英语四级写作技巧之增加亮点(doc 7页)

英语四级写作技巧之增加亮点(doc 7页)
英语四级写作技巧之增加亮点(doc 7页)

英语四级写作技巧之增加亮点(doc 7页)

2011英语四级写作技巧:增加亮点

写作。这一部分要求考生在30分钟内写完一篇至少120个单词的文章。写作部分是四级考生又一软肋,得分普遍不高。有的是不了解得分技巧,有的是写不出内容,有的是语法错误太多,有的是字迹太差…那么,最后一段时间,怎么尽可能提高写作成绩呢?

1、合理分配30分钟。

有同学草草看完题目要求,就匆匆下笔,结果跑题万里。如果文章偏离主题,那就不得高分。所以,建议考生用大概5分钟时间先审题,定下大概写作方向,写下重点单词,勾勒出文章的大概框架。接下来用20分钟左右的时间来写文章。考生一般是可以在这时间内完成至少1 20个单词的文章的,原因四级文章一般用7—10个句子就可以写完了。不过这也要求考生在考

前做一定的准备工作,比如了解作文如何分类,每一类写作可能会涉及怎样的语言表达等。另外,考生应该在考试前写几篇文章,练练笔,不至于在考试中没有写句子的感觉。写完文章后,考生还应用2-5分钟时间来检查文章。考生如果不检查文章,就会自觉不自觉地犯一些错误,尤其是单数复数的错误和时态的错误。能力很高的同学也经常犯这样的错误,因为中国人没有单复数的概念,没有时态变化的习惯,导致母语思维影响英语写作。如果文章有一些低级的错误,就会在很大程度上影响考试成绩。

2、掌握拓展语言的方法。

近几年考生普遍感觉到四级写作变难了,一个重要原因是考应用文多了,考描述性的内容多了。这类题的特点是很多语言需要自己组织,不像以前的议论文,可以大量套用模板语言。的确,描述性的语言更加需要考生靠自己的能力遣词造句。

而考生遇到的更为重要的问题是不知道写什么内容,每个句子都得花很多时间来思考。如

果有一个比较好的思路来引导我们,那写文章就会轻松多了。所以,建议考生在考前掌握如何通过因果关系、时间顺序、空间顺序等来扩展思维。另外,还要掌握如何分析原因,如何提供方法,如何做一些简单的评论。虽然考试形式可以灵活变化,但是考到的内容总是有这些共性。例如,2005年1月考竞选演讲词,中间有能胜任的理由分析,2003年6月考目击的一起车祸,中间有对车祸原因的分析;又如2003年6月要求考生描述车祸经过,2003年9月要求考生写大家如何帮助生病同学,2004年6月写一天旅游行程的安排,2005年6月写老师做的一件让我感动的事等等,这些内容都要涉及如何按照时间先后顺序写作,如何结合因果逻辑安排情节。

3、增加语言的亮点。

为了让作文得更好的分数,考生应该了解一些得分技巧,比如在单词层面上,单词要有变化,而且部分单词要有四级难度。如一篇四级范文中,考生用believe, think,

maintain三个不同单词来表示“认为”,这就体

现了变化,maintain一词也体现了四级难度。很多四级考生在写文章时会习惯性地用中学时学的单词,所以文章即使错误较少,也不能得一个较高的分数。另外,在句子层面上,需要长短句有机结合,不要从头到尾都是简单句,比如可以加一个定语从句,状语从句,插入语等。这些语言的运用可以让阅卷老师知道我们所能掌握的语言复杂级别。当然,也没有必要从头到尾都写长难句。

写作的评分依据是:切题、条理、语言和字数。所谓切题就是看你写的作文是否跑题。所谓条理是指每一段的议论的正反清楚,说明的几个方面清楚,描述的时间正确。

一、审题

我们拿到作文后第一件事要做的就是审题。审题的作用在于使你的写作不跑题(如果跑题,条理和语言再好,也得不到及格分,甚至0分。)那么审题要审什么呢?

1.体裁(议论文、说明文、描述文)

审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括哪些呢?就四、六级考试而言,它包括议论文、说明文和描述文。从近些年来看,四、六级作文不是单一的体裁,而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如有一次四级写题是这样出的:

Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the

outline(given in Chinese) below:

(1)做合格大学生的必要性来源:

(2)

做合格大学生的必备条件(可以德智体等方面谈)

(3)我打算这样做

很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。我们认为说它是议论文是片面的。因为第一段要求写“...必要性”,这说明本段体裁是议论文;第二段要求写“...必备条件”,这说明本段要求写说明文;而第三段要求写“...这样做”,说明

本段要求写的是描述文。所以我们说在大多数情况下,四、六级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。

2.根据不同体裁确定写作方法

我们审题的目的就在于根据不同的体裁来确定不同的写作方法。通过审题,我们可以看出四、六级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体、第二段为说明体、第三段为描述体。议论体有议论体的写作方式、说明体有说明体的写作方式、描述体也有它自身的写作特点。第一段为议论文:它的写作特点是要有论点和论据,而且往往从正反两面来论述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是:做合格大学生,会怎么样(这是从正面论述);不能做倒合格大学生,会怎么样(从反面论述);所以我们要

做合格的大学生(结论)。第二段为说明文:它的写作特点是从几方面或几条来说明一个问题,就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言,我们从三个方面(德智体)来说明做合格大学生的必要性。第三段为描述文:以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟上两段相比,本段的主语多为人称代词。它要与第二段相呼应进行描述。

二、主题句

通过审题,我们知道了写作的思路。下边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提,只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把各要求句译成英语。例如上述作文的三段主题句分别为:

☆ It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句)

☆ There are several respects of necessities to be a good university

student.(说明体的主题句)

☆ What I will do i

如果要求句是英语就可以把它扩充成主题句,例如这样的一篇做文:

Good Health

(1) Importance of good health

(2) Ways to keep fit

(3) My own practice

这样的作文的要求句就可以扩展成主题句。扩展后三段的主题句分别为:

☆ It is very important to have good health.

(将名词importance变成形容词important)

☆ There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型)

☆ My own practices are the following.(采用原词)

三、条理来源:

保证不跑题是写作当中第一重要任务,第二个重要任务就是条理清楚。对于议论文来说,正反面要清楚。对于说明文来说,1、2、3条要清楚,对于描述文要来,谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good

Health来说,第一段保持正反面要清楚就应这样写:主题句(It is very important to have good health.,正面(With good health, we can...),反面(Without good health, we can do nothing. We can't do...)

第二段应当这样写:主题句(There are four ways to keep fit.)从几方面说明: Firstly, we should have our breakfast in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon. Third,

sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music....)

为了使文章更具关于条理性,我们可以用first(l y),second(ly),third(ly)等副词,他们可以使文章的条理性十分突出。作文是主观性题,要想得高分我们必须把评卷老师考虑进去。评卷老师的时间很短(每份卷子的作文只有一两分钟就要阅完),所以我们在列条条时最好不用:To begin with, ... After that,... And then,... The next,... The following,... At

last ...。因为用这样的词语不利于阅卷老师看出你作文的条理性。

第三段应当这样写:主题句(My own practices are the

following.)具体情况(主语为第一人称代词I,与第二段呼应) In the morning, I have my breakfast . At noon, I have a nap. And in the afternoon, I always play football. In the evening, I usually listen to the classic music.

综上所述,如果我们按以上几节的方法去做,就可以保证及格以上分数。

四、十二句作文法

在作文的评分标准中字数也是一个要求。四、六级的作文要求是要写出120-150字。对于这样的要求考生不必怕写不够。我们知道,四、六级作文大都是三段式。我们算一下,如果我们在每一段中写上四句话,即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右。每一句十多个词,这样就是120-150字。同时,我们也提醒大家,不能写得太多,写得多容易跑题。在写作时,我们要横向写作,即写某一问题的横段面。例如,上面讲到健康的重要性时,我们只写四句就可以了。第一句主题句,第二句从正面论述,第三句从反面论述,第四句为结论句。但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要,”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”,因为波菜含有丰富的铁,铁对人是非常重要的,因为...。这样的作文的基本模式是A-B B-C

C-D

D-E以此类推。这就叫流水账,没有中心。我们写作时要根据横段面去写,而不要写成流水账。避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述。而要对主题句从横段面去写,写完一个横段面就不要再对这一横段面进行阐述了,应当去写别一个横段面。

如果我们感觉字数不够,就在每一句或某些句子上添加些词词就行了。例如我们感觉上边第二段不够长,就可以这样来加词:

主题句There are four ways to keep fit.- There are four or more ways to keep fit for everyone of us. 从几方面说明: Firstly, we should have our breakfast in the morning.- Firstly, we should have our breakfast, such as milk, eggs, bread and so on, in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon.- Secondly, we should have a short nap, even 30 minutes, at noon. Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. - Thirdly, sports exercises are

necessary for everyone and we can do some sports exercises in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music. - And fourthly, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to both popular and classic music.

这样一来,我们只要保持本句的主题不变加添一些次要词就能达到字数的规定标准

2011英语四级写作常见错误:主谓不一致

主谓一致是英语写作中最常预见的问题之一,也是困扰广大四六级考生的一大心病。然而,最令人恐惧的不是不知如何才能让主谓一致,而是我们的四六级考生在挥毫之时根本没有意识到主谓是需要一致的。换言之,多数考生在写出主谓不一致的句子之时根本没有意识到写出来的这句话是错误的。

造成这种悲剧的原因及主要对策主要可以归结为以下三点:

第一,英汉两种语言的思维差异造成英语学习过程中的“无语法意识”或是“语法意识淡漠”的现象。这种不重视英语语法体系的习惯必然会导致“单词大联盟”(将单词按照汉语语序堆砌起来)的局面。严格地说,汉语的语法与其说是“规则”不如说是“词汇”。无论什么样的语法,词以及词在句子中的位置就能反映出来。而且,从汉字本身来看,每个字的形状都是固定的,既不能加圈,也不能少点儿。而英语就大不一样,

每个单词里所包含的字母及其顺序在单词表或是字典的词条中是一定的,一旦放到句子当中一系列的规则就能够左右它最终的面貌。就拿中国人最喜欢的一句话:“你吃了吗?”来说,只要曾经学过:“你、吃、了、吗”这几个汉字,再把它们按正确的顺序放在一起就是一句话。但是如果换成英语的话,“吃”和“你”之间的关系;“了”对应的时态;“吗”代表的疑问句语序都是值得我们考虑的。所以,习惯了汉语的随意风格,写英语句子必然会忽视“语法”这一说。“主谓一致”必然会被忽视。

因此,重视英汉两种语言形式上的差异,不断提醒自己语法规则在汉英转换当中的作用是解决主谓一致问题的根本。

第二,复杂结构和长主语的干扰作用。句子的结构一旦复杂,构成主语的单词一多,写谓语的时候主语就很容易被忽视而造成主谓不一致的现象。

首先,这里指的复杂结构是指几个会将主谓隔开的特殊结构。例如:插入成分,定于从句,同谓语或同谓于从句。在写作的过程当中,每每遇到以上几种情况的时候,回眸重新找主语是必须的工作。例如: Thomas Edison, one of the most distinguished scientists, is a brilliant inventor.

这里在写完第二个逗号的时候,就应该回过头来看看原始主语,而不能被插入成分中的scienti sts所蒙蔽。所以,每当遇到谓语时,重新审视主语是很重要的。

其次,能够对主谓一致产生阻碍最用的长主语主要是指以下两种:

1.主语后带“of\in 介词短语修饰”。Of

的出现就会导致谓语遇到的最近的一个名词不是of 之前真正的主语。例如:The most favorable food of those boring people is stake. 这里,谓语is 是food 而不是of 之后的people 所决定的are.

2.主语后带定于从句。定语从句出现在主语修饰语中一方面造成了主语和谓语间隔距离太远,

另一方面也使得主语既长又复杂。如此,双管齐下谓语要想和主语一致就难上加难了。例如:The idea which used to solve many emergent cases has been proved to be impractical nowadays. 显然,has

之前的定语从句对谓语的选择造成了极大的阻碍。

第三,对主谓一致的特殊规则了解不够透彻。一些主谓一致的原则是无法用语法规范来解释的,而是要借助于一些“惯例”。这些惯例通常又都是一些“特例”。所以,有必要熟记一些特定的语法规则。例如:

1.表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词作主语,若表示一个整体,其后动词用单数;若表示的是单个个体,其后动词则用单数。

2.当主语为:“分数或百分数+of+名词”时,动词形式依照of 后面的单复数形式来决定。

3.带none

的词组做主语时,其后动词单复数形式都可以用。

4.Neither…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but

also…的谓语采用就近原则,即和后面一部分所跟的名词决定。

英语四级推荐用书(精华版)

英语四级推荐用书(精华版) 一、英语基础薄弱考生适用资料 (一)词汇:《星火·图解速记》 推荐理由:轻薄便携,记忆量小。不仅是这本词汇书,其他轻薄浓缩的词汇书同样适合英语基础薄弱的同学。用最快的速度过一遍单词,然后赶快过真题吧,搞定真题文章中的生词,你的词汇量一定能快速提升! (二)真题:巨微英语《四级真题·逐句精解》 推荐理由:第一本“专为基础薄弱考生恶补基础”的英语四级真题。逐句注释文章词汇,还对词汇的常见考点(相关搭配,熟词辟义)做了归纳;为了帮大家攻克语法,逐句讲解文章,剖析句子结构,还用了结构图的形式,力求详尽透彻。只要这一本真题,完美替代词汇书语法书! (三)各题型专项:历年真题+真题详解 推荐理由:英语基础薄弱的考生,只需要针对性的、全面的研读真题即可。可以在某段时间,只针对一种题型进行专训,既可以快速掌握解题思路和解题技巧,又可以获悉英语四级的命题趋势和命题特点,可谓一举两得。 (四)课外阅读:英文原版《小王子》,《爱丽丝梦游仙境》 推荐理由:对于英语基础薄弱的同学来说,带着趣味性学英语是再好不过的,这两本英文原版书都是入门级的,比外刊文章简单的多,

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