高英6-7-beauty-译文

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最新新编英语教程6-U7-Beauty-中英翻译

最新新编英语教程6-U7-Beauty-中英翻译

BeautySusan SontagFor the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call lamely, enviously whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person’s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive and so ugly. One of Socrates main pedagogical acts was to be ugly and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.They may hav e resisted Socrates’ lessons. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off with the greatest facility-the “inside” (character, intellect) from the “outside” (looks): but we are actually surp rised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talent and good.It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence (virtus in latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift-as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment. And beauty has continued to lose prestige. For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which, however Fair, is always Second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally.A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. “Handsome” is the masculine equivalentof-and refusal of-a compliment which has accumulate certain demeaning overtones, by being resolved women only. That one can call a man in French and in Italian suggests that catholic countries, unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity, still retain some vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But the differences, if one exists, is of degrees only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women.To be called beautiful is th ought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns. (In contrast to men whose essence is to be strong or competent). It doesn’t take someone in the throes of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is ”every body”, a whole society, that has identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) Given these stereotype, it is on wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to be or to try. What is accepted by most women as a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to what they actually are, or normally grow to be. For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form ofself-oppression. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on, each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, often despairing scrutiny. Even if some pass muster, some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do.In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed y givingmeasurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial-almost unmanly. Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a “pretty face.” Think of the depreciation of women, as well as of beauty, that id implied in that judgment.“The privileges of beauty are immense.” said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty i s a form of power. And deservedly so. What is lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived relation to men; it is not the power to do that but the power to attract. It is a power that negates itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely, at least, not by women, or renounced without social censure.To preen, for a woman, can never be jut a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman dose real work, and even if she has clambered up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever, she is always under pressure to a confess that she still works at bring attractive. But in so far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective, professional, authoritative, thoughtful. Damned if they do-women are. And damned if they don’t.One could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of considering persons as split between what is “inside” and what is “outside” than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces, and then to disparage them (or find them adorable) for being “superficial”. It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the trap requires that women get some critical distance from the excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the “feminine”. There should be a way of saving beauty from women, and for them.对于古希腊人来说,美丽是一种美德:一种出色表现。

综合英语教程五beauty英汉翻译

综合英语教程五beauty英汉翻译

Beauty论美—苏珊·桑塔格For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call whole person. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person’s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates (苏格拉底) found it quite paradoxical (自相矛盾的)that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive ---- and so ugly. One of Socrates’ main pedagogical (教导的)acts was to be ugly ---- and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.在古希腊人看来,美是一种德性:一种优秀品质。

那个时代的人大概就是我们如今不得不称之为完人的人,尽管称之为完人仍让我们觉得有些辞不达意,还带着些许嫉妒。

要是古希腊人确实想到过要把一个人的“内在”与“外在”区分开来,那么他们还是认为内在美应该与外在美相匹配。

Beauty译文

Beauty译文

Beauty译文Beauty 释美Ralph Waldo Emersonfrom Nature, published as part of Nature; Addresses and LecturesNot less excellent, except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon, was the 孟春黄昏,日落未已,美妙醉人,然则不奈后晌之困倦。

charm, last evening, of a January sunset. The western clouds divided and西云漫卷,粉鳞片片,幻化万千,温软之至,溢于言表;subdivided themselves into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness; and the air had so much life and sweetness, that it was a pain to 亦有六合之气,生机盎然,淡然甜美,闭门不出,实乃平生之大憾。

come within doors. What was it that nature would say? Was there no meaning 然天地四时将欲道之何?磨坊之后,山谷静谧,其美其幻,虽则先人(荷翁、莎in the live repose of the valley behind the mill, and which Homer or 翁)亦未能言尽,然其几无兴意乎?Shakspeare could not reform for me in words? The leafless trees become 遥遥东际,天地合一,万物肃杀,花木凋零,霜雪残存,然仍有枯枝跃然暮光之spires of flame in the sunset, with the blue east for their back-ground, and the 中,晦明变化,如跃动之火苗,又如无声之乐章。

新编英语教程6 Unit 7 Beauty

新编英语教程6 Unit 7 Beauty

Unit 7me (l.2) (Note 1): weak; unsatisfactory 站不住脚的;差劲的,蹩脚的E.g.: a lame excuse 站不住脚的借口lame counterfeits of the original 原件的拙劣复制品Sleeping too long is a lame excuse for being late.睡过了头不能成为迟到的充足理由。

lame duck 无能者lame-brain [美俚]笨蛋, 傻瓜lame as a tree 极跛的lamely: feebly, weakly, unsatisfactorily2.paradoxical (l.5): seemingly self-contradictory; incongruous; puzzlingparadox (n.): a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true 似是而非的评论;看起来自相矛盾但可能正确的说法E.g.: It is a paradox that racial discrimination and protection of human rightsshould coexist in the same country.3.seductive (l.6) (Note 6): attractive; charming; captivatinga seductive smile 诱人的微笑a seductive offer 有吸引力的提议※Use seductive very carefully. When seductive is used to describe a woman, the word has a derogatory connotation.4.pedagogical (l.7): teachingpedagogy 教学法;教育学5.wary (l.10): heedful; careful; cautious; distrustful; guarded; suspicious谨慎的,小心翼翼的;警惕的E.g.: Having been taken in several times by street pedlars, he is now very wary ofthem.6.facility (l.11) (Note 9): quality which makes learning or doing things easy orsimple; absence of difficulty or effort 熟练,灵巧;技巧,技能;流畅E.g.: play the piano with facility 技巧娴熟地弹钢琴facility of style 流畅的文体7.set / turn adrift (l.15): leave (someone or a boat) to float on the water, withoutdirection 使(船)漂流;使漂泊着没有着落;撇弃…于不顾E.g.: The sailors, after quarrelling with their captain, set him adrift on the oceanin an open boat.8.lose prestige (l.16): lose significance, lose prominence9.on the defensive (l.19)(Note 15): prepared for disapproval or attack; acting ina way that is intended to protect oneself 防御立场;被动E.g. We took a defensive attitude in the negotiation. 我们在谈判时取守势。

高级英语beauty译文

高级英语beauty译文

高级英语beauty译文Beauty is a concept that has been revered and debated throughout human history. It is a multifaceted term that encompasses a wide range of interpretations and manifestations. From the aesthetic appeal of art and nature to the more abstract beauty of ideas and emotions, beauty is a universal pursuit that transcends cultural and temporal boundaries.In the realm of art, beauty is often associated with visual harmony, balance, and proportion. Artists have strived to capture the essence of beauty in their paintings, sculptures, and other creative expressions. The works of Leonardo da Vinci, for instance, are celebrated for their exquisite portrayal of the human form and the natural world, embodying a timeless beauty that continues to captivate audiences.Nature, too, is a source of profound beauty, from the majestic mountains to the serene tranquility of a forest. The changing seasons offer a palette of colors and a symphony of sounds that evoke a sense of awe and wonder. The beauty of nature is not only a feast for the eyes but also a source of inspiration and solace for the soul.Beyond the physical, beauty can also be found in the intangible. The beauty of a well-crafted sentence, the melody of a haunting tune, or the grace of a well-executed dancemove all speak to the human capacity for creating and appreciating beauty in its many forms.Moreover, beauty is subjective and personal. What one person finds beautiful may not resonate with another. This diversity in perception is what enriches our understanding and appreciation of beauty. It encourages us to explore, to question, and to appreciate the myriad ways in which beauty can be expressed and experienced.In conclusion, beauty is a complex and ever-evolving concept that touches all aspects of life. It is a testament to the human spirit's ability to find and create beauty in the world around us, and within us. Whether it is in the form of art, nature, or the intangible, beauty enriches our lives and connects us in a shared pursuit of the sublime.。

高英7-beauty-译文

高英7-beauty-译文

高英6-7-beauty- 译文美丽苏珊桑塔格对于希腊人,美丽是一种美德:一种卓越品质。

那时的人被设想为一一今天我们心有余而力不足地和极度地称为完人的人。

就算希腊人想到了划分人的“内在”和“外在”,他们仍希望“外在美”可以与“内在美”相匹配。

出生高贵,围绕在苏格拉底周围的雅典年轻人觉得很矛盾一—他们发现自己的英雄如此睿智、勇敢、可敬,有魅力,但却长得如此丑陋。

苏格拉底的主要教学手段之一就是长得丑陋一一从而使他那些无知,但无疑很英俊的弟子们认识到,生活中其实充满了矛盾。

他们或许抵制苏格拉底的教导,但我们不会。

几千年后,我们更加关注美的魅力。

我们不仅能及其娴熟地把“内在”(性格、智力)与“外在”(外表)分开,而且实际上,如果什么人很漂亮,同时又睿智、能干而善良,会让我们感到十分惊讶那些。

很大程度上,基督教的影响剥夺了“美丽” 在古希腊罗马人心中关于人类美德理想的中心地位。

基督教把优秀(拉丁文是virtus )仅限制为道的美德,而将美丽看作是一种疏离、随意而肤浅的魅力排除在外。

此外,“美丽”还不断地失去威信。

将近两个世纪以来,把美丽归属于男女两个性别其中之一已经使得美丽在道德上更容易受到攻击。

用英语我们说“美丽的女人”,但却说“英俊的男人”。

“英俊” 一词是“美丽”的阳性同义词也是对"美丽"否定 "美丽"这一恭维因为只用在女人身上而积累了一定的贬损之意。

法语和意大利语可以说男人是“美丽的”,这表明天主教国家(不像那些受基督教新教影响的国家)仍保留着异教徒那种崇拜魅力的遗风。

区别在于(假如区别存在的话)程度不同而已。

在每一个基督化或后基督化的现代国家,女性都是美丽的性别这对于美丽的观念以及女人本身都有损害。

人们认为,称女人美丽是指出了某些东西,它们对于女人的特点和女人关注的事情十分重要。

(相比之下男人一一他们的本质是强壮,或高效、能干。

)并不是挣扎在超前女权主义意识中的人才能觉察到,教导女性去沉溺于美的方式会怂恿自恋,增加依赖和幼稚。

新编英语教程6-u7-beauty中英翻译

新编英语教程6-u7-beauty中英翻译

BeautySusan SontagF or the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call lamely, enviously whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person’s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive and so ugly. One of Socrates main pedagogical acts was to be ugly and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.T hey may have resisted Socrates’ lessons. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off with the greatest facility-the “inside” (character, intellect) from the “outside” (looks): but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talent and good.I t was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence (virtus in latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift-as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment. And beauty has continued to lose prestige. For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which, however Fair, is always Second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally.A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. “Handsome” is the masculine equivalent of-and refusal of-a compliment which has accumulate certain demeaning overtones, by being resolved women only. That one can call a man in French and in Italian suggests that catholic countries, unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity, still retain some vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But the differences, if one exists, is of degrees only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women.T o be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns. (In contr ast to men whose essence is to be strong or competent). It doesn’t take someone in the throes of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is ”every body”, a whole society, that has identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) Given these stereotype, it is on wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.I t is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to be or to try. What is accepted by most women as a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to what they actually are, or normally grow to be. For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form of self-oppression. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on, each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, often despairing scrutiny. Even if some pass muster, some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do.I n men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed y giving measurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial-almost unmanly. Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that clusterof skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a “pretty face.” Think of the depreciation of women, as well as of beauty, that id implied in that judgment.“The privileges of beauty are immense.” said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived relation to men; it is not the power to do that but the power to attract. It is a power that negates itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely, at least, not by women, or renounced without social censure.T o preen, for a woman, can never be jut a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman dose real work, and even if she has clambered up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever, she is always under pressure to a confess that she still works at bring attractive. But in so far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective, professional, authoritative, thoughtful. Damned if they do-women are. And damned if they don’t.O ne could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of considering persons as split between what is “inside” and what is “outside” than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces, and then to disparage them (or find them adorable) for being “superficial”. It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the trap requires that women get some critical distance from the excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the “feminine”. There should be a way of saving beauty from women, and for them.对于古希腊人来说,美丽是一种美德:一种出色表现。

高级英语6课文翻译,部分单元

高级英语6课文翻译,部分单元

迪士尼世界:后现代的乌托邦城市1迪斯尼世界的本质是什么?这个答案多半体现在迪斯尼为游客创造幻觉的努力上,这一幻觉使游客觉得自己进入了一个更符合他们渴望的完美世界。

迪斯尼世界用各种各样的方式创造了这个完美世界。

例如,它鼓励游客以一个孩子的眼光去看待这个乐园,并把自己定义为一个“给生活带来梦想”的地方。

然而最根本的却是,它只是创造了一个完美世界的虚构版本。

在这个世界,迪斯尼引导游客逃脱来自现实生活中的束缚;在这个世界,游客不再受时间,距离,体积和现实法则的约束。

在五花八门的游乐区中,游客似乎脱离了人体以及人体的遗传基因;他们穿梭于过去与未来中,离开了地球。

在惊险的游乐项目中,他们不遵循万有引力定律,以一种不符常理的速度和方式移动着。

2迪斯尼世界还怂恿游客逃避社会和自我的堕落状态。

它创造了美国资本主义制度和政治历史的理想化幻象;它把游客拖入到永久庆典的世界中----一个满是游行队伍、焰火,盛装的表演者以及无尽的享乐诱惑的世界。

游客仿佛加入了一个永无止境的假期中,生活中的负面情绪也都被抛之脑后。

3显然,当你把所有这些都联系在一起,就可了解到,迪斯尼世界只是帮助游客以一种虚构的方式实现人类最大的梦想:超越。

在迪斯尼世界,我们超越了平凡。

它取代了我们自己所在的世界----在现实世界,多数机遇与我们擦肩而过,多数人隐藏自己的动机;而在迪斯尼,我们游历在象征世界:这个世界客观、具体,却似乎没有压力、无忧无虑,异常精彩,正如幻想一般。

4就是这样,迪斯尼摆脱了当代社会枯燥的“科学主义”世界观。

德国社会学家马克思韦伯曾经说过,在当今社会,随着科学地位的上升和宗教影响的减弱,我们正在见证世界的觉醒。

仿真文化的产物,例如迪斯尼世界,似乎正在随着一种新的承诺而重获魅力:利用太空飞行,外星人,时光穿梭和失落世界的各种神话,艺术和科技可以将我们的世界创造成最新版的当代爱情故事。

5但迪斯尼世界并不只提供客观化幻象。

借助仿真的力量,它也向我们展示了,科技是如何赋予我们不受世界控制的力量和自由的。

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高英6-7-beauty-译文美丽苏珊桑塔格对于希腊人,美丽是一种美德:一种卓越品质。

那时的人被设想为——今天我们心有余而力不足地和极度地称为完人的人。

就算希腊人想到了划分人的“内在”和“外在”,他们仍希望“外在美”可以与“内在美”相匹配。

出生高贵,围绕在苏格拉底周围的雅典年轻人觉得很矛盾——他们发现自己的英雄如此睿智、勇敢、可敬,有魅力,但却长得如此丑陋。

苏格拉底的主要教学手段之一就是长得丑陋——从而使他那些无知,但无疑很英俊的弟子们认识到,生活中其实充满了矛盾。

他们或许抵制苏格拉底的教导,但我们不会。

几千年后,我们更加关注美的魅力。

我们不仅能及其娴熟地把“内在”(性格、智力)与“外在”(外表)分开,而且实际上,如果什么人很漂亮,同时又睿智、能干而善良,会让我们感到十分惊讶那些。

很大程度上,基督教的影响剥夺了“美丽”在古希腊罗马人心中关于人类美德理想的中心地位。

基督教把优秀(拉丁文是virtus)仅限制为道的美德,而将美丽看作是一种疏离、随意而肤浅的魅力排除在外。

此外,“美丽”还不断地失去威信。

将近两个世纪以来,把美丽归属于男女两个性别其中之一已经使得美丽在道德上更容易受到攻击。

用英语我们说“美丽的女人”,但却说“英俊的男人”。

“英俊”一词是“美丽”的阳性同义词——也是对“美丽”否定——“美丽”这一恭维因为只用在女人身上而积累了一定的贬损之意。

法语和意大利语可以说男人是“美丽的”,这表明天主教国家(不像那些受基督教新教影响的国家)仍保留着异教徒那种崇拜魅力的遗风。

区别在于(假如区别存在的话)程度不同而已。

在每一个基督化或后基督化的现代国家,女性都是美丽的性别——这对于美丽的观念以及女人本身都有损害。

人们认为,称女人美丽是指出了某些东西,它们对于女人的特点和女人关注的事情十分重要。

(相比之下男人——他们的本质是强壮,或高效、能干。

)并不是挣扎在超前女权主义意识中的人才能觉察到,教导女性去沉溺于美的方式会怂恿自恋,增加依赖和幼稚。

每个人(不论男女)都知道这一点。

因为正是“人人”,正是整个社会,把有女人味等同于注重外表。

(相比之下,有男人味——被看作等同于关心自己是什么和做什么,就算关心外表,也只在其次。

)考虑到这些陈规老套,美丽的名声最好也不过毁誉参半,就不足为怪了。

当然,渴望变得美丽并没有错,错的是把变得美丽或试图变美当作一种义务。

被大多数女性多接受的,对其性别恭维性的理想化,其实却是一种使女性觉得比真实自我(或正常成长为的自我)低下的方式。

因为美的理想境界被用作了一种自我压抑的形式。

女人被教会局部地看待身体,分别评价身体各部位。

胸部、双脚、臀部、腰围、颈部、眼睛、鼻子、肤色、头发等——每个部位都要依次经受其主人担心的、烦躁的,往往绝望的仔细检查。

就算某些部位达标,总还有些部位存在不足,不达完美决不罢休。

对于男性,好看的外表是个整体,一目了然。

不必通过度量身体的各部位来予以确认,也没人会鼓励男士,按各部位特征逐个细查自己的外貌,至于完美,那被视为不值一提——近乎无男人气概。

实际上,在理想的美男子身上,一点不足或缺陷完全可以接受。

某电影评论家(一位女士)公开承认自己是罗伯特雷特福德的影迷,她说正是雷特福德一边脸颊上一串肉色的痣使他摆脱了只是“漂亮脸蛋”的名声。

试想一下这一看法中隐含着的对女人——以及对美的轻视吧!科克托说,“美的特权是巨大的”。

确实,美是一种力量形式,并且本该如此,可悲的是,它是多数女性被鼓励去寻求的唯一力量形式。

这种力量总是在与男性相关时才能形成;这并非做事的力量,而是吸引的力量。

是一种自我抵消的力量,因为人们无从自由选择它(至少女人不能),也不能放弃它而不受社会责难。

打扮得漂亮,对一个女人来说,永远不会只是一种乐趣。

它还是一种责任,是她的工作。

如果某位女士有具体的工作——就算她努力爬到了政治、法律、医学、商业或其它行业的领导层,她都不得不承认自己仍致力于增添魅力。

然而,只要她继续是女性中的一员,她表现出的客观、职业、权威和有思想的那种能力就会受到人们怀疑。

如果她们有这些能力,会受到谴责——女性为此受到了谴责。

如果没有,同样会受到谴责。

没有什么比对女性的压迫这一半喜半悲的故事更能说明把人分裂地看成“内在”和“外在”带来的危害了。

先把女性定义为关注外表的人,再以“肤浅”为由贬损她们(或认为她们可爱),真是太简单了!这是个拙劣的圈套,很久以来却一直起着作用。

可是,要跳出这个圈套,需要女性与美丽这一优越与特权保持一定距离——才能足以看清为了支撑“女性”神话,美丽本身被削弱了多少。

应该有某种途径让美丽与女人相安无事——这也是为了她们好。

美之于古希腊人是一种德性,一种美德。

今天看来,他们就是我们如今所谓的“全面的人”,虽然这个称呼有点不理直气壮,并且带有嫉妒之意。

倘若让古希腊人区分一个人的“内在”和“外在”,他们仍期望内在美是需要与其他种类之美相匹配的。

那些聚集在苏格拉底身边的雅典青年人发现自己的偶像是如此得聪慧、勇敢、正直、充满诱惑力,而同时又那么得丑,这是多么自相矛盾啊。

而苏格拉底主要的教学手段之一即为“丑”,告诉这些天真却拥有毋庸置疑般美貌的门生,真正的人生是充满悖论的。

他们或许能够抗拒苏格拉底的学说。

而我们做不到。

几千年以后,美的魅惑使我们更加疲惫。

我们不仅仅用最容易的方式将“内在”(性格,心智)和“外在”(外貌)割离开来,同时我们也对那些既有美貌亦有智慧天赋之人,感到诧异。

美在古典时期是理想的人类美德,而将其从这中心位置赶走的首要原因来自基督教的影响。

通过美德(拉丁语为virtus)的概念限定到仅仅指伦理道德的范畴,基督教放逐了“美”——它成为一种异化的,武断的,肤浅的诱惑。

同时美不断丢失了它原本的名声。

到二世纪末的时候,美成为一种既定概念,仅用于修饰两性之的一个性别:这个性别虽然是悦目的,但却处于第二位。

将美与女性联系起来,使得美的概念在道德层面上更加脆弱。

在英语里,我们说一位女子是美丽的。

但是我们却说一位男子是英俊的。

“英俊”是其阳性的等同词,同时拒绝一种带有某些贬义暗示的赞扬,而这种赞扬是仅用于女性的。

在法语和意大利语里,人们可以称男子是“美丽的”,这暗示着这些天主教国家依旧保留了前基督教时期欣赏“美”的痕迹,而这些痕迹在新教国家中已经荡然无存。

但即使存在,差别也只是程度不同而已。

在任何一个基督教或者后基督教国家里,女性就是那个美丽的性别——既损害了美这个概念,也损害了女性这个概念。

被称为“美”意味着要列举出一些对女性来说必要的特征和她们所关心的事物。

(和男性不同,他们的核心是强壮、有效率,或者有能力。

)那些拥有超前女性意识的人将很容易就能感受到,让女性和“美”联系起来,会助长她们孤芳自赏的态度,也会让她们更加有依赖性且不成熟。

所有人(女性和男性)都认识到这点。

因为“所有人”,整个社会,都很明确,作为女性就应该关心长相。

(作为男性则不同:他们身份的确认是关注于某人是谁,做什么的,而长相即使并非一无是处,至少也是其次的。

)有了这些老套的看法,我们就不难明白,即使从最好的方面来看,为什么“美”也有着褒贬不一的名声。

当然,对美的崇拜并没有什么错,错就错在认为美是一种义务,并且试图想要变美。

作为她们性别的一种讨好的理想化状态,大多数女性都可以接受的方式是,让她们觉得自己比实际情况来的差劲。

因为美的理想境界就是受制于一种自我对立的状态。

人们教导女性要从各部分区看待她们的身体,并且要分别评价每一个部分。

胸部、腿、臀部、腰、颈、眼睛、鼻子、肤色、头发等等——每一部分都需要一番焦虑、苦恼,甚至绝望的审查。

即使有些部分符合要求,但总有地方永远是希望更好一些的。

只有完美无瑕了,才能无可挑剔。

在男人之中,好的外表是一个整体,是那种一眼扫过的东西。

并不需要通过测量身体每个部分来做出最后的确认。

没有人会鼓励男性去一部分一部分地细查自己的外貌。

至于完美,那是被认为无关紧要的,并且几乎是不男性化的。

的确,对于一些理想中的美男子,一点小瑕疵反而是让人喜欢的。

有一位电影评论家(女性),她是Robert Redford的影迷,她觉得正是因为其脸颊一侧有一颗肉色的痣,才使得Redford不被仅仅认为有一张“漂亮的脸蛋”。

想想这个评价里既暗示了对女性的贬低,也暗示了对“美”的贬低。

Cocteau曾说:“美的特权是无限的。

”毫无疑问,美是一种力量形式,并且理因如此。

但遗憾的是,如今人们只鼓励大多数的女性去追求这种力量。

这种力量的制造总是和男性联系起来。

这力量不是去做什么,而是去吸引什么的。

这种力量否定了自身。

因为这种力量并不是一个人所能自我选择的,至少不是女性可以自我选择的,或者说如果她们声称要放弃这种力量的话,是要受到社会谴责的。

对女性来说,梳妆打扮不仅仅是一份乐趣,更是一种责任,是她的工作。

如果一位女士做着实际的工作,乃至她在政治、法律、医学、商界或别的什么领域爬到了领导层位置,她也总是背负着压力,时刻要确保她在工作的时候还保持着吸引人的魅力。

但只要她仍然是“悦目的性别”中的一员,那她就一直要受到质疑——是否有能力保持客观、专业、权威和缜密。

如果真成为了那样的人,那这样的女人真糟透了!如果她们不是这样,那也糟透了!比起那种无止境的喜忧参半的故事,即女性的苦闷而言,我们几乎不太能从将人区分成“内在”和“外在”的做法中找到更多证据来说明其危险性。

一开始就将女性定义成只对外表关注的人,然后就说她们是“肤浅”的,这是多么容易的事情啊!这个粗鄙的陷阱已经存在太久了。

但是要从这个陷阱里逃脱出来,就要求女性与美的好处与特权保持严格的距离,并且要有足够的距离去了解“美”这个概念本身有多少被删节了,用以支撑起“女性”这个神话。

我们应该有一种方式将“美”从女性那里解救出来,也将“美”为了女性本身而解救出来。

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