherwise. there can be no project. The source of thal financing partly defines the type of owner who enters into a construction process.Public OwnersOne-quarter of the construction in the United States is done with public money. The money can be from local. state. or federal sources. but in al~ cases the owner is the taxpayer. Some of these projects are done through public agencies that commission the construction-for example,the Army Corps of Engineers, the Department of Transportation. and the General Service Administration. They build military complexes, Jarge public works projects, and courthouses. to name a few .Because these agencies represent the public, they must follow specific methods of managing the projects. Public approval processes have to be figurecl into any schedule or budget. How the designer and contractor are selected is carefully spelled out. Negotiation of claims is well defined. as well as how payments are issued.Some publicly funded projects are managed by private organizations such as universities or hospitajs. The funding of these projects often combines public funding with private money for some or all of the construction. Thus. institutional owners may need to comply with public agency requirements while managing the pressures of private oversight boards.There are special pressures on the team that is designing and building a publicly funded project. During design there can be multiple reviews by various agencies. Federal or state regulations that are not part of local building codes can be enforced. Bidding requirements may affect how specific building contractors are selected. The owner's representative must be well versed in all these special requirements to ensure that public money is well spent and that documentation supporting all actions is maintained.Private OwnersMost construction is financed through private ownership. This category includes both the homeowner who builds only one house in a lifetime and the multinational company that owns numerous facilities. Large companies often have a department of people who represent them during the design and building process.A developer is a special type of private owner who often owns the project only for the duration of construction. The developer looks for economic opportunities and puts together a package that includes marketing, financing, location. and image. The goal is to make money, either through a quick sale or through long-term rentals.Owner RepresentativesBecause owners can be any individual or organization that takes on a construction project, it is difficult to find a common profile. Facility managers are the most common professional owner representatives. They are found most often in large organizations and institutions. such as corporate offices with multiple facilities, military complexes, schools and universities. and hospitals. At one time. facility managers were the basement mechanics who oversaw the repair and maintenance of facilities. Now they are a more diverse and professional group. Facility managers view the facilities in a broader context than most of the other people in their organization and certainly more broadly than the other members of the project team. Their job is to understand the goals and objectives of their organization and ensure that the facilities are planned to support them. Therefore, they are often the people who determine whenconstruction projects are necessary. Changing technologies, market competition, management innovations, organizational growth, and the naturaf aging of facilities all are factors that create the need for projects.Organizations without large in-house departmenls often hire outside consultants to manage construction projects. This is especially true of owners who only occasionally take on large projects. The trend toward using consultants reflects the high cost of keeping facility managers on staff as well as the increased sophistication of the building process. For the owner. the kcy to success with an outside manager is spending time early in the project outlining organizational goals so that the consultant can fully represent these interests.A building committee is another form of owner representation. Consisting of users, financial backers. and sometimes eommUnity residents. buildling committees reflect the prominent place of the design and building process in the business of some organizations. User representation is especially important because, as technology and production processes become more sophisticated, the link between the new facility and its use becomes more critical. In all cases. whether represented by a facility manager. an outside consultant. or an ad hoc organization formed for the duration of the project, owners are primarily concerned about their needs and their money. This concern is translated into a scope of work and a budget, which, together with a timeline. become the guideposts of the project. Sophisticated owners understand from the onset why they are buildingand are very clear about their objectives when communicating to the project team. Owners who are not as familiar with the building process will sometimes be less clear about their motivations and may not fully understand them. Mixed motivations not clearly communicated can interfere with the design process and may cost the owner time and money.Owners represent a specific interest during the project's life. While designers focus on functionality, aesthetics. and innovative use of materials, owners are additionally concemed about the durability of the desigji, storage and availability of materials, simplicity of operation. and ease of maintenance. While constructors are concemed with maintaining the schedule and budget through efficient methods of assembly and improved management techniques, owners are additionally concerned about a turnover process that ensures complete understanding of all systems in the project and a smooth startup transition. Tbis focus can put them at odds with the other members of the project team. who are very narrowly focused on design and construction issues. In the best of teams. these diverging interests forge a creative tension that encourages all members of the team to incorporate the interests of the others as their own.DESIGN PROFESSIONALSArchitects and engineers are the principal designers of construction projects. On most building and residential sector projects. the architect is the lead designer, laying out the concept on paper with the owner. The engineer is usually brought in after the basic concept is worked out but before the details are developed. The engineer designs the building systems: structures aswell as mechanical. electrical. And plumbing systems. On infrastructure and industrial projects, the lead designer is usually an engineer; the architect is brought in to work on the aesthetics. For example, on a refinery project, the engineer designs the mechanical. electrical. and structural svstems, while the architect handles the officc spaces and building color schemes.Each professional contributes to projects in different ways. When architects are given a design challenge, they respond by flrst identifying the important elements of the design. For some architects the physical context is the guiding feature. others are guided by the activities that will occur in the building, and still others focus on creating a unique image. Very good architecture responds to all three aspects. The process is intuitive and subjective. Architccts become known for the personal styles they develop over the course of their careers. Some architects tie their work to historic styles; others are more modern in their expression. Thcy are hired to express those particular responses.An engineer's approach to design is different from an architect's. Engineers tackle a challcnge objectively, breaking it down into identifiable components and a series of questions to be answered. When engineers are the lead designers. the functional aspects of the work take center stage. For instance. in the English Channel Tunnel Crossing (Chunnel) project, image w. as Iess important than the safe. efficient boring of many miles of tunnel. the removal of spoil, and the insertion of the tunnel liner.Whether an architect or an engineer is the lead designer depends on the nature of the project. Architects tend to lead commercial building and residential sector projects. Engineers lead heavy engineering and some industrial sector projects. Architects and engineers may coexist within single companies called architectural engineering firms (A/Es). Both professions emphasize creativity, but whereas an architect may be asked to capture a corporation's image within the form of a new headquarters building that provides convenient access for vehicles and a welcoming entrance for pedestrians. an engineer may be asked to replace and widen an existing five-mile interstate highway through a dense urban enVironment without adverseIy affecting the city's operations. Both designers must think mechanically, technically, and creatively, but the architect works in the artistic realm to solve a specific set of problems. while the englneer works in the technical realm.ArchitectsArchitects are the stars of tbe building industry, and many famous ones easily come to mind: Frank LJoyd Wright: Aalvar Alto, I. M. Pei. The profession has a certain mystique about it-romantic, artistici and not entirely understood by people outside the field. Architects are the industry's image makers.Traditionally, theey have also been the primary representatives of owners' interests. Because owners usually hire architects first, they are the first people to hear the owners talk about their needs. and they are the ones who meet with the occupants and help define the budget and the schedule. Often they influence the choice of contractor and delivery method andact as an owner's representative throughout the construction phase of the job.An architect's responsibilities are to translate and develop an owner's requirements and graphically represent them so that the contractor can accurately price, schedule, and implement the design. That responsibility is complex. In addition to understanding the requirements of the owner, the architect must have enough skill and expertise to choose appropriate systems and materials and the talent to formulate a design that is mathematically proportioned and aesthetically pleasing.Architects today learn their profession in four- or five-year college programs and apprentice under a licensed practitioner for a certain number of years before they are eligible to take an exam allowing them to practice independently. The exam is intended to test an architect's abilities in a wide range of building-related topics. The field offers many opportunities. Architects can choose to practice as part of a large firm. a smaller partnership, or independently. They can specialize in one building type-for example, residences. health care facilities. universities, sports and recreation facilities. or museums. The list is extensive. In addition to practicing architecture. licensed architects have other alternatives, working in allied fields such as owners' organizations, government agencies, teaching professions. marketing, and sales.Architects are usually the principal designers on building projects, but many other professionals contribute to their work. including specification writers. computer-aided design (CAD) operators. interior designers, and landscape architects. These specialized professions developed as the tasks facing architects became more complex. Sometimes. especially in larger companies, these professionals are employed full time by architectural firms. In other cases, they work independently and are brought in as consultants as needed. In addition. these professionals can have their own independent practices and can be brought in by clients to work directly as a principal consultant. Here are some examples:●Drafters/CAD operators. Until recently, drafting was done exclusively at drafting boardswith mechanical tools of varying sophistication and using technical pens and pencils.Today, many companies use CAD software packages exclusively, and all drafting is done in front of a computer screen. Once drafters were junior architects paying their dues at the drafting table, but the complexity and changing technologies of the CAD systems have bred a new profession of people who produce construction documents in support of the architect's work. This profession has also become increasingly independent of architects.As communication among constructors, specialty contractors, owners, suppliers, and architects has evolved. the need for CAD operators has also evolved. A person choosing CAD operation as a career will find many opportunities in a growing field.●Specification writers. Architects produce the drawings that explain in detail what thedesign should look like.As part of the complete contract set, a specification writer prepares a written document called the specifications. Done in conj unction with the drawings, this document lays out the level of performance requirements and qualityexpected on the project. It may spell out specific products and methods to be used.Specifiers are often trained as engineers or architects. although they may not be licensed.Key to success in this field are keeping up with the latest products and maintaining a data base of how products perform on projects over time. T o accomplish these goals, a specifier must meet with manufacturer representatives and use sources such as the Construction Specification Institute (CSI). He or she must also be able to write clearly and concisely, be organized and methodical about material. And have an extensive understanding of construction processes. In addition to supporting the work of architects, specification writers may be employed directly by engineers and manufacturers-for example. to write the specifications for a particular roofing system.●Interior designers. On large projects, architects sometimes use the services of interiordesigners. These professionals work on a project's non-structural interior spaces.While the architect lays out how the exterior elevations will work. where the core systems in the building will be located. and what primary materials will be used. the interior designer works out interior finishes: paint, window treatment, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and signs. Most interior designers are trained in a two- or four-year program that provides a certificate or degree. In addition to working with architects, they may have their own independent client base and specialize in a specific type of interior. For example, when a company leases space in an office building, it often hires an interior designer to lay out the space. Homeowners hire interior designers to specify materials and products. Hospitals and museums need specific products and spatial layouts. Thus, interior designers require expertise in space planning, acoustics, lighting, and telecommunications and must have a good understanding of the latest products on the market.●Landscape architects. Architects consult with landscape architects when a projectinvolves significant outdoor space or indoor planting areas. Large firms have landscape architects on staff. but many are outside consultants with their own practices. Landscape architects also work directly with owners, government agencies, and homeowners. Their work includes identification of plant species and location of trees and shrubs. They set grades: establish walkways, walls, and fences; and specify paving types. They also get involved with site design, pedestrian and vehicular circulation. park design, and conservation measures. A landscape architect is usually a degreed professional registered by the state.EngineersWith 25 t0 65 percent of construction costs going to engineered systems, engineers play an important role on projects. Sometimes they work within large A/E firms, but most often they are independent consultants. Engineers' responsibility on projects is varied. depending on theirdiscipline: but in all cases they must understand an owner's requirements: budget, operations. durability, and intended use of space. All of these factors contribute to how an engineer chooses structural support, air conditioning, level of lighting and power, and plumbing capacity. Engineering tasks include specifying large equipment such as air-handler units and electrical switchgear. They then lay out the necessary distribution (ductwork. electrical conduit. and piping systems) and specify and locate the termination devices-for example, radiation units, electrical outlets. and sink faucets. Because their work is detailed, communication within the design team is critical. Adjustments are ongoing in the design to accommodate the dimensional requirements of the building systems, and sometimes the work of the engineer can influence large shifts in the design approach. Engineers are regulated by professional licensing requirements that include a four- or five-year college program; a specific number of years of experience; the successful passing of two exams and Fundamentals of Engineering; and, after proper documented experience, the professional engineering exam. Although engineers have many career options, here are the most common ones:●Structural engineers calculate strengths and deflections, foundation sizes. beam thickness.and strength of floor slabs. They ensure that a building can withstand the forces of wind, gravity, and seismic activity.●Mechanical engineers design heating, cooling, water supply, and sanitary systems. Theywork with architects to make sure that enough room is provided for ducts and fans. They share information about equipment weight with structural engineers and power requirements with electrical engineers.●Electrical engineers calculate the overall electrical load required; size equipment accordingly;and supply drawings that show power lines.motors, transformers, switchgear, and telecommunications. They determine the amount of lighting required for the owner's intended use and design lighting layouts to meet an architect's criteria.●Civil engineers determine the location of a project on a site by studying the subsurface soilconditions and the topography of the land. They design roads, bridgesj tunnels, parking lots, storm water drainage, and sewage treatment plants.●Surveyors measure distances and elevations of land surfaces. They locate natural featuressuch as hills. valleys, vegetation, rock outcroppings, and water bodies. They also measure built features such as curbs, paved areas. utilities, structures, and property boundaries. This information is used as the basis for any site development.CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALSConstructorsConstructor is the general term used to define the professional responsible for all construction activities, whether he or she works as a general contractor or a constructionmanager. Of the three major participants on the project team. the constructor has changed most in terms of type and training of personnel. In the past, company executives rose through the industry's ranks, often starting as carpenters or laborers. Today, company heads are graduates of business schools or people with experience in the real estate or development industries. Their krtowledge of the details of construction is supported by the expertise of specialty subcontractors. This trend is also working its way into the field management of jobs. Many project managers have been trained in construction management programs, and superintendents may be recruited directly from civil engineering programs. Such professionalization of the management of construction has allowed the industry to broaden the scope of services it can offer to owners. Once constructors came on the job after the design was complete, but now they may be brought in before the architect to advise an owner. Where once their responsibility was confined to construction, they now work as part of a design/build team responsible for delivery of the entire project from concept to compjetion or as part of a build, operate. transfer (BOT) team that takes on short term responsibility for operation of a facility as well as design and construction. These capabilities are only possible with people who have expertise in areas outside construction combined with a solid base of construction knowledge.Like the other professions. construction offers many options. The traditional path is to become a construction manager for a large company or to strike out on your own and become a general contractor. Inside large companies, other distinct career paths have evolved to meet the specialized needs of complex projects. This evolution is similar to what has happened inside the architectural profession. People in these positions support the work of the construction manager but may also be hired directly by owners or architects for independent consulting. Here are some examples:●Estimators are pivotal to any construction company; jobs are won and lost by their efforts.Estimators work with design drawings andprepare a complete list of all job costs. They need to understand the construction process; be detail-oriented and well organized; and have a thorough knowledge of costs for labor. materials. and equipment. Estimating is a computerized activity; some companies have tbeir own specialized programs, while others purchase estimating packages off the shelf and then customize them with their own data.Estimators come under considerable pressure when bids are due on a project because they must ensure good coverage on all sub-bids. This coverage can win or lose a job. Although estimators may come from a variety of backgrounds and learn on the job, many start out as engineers. constructors, or designers. Large companies have in-house estimaring departments with customized data bases that combine historic data and information from subcontractors and material suppliers. Consujting companies specialize in providing estimating data, which is either developed for a specific project or provided as an off-the-shelf item. These companies may work for owners. architects, engineers. or constructors.●Schedulers work between the home office and the field office. Before construction begins,they are usually based at the home office but often move to the field during construction.Schedulers need to have a thorough understanding of the construction process as well as the ability to define distinct construction activities and understand the relationships among activities. Although schedulers need a strong background in construction. they often learn the actual skill on the job. A person with knowledge of pertinent computer software has an advantage. Successful schedulers monitor job progress, coordinate subcontractors, analyze changes and the impact of delays, and solve problems. Although large companies may have in-house schedulers, the task is often outsourced to consulting companies. Scheduling consultants may also be hired by owners to represent them in a dispute.●Purchasing agents buy subcontracts once a job is won. A person in this position negotiatesto get the best price while ensuring that all contract requirements are met. Typically, a purchasing agent meets with a subcontractor to review the conditions and scope of the job.Their conversation sometimes leads to a change in the bid price. To successfully negotiate with subcontractors, a purchasing agent must understand building materials, prices, and the construction process; have broad business sense: and be persuasive. Because the function is tightly aligned with a constructor's ability to make money on the job, it is usually an in-house task.Construction personnel are trained in a variety of ways. In the past. most started out in the trades and worked their way into management positions by either starting their own companies or joining others who had. As projects became more complex and companies larger, schools responded by offering degreed programs in related fields-for example, building construction and construction management. Supporting organizations also grew up, such as the American Institute of Constructors (AIC) and the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA). There is a movement toward professional certification similar to the registration process for engineers and architects.Specialty ContractorsGenerally known as subcontractors, these specialty firms include mechanical. electrical, excavation. and demolition contractors. They are usually hired by and work directly for a general contractor. Specialty firms supply most of the material and labor on the job. Once general contractors directly hired carpenters, laborers. bricklayers, ironworkers, and painters. Superintendents. foremen. and lead workers were on the permanent payroll and would hire, lay off, and rehire tradespeople as needed. Only the mechanical and electrical trades were subcontracted. Today, general contracting is very different. Builders hire specialty subcontractors to do all the tradework. A builder will typically carry superintendents on the permanent payroll to oversee the work and a small group of carpenters and laborers to perform general conditions work. Instead of directly hiring the trades. however, they bid the work out to subcontractors who。
实用英语工程管理类翻译
Unit 1general contractor 总承包商material dealer 材料经销商equipment distributor 设备经销商geographical scope 地理范围technological dimension 技术尺度；技术因素site condition （建筑）工地条件in harmony 和谐peak period 高峰阶段working efficiency 工作效率residential construction 住宅建设concrete mixer 水泥搅拌车，混凝土搅拌车urban design 市区规划construction supervision 工程监理site investigation 现场调查foundation design 基础设计development permit 开发许可申请financial evaluation 财务评估Unit 2project delivery systems 项目建设模式contract package 合同包design-bid-build 设计-招标-建造模式design-build 设计-建造总承包模式construction management 建筑工程管理模式design-manage 设计-管理模式lowest bidder 最低投标construction drawing 建筑图纸federal procurement statute 联邦采购法规budget constraint 预算限制unit cost 单位成本delivery speed 运输速度Unit 3 project planning 项目计划project scope 项目范围activity network diagram 工序网络图critical path 关键路径Gantt chart 甘特图work breakdown structure 任务分解结构triple constraint 三角形约束resource utilization 资源利用back-loaded work plan 后置工作计划Unit 4 construction management 建筑管理civil engineering 土木工程civil engineers 土木工程师senior manager 高层管理人员middle manager 中层管理人员financial issue 融资问题geographic area 地域范围human resources management 人力资源管理project scheduling 工程的进度计划in-house training 机构内部培训staff size 人员规模on-the-job training 在职培训accounting 会计学bargaining and negotiation 议价和谈判engineering law 工程法规Unit 5 international competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标reverse auction 逆向竞拍official regulation 官方监管proposed contract 合同草案approval process 审批手续；批准流程equipment installation 设备安装invitation to bid 投标邀请书Unit 6progress management 进度管理project life cycle 项目生命周期feasibility study 可行性研究stand-alone project 独立的项目prior to 在···前schedule compression 进度表压缩intermediate phase 中间阶层；中间阶段application area 应用领域conceptual development 理念上的进展project manager 项目经理a single design phase 单一设计阶段cost and staffing levels 成本和员工水平stakeholder 股东；利益相关者Unit 7cost management 成本管理search out 寻找到；查出cash flow 现金流量；现金流Integrated Change Control 综合变量控制vigorous competition 激烈的竞争financial transaction 财务事项fixed price 标价；不二价list price 价格表；价目表bid price 出价；递价blanket price 一揽子价格nominal price 名义价格floor price 最低价格import price 进口价export price 出口价current price 时价；现行价contract price 合同价competitive price 竞争价格official price 公定价格；官方定价Unit 8 quality management 质量管理quality control 质量控制quality assurance 质量保证shrinkage characteristics 收缩特性freeze and thaw property 冻融性能concrete structure 混凝土结构final product 建成物well-dimensioned 尺寸完备的working drawing 施工图optimal design procedure 最佳设计程序at the outset 在开始water/cement ration 水灰比cement content 水泥用量reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土materials selection 选材；材料选择Total Quality Control 全面质量控制Unit 9 safety management 安全管理walk through 步行穿过hard hat 安全帽safety goggle 防护眼镜safety boot 防护靴work glove 工作手套ear plug 耳塞face mask 面罩Unit 10 project risk management 项目风险管理issue management 问题管理white paper 白皮书risk identification 风险识别risk quantification 风险量化risk response 风险对策；风险应对risk monitoring and control风险监控avoid the risk 规避风险transfer the risk 转移风险mitigate the risk 减轻风险accept the risk 接受风险risk response plan 风险应对计划Unit 3 工程项目计划Text A参考译文：Para.3甘特图是一个说明项目进度计划的条形图。
工程管理专业英语翻译
1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2.In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5.In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。
工程管理专业英语相关翻译
1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。
这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。
许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。
2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。
Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。
in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。
工程管理专业英语第二单元翻译
这些情况下，作为结果，建设项目所代表的它们的复杂性和多样性，其生产的非标准化的性质。使用工厂生产的模块单元可以减少这种个性一些，但是这是不可能的现场施工都无法完全适应的标准化的方法和组装线生产的产品的一致性..
Construction project management is concerned with planning, scheduling, and controlling nonroutine activities within certain time and resource constrains. If a construction project is to be constructed within its established budget and time schedule, close management control of field operations is a necessity. Construction project conditions include technical complexity, importance of timely completion, resource limitations, and control of construction operations. Unfortunately, the construction process once it is set into motion is not a self-regulating mechanism and requires expert guidance if events are to conform to plans.
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工程管理专业英语全文翻译
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Ｕnit 1theowner’s perspectivｅ第1单元业主的观点
1.2 MajｏｒTyｐｅs ofＣonstｒuction1.2大建筑类型
In planninｇfor various typesof coｎstｒｕcｔiｏn，theｍeｔhodｓｏf procuringｐroｆessioｎａl serｖices，awarｄinｇconstｒuctｉｏn contractｓ,andｆinaｎciｎgｔheconstructｅｄfａciliｔy canbe qｕｉｔe diffeｒent. Foｒthe pｕrpose of dｉscussｉon,ｔhe bｒoad sｐectrumof constｒucted facilities mayｂe cｌassifｉeｄintｏfourｍajor categories，eａchｗith its oｗn charａｃterｉsticｓ.在规划各类施工时，采购专业服务,授予施工合同，建设设施融资方式可能有很大的不同。为了讨论的目的,广泛的建筑设施可以分为四个主要类别,每个类别都有自己的特点。
Ｓiｎcｅmｏstｏｗｎersａre genｅrａlｌｙ ｉnｔｅresｔedｉｎａcqｕiring onlyａspecifｉcｔｙpeof conｓtｒuｃｔｅd faｃility, tｈey shoulｄｂeａware oｆtｈe commonｉnｄustrｉalpractiｃesｆor tｈeｔｙpe ofconstrｕｃtｉoｎpertｉneｎttotheｍ［1]. Likewisｅ,ｔhe cｏnstｒuctｉon induｓtry is a conglｏmeｒation of quiteｄiｖeｒｓe segｍenｔsａnd prｏｄucts. Someowneｒsｍａyprocurｅaｃｏnstruｃtedｆaciｌity only oｎce in a loｎgwhｉle aｎdteｎｄｔolooｋfoｒｓｈort termａｄvantages． Ｈｏｗｅver，maｎyowｎｅrsrequireｐerｉoｄiｃａcquisition of nｅwｆａcilitiesand／or rｅhabiｌiｔation ofｅｘiｓtiｎg faｃilｉtｉes．It is to tｈeiｒ ａdvａntａge to kｅep thｅcｏnstrｕction induｓtｒy healｔhｙandpｒoductive. Coｌｌectiｖｅｌy, tｈeｏwnｅrｓhaｖeｍoｒe powerto inflｕｅｎcｅthe cｏｎstｒucｔｉoｎinｄusｔry thanｔheｙｒealiｚｅbｅｃausｅ，by tｈｅiｒｉndｉｖｉduａlactioｎｓ，they caｎｐrovideｉncｅntiｖｅｓforｉnｎoｖation,ｅfficienｃyａnd quaｌity in coｎｓｔrｕcｔion［２].Itｉs toｔｈｅiｎterｅst ofａlｌpａrtｉeｓ ｔhａttheownersｔａke anaｃtive inteｒesｔin theconsｔruｃtionａnｄｅxerciｓe beneficｉａlｉnfluenceｏn tｈｅｐerfoｒmance oftｈeｉｎdusｔry．由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。同样，建筑行业是一个相当多样化的部门和产品的集团。一些业主可能会长时间采购建筑设施一次，并倾向于寻找短期优势。然而，许多业主需要定期收购新设施和/或修复现有设施。保持建筑业的健康和生产力是有利的。总的来说，业主对施工行业的影响力比他们意识到的要大,因为他们可以通过个人行动来提供创新，效率和施工质量的激励[2］。所有各方的利益，业主积极兴趣,对行业表现有利影响。
The resiｄentｉal housing mａｒkeｔis hｅavily afｆｅｃtedｂｙgｅneraleconomicｃonｄitioｎs, tａxｌａwｓ,ａnd the moｎｅtａryandｆiscａlpｏlｉcies ofｔhegｏvｅrnmｅnt. Oｆten，ａsliｇhｔincrｅaseinｔotal demａnｄwill cａuse aｓubｓｔantial inｖestｍentin constructｉon, sｉｎceｍanyhoｕsinｇproｊects canbｅ ｓｔarｔed at difｆereｎtｌocations bｙdifferentｉnｄividuaｌｓａnｄｄeｖｅlopersａｔｔhe sameｔimｅ[５]. Bｅｃause ofｔherelativeｅａｓeofentry, at leａst aｔthｅloｗerｅnｄostｈe market, manｙｎew bｕildeｒsａｒeａtｔraｃteｄtoｔheｒesideｎtｉal housiｎgｃonstｒuctｉon. Hｅnce，thｉs markeｔｉshｉghlycompetiｔｉve,witｈpoteｎｔially hｉghｒｉsks as well as high rewarｄs.住宅建设包括单户住房,多户住宅和高层公寓[３]。在开发和建设这些项目时,熟悉建筑行业的开发商或赞助商通常作为代理业主，负责设计和建造的必要合同协议,并安排完成的建筑物的融资和销售[4 ]。住宅设计通常由建筑师和工程师进行,建筑师由结构,机械，电气和其他专业工作的分包商执行施工。这种模式的一个例外是单户住宅，如图1-2所示,也可以由建设者设计。