实验八 精馏综合实验
精馏实验实验报告3篇

精馏实验实验报告3篇精馏实验实验报告1一、实验目的1.学会识别精馏塔内出现的几种操作状态,并分析这些操作状态对塔性能的影响;2.学会精馏塔性能参数的测量方法,并掌握其影响因素;3.测定精馏过程的动态特性,提高学生对精馏过程的认识。
二、实验原理1.理论塔板数的图解求解法对于二元物系,如已知其汽液平衡数据,则根据精馏塔的操作回流比、塔顶馏出液组成及塔底釜液组成计算得到操作线,从而使用图解求解法,绘图得到精馏操作的理论塔板数。
精馏段操作线方程:提馏段操作线方程:用图解法求算理论塔板的理论依据为:(1)根据理论塔板定义,离开任一塔板上气液两相的浓度x n 和y n必在平衡线上;(2)根据组分物料衡算,位于任两塔板间两相浓度x n和y n+1必落在相应塔段的操作线上。
本实验采用全回流的操作方式,即。
此时,精馏段操作线和提馏段操作线简化为:2.总板效率精馏操作的总板效率的计算公式为:式中,N T为理论塔板数,N P为实际塔板数。
3.折光率与液相组成本实验通过测量塔顶馏出液与塔底釜液的折光率,计算得到馏出液与釜液的组成。
对30%下质量分率与阿贝折光仪读数之间关系可按下列回归式计算:式中,w为质量分率,n30为30oC下的折光指数。
测量温度下的折光指数与30oC下的折光指数之间关系可由下式计算:式中,n t为测量温度下的折光指数,t为测量温度。
测量温度可从阿贝折光仪上读出。
馏出液与釜液的质量分数与摩尔分数之间的关系可由下式表示:三、实验步骤1.实验前检查实验装置上的各个旋塞、阀门均应处于关闭状态;电流电压表及电位器位置均为零;2.打开塔顶冷凝器的冷却水,冷却水的水量约为8升/分钟;3.接上电源闸,按下装置上总电源开关,调节回流比控制器至全回流状态;4.调节电位器使加热电压为70V,开始计时并测量塔顶温度。
刚开始时每隔5分钟记录一精馏实验实验报告2采用乙醇—水溶液的精馏实验研究学校:漳州师范学院系别:化学与环境科学系班级:姓名:学号:采用乙醇—水溶液的精馏实验研究摘要:__介绍了精馏实验的基本原理以及填料精馏塔的基本结构,研究了精馏塔在全回流条件下,塔顶温度等参数随时间的变化情况,测定了全回流和部分回流条件下的理论板数,分析了不同回流比对操作条件和分离能力的影响。
精馏实验报告【最新4篇】

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精馏实验报告

精馏实验报告
精馏实验是一种纯度分离实验,主要通过使溶剂含有不同物质的混合液分离构成其中的物质。
它使用液-液反应原理,改变溶质和溶剂的比例,使物质以不同的比例分离。
精馏实验在化工工艺和新药研究中应用广泛,常作为深入研究气体、液体、溶液或固体的分离技术。
它可以将复杂的物质进行分离,以获取更高的产品纯度,是目前常用的生产、研究方法。
本研究的精馏实验包括溶液温度和比例、加热方式、溶剂类型三方面的实验。
首先,溶质、溶剂混合在一起,加热至指定温度。
然后,根据试样特征,调整适当比例,使溶质和溶剂形成半分子比,使溶液分层互不混合。
接着,放置蒸馏塔,控制加热溶质表层的温度,使溶质持续蒸发和凝结,收集凝结物。
最后,收集到的精馏分析样品,进行物理性质和化学性质的分析。
经过上述实验,实验结果显示,所测样品的纯度较高,精馏实验成功实现了对样品组分进行分离,所获取的分子组成更加全面,重点物质也在更小的时间内达到高纯度。
总之,精馏实验是一种易于操作,效果好的实验方法。
它不仅能使复杂的物质分离,而且能有效达到纯度分离的目的。
另外,根据实验结果,可以进一步证明精馏法作为一种有效的样品分离技术,具有良好的应用前景。
化工原理精馏实验报告

化工原理精馏实验报告实验目的,通过精馏实验,掌握精馏原理和操作技能,了解精馏在化工生产中的应用。
一、实验原理。
精馏是利用液体混合物中各组分的沸点差异,通过加热、蒸馏和冷凝等过程,将混合物中的不同组分分离的方法。
在精馏过程中,液体混合物首先被加热至其中沸点最低的组分的沸点,然后将其蒸发成气体,再通过冷凝器冷却成液体,最终得到不同组分的纯净物质。
二、实验仪器与试剂。
1. 精馏设备,包括蒸馏烧瓶、冷凝器、接收烧瓶等。
2. 试剂,乙醇-水混合物。
三、实验步骤。
1. 将乙醇-水混合物倒入蒸馏烧瓶中。
2. 加热蒸馏烧瓶,待混合物沸腾后,蒸气通过冷凝器冷却成液体。
3. 收集不同温度下的液体,记录温度和收集时间。
四、实验结果与分析。
经过精馏实验,我们成功地将乙醇-水混合物分离成不同组分。
在实验过程中,我们观察到随着温度的升高,液体收集瓶中的液体组分逐渐发生变化,初馏液中含有较高乙醇含量,尾馏液中含有较高水含量。
这符合精馏原理,也验证了实验的准确性。
五、实验总结。
通过本次实验,我们深入了解了精馏原理和操作技能,掌握了精馏在化工生产中的应用。
精馏作为一种重要的分离方法,在化工领域有着广泛的应用,可以有效地提取纯净物质,满足不同生产需求。
六、实验注意事项。
1. 在实验过程中,要注意控制加热温度,避免混合物过热。
2. 实验结束后,要及时清洗和保养实验仪器,确保下次实验的顺利进行。
七、参考文献。
1. 《化工原理与实践》,XXX,XXX出版社,XXXX年。
2. 《化工实验指导》,XXX,XXX出版社,XXXX年。
以上就是本次化工原理精馏实验的实验报告,希望能对大家有所帮助。
精馏综合实验

精馏综合实验一、 实验目的1. 熟悉精馏的工艺流程,了解板式塔的结构;2. 掌握精馏过程的操作及调节方法;3. 在全回流及部分回流条件下,测定板式塔的全塔效率及单板效率;4. 观察精馏塔内气液两相的接触状态;5. 了解阿贝折光仪测定混合物组成的方法 二、 基本原理精馏利用混合物中各组分的挥发度的不同将混合物进行分离。
在精馏塔中,再沸器或塔釜产生的蒸汽沿塔逐渐上升,来自塔顶冷凝器的回流液从塔顶逐渐下降,气液两相在塔内实现多次接触,进行传质、传热过程,轻组分上升,重组分下降,使混合液达到一定程度的分离。
如果离开某一块塔板(或某一段填料)的气相和液相的组成达到平衡,则该板(或该段填料)称为一块理论板或一个理论级。
然而,在实际操作的塔板上或一段填料层中,由于汽液两相接触时间有限,气液相达不到平衡状态,即一块实际操作的塔板(或一段填料层)的分离效果常常达不到一块理论板或一个理论级的作用。
要想达到一定的分离要求,实际操作的塔板数总要比所需的理论板数多,或所需的填料层高度比理论上的高。
对于二元物系,若已知气液平衡数据,则根据塔顶馏出液的组成x D 、原料液的组成x F 、塔釜液的组成x W ,及操作回流比R 和进料热状态参数q ,就可用图解法或计算机模拟计算求出理论塔板数。
1.求全塔效率在板式精馏塔中,完成一定分离任务所需的理论塔板数与实际塔板数之比定义为全塔效率(或总板效率),即:PTT N N E =(1)式中 T E ——全塔效率;T N ——理论塔板数(不含釜); P N ——实际塔板数。
2.求单板效率如果测出相邻两块塔板的气相或液相组成,则可计算塔的单板效率(塔板数自上向下计数)。
对于气相:1*1n n MV n n y y E y y ++-=- (2)对于液相:1*1n n ML n n x x E x x ---=- (3)式中 MV E ——以气相浓度表示的单板效率; n y ——离开n 板的气相组成,摩尔分数; 1n y +——进入n 板的气相组成,摩尔分数; *n y ——与n x 平衡的气相组成,摩尔分数; ML E ——以液相浓度表示的单板效率; n x ——离开n 板的液相组成,摩尔分数; 1n x -——进入n 板的液相组成,摩尔分数; *n x ——与n y 平衡的液相组成,摩尔分数;在任一回流比下,只要测出进出塔板的蒸汽组成和进出该板的液相组成,再根据平衡关系,就可求得在该回流比下的塔板单板效率。
精馏实训实验报告

精馏实训实验报告
实验名称:精馏实训实验报告
实验目的:
通过对精馏实训实验的操作和分析,掌握精馏原理和工艺流程,加深对化工分离技术的理解和掌握,提高实验操作技能和实验报告撰写能力。
实验原理:
精馏是一种化学分离技术,基于液体的不同沸点而进行分离。
在精馏过程中,液体混合物被加热,使其产生汽化并进入冷凝器,被冷却成液态,进一步分离成纯液体。
实验步骤:
1. 将实验设备准备妥当,包括精馏塔、加热装置、冷却器等。
2. 准备洗涤瓶和试管,清洗干净后装入待分离的混合物样品。
3. 开始加热,通过不同气化温度和液态沸点,产生不同的沸点温度,使混合物中的组分分离。
4. 将冷却器中的液体收集起来,观察其纯度和色泽等特征。
实验结果:
通过实验,我们得到了两个不同混合物的分离产物。
通过实验后,我们发现其纯度较高、色泽明亮。
实验分析:
精馏是一种高效的化学分离技术,能够实现高纯度物质的分离,广泛应用于制药、化工、精细化工等领域。
实验结果表明,掌握精馏技术和流程对于提高化工实验能力和实践经验有重要作用。
实验结论:
精馏实训实验结果表明,通过掌握精馏技术和流程对于精细化工的研发和生产具有重要意义。
在实验操作和实验报告撰写方面,也有助于提高实验技能和综合能力。
板式精馏塔的操作及其总塔效率的测定(教案)
实验八板式精馏塔的操作及其总塔效率的测定一、实验目的1.熟悉板式塔的结构及精馏操作流程。
2.掌握精馏塔的操作方法,进一步理解影响精馏操作的因素。
3.学会精馏塔总塔效率的测定方法二、实验内容1、观察精馏过程中汽液两相在塔板上的接触情况;2、测定全塔效率;3、要求分离15~20%(体积百分数,以下用v表示)的乙醇水溶液,达到塔顶馏出液乙醇浓度大于90%(v),塔釜残液乙醇浓度小于5%(v)。
并在规定的时间内完成300mL的采出量,记录下所有的实验参数;4、要求控制料液进料量为3 L/h,调节回流比,尽可能达到最大的塔顶馏出液浓度。
三、实验原理最早的精馏方法出现于希腊,航海者利用海水将蒸汽凝结以获得淡水。
今天精馏已成为化学和石油工业中分离液体混合物单元操作中最广泛采用的方法之一。
此分离技术的原理是液体混合物中各组分的挥发度不同,这样液体混合物沸腾时所得的蒸汽在绝大部分情况下与沸腾的液体有着不同的组成。
在板式精馏塔中,混合液的蒸汽逐板上升,回流液逐板下降,气液两相在塔板上接触,实现传质、传热过程而达到分离的目的。
如果在每层塔板上,上升的蒸汽与下降的液体处于平衡状态,则该塔板称之为理论塔板。
然而在实际操做过程中由于接触时间有限,气液两相不可能达到平衡,即实际塔板的分离效果达不到一块理论塔板的作用。
因此,完成一定的分离任务,精馏塔所需的实际塔板数总是比理论塔板数多。
对于双组分混合液的蒸馏,若已知汽液平衡数据,测得塔顶流出液组成Xd、釜残液组成Xw ,液料组成Xf及回流比R和进料状态,就可用图解法在y-x图上,或用其他方法求出理论塔板数Nt。
精馏塔的全塔效率Et为理论塔板数与实际塔板数N之比,即:Et=Nt/N。
影响塔板效率的因素很多,大致可归结为:流体的物理性质(如粘度、密度、相对挥发度和表面张力等)、塔板结构以及塔的操作条件等。
由于影响塔板效率的因素相当复杂,目前塔板效率仍以实验测定给出。
对二元物系,全回流时,根据塔顶、塔底气液组成可求出理论塔板数精馏塔的单板效率Em 可以根据气相(或液相)通过测定塔板的浓度变化进行计算。
筛板塔精馏综合实验报告(3篇)
第1篇一、实验目的1. 理解筛板塔的结构和工作原理,掌握其操作方法。
2. 学习精馏过程中气液两相的传质和传热过程,了解精馏塔的分离性能。
3. 通过实验,测定精馏塔的全塔效率、单板效率及回流比对分离效果的影响。
4. 掌握精馏塔的调试和操作技巧,为实际生产中的精馏操作提供理论依据。
二、实验原理精馏是一种利用混合物中各组分沸点差异进行分离的单元操作。
在精馏塔中,原料液在塔釜加热沸腾产生蒸汽,蒸汽上升至塔顶与冷凝液接触,轻组分进入冷凝液,重组分则留在蒸汽中。
冷凝液回流至塔釜,与原料液一起加热沸腾,从而实现混合物的分离。
筛板塔是一种常见的精馏设备,其主要结构包括塔体、塔板、塔釜、冷凝器、再沸器等。
塔板上的孔洞使蒸汽和液体在板上进行充分接触,实现传质和传热。
三、实验仪器与材料1. 筛板塔精馏装置2. 乙醇-水混合物3. 温度计4. 压力计5. 精密天平6. 折光仪7. 计算器四、实验步骤1. 按照实验装置图组装筛板塔,检查各连接部位是否牢固。
2. 将乙醇-水混合物加入塔釜,加热至沸腾。
3. 调整塔顶冷凝器温度,控制塔顶温度在设定范围内。
4. 调整塔底再沸器加热功率,控制塔底温度在设定范围内。
5. 记录塔顶和塔底温度、压力、流量等数据。
6. 使用折光仪测定塔顶冷凝液和塔底釜液的折光率,计算其组成。
7. 重复实验步骤,改变回流比和加热功率,观察分离效果的变化。
五、实验结果与分析1. 全塔效率实验测得全塔效率与理论塔板数的关系如下:E_T = (N_T / N_P) × 100%其中,N_T为理论塔板数,N_P为实际塔板数。
实验结果显示,全塔效率随着理论塔板数的增加而提高,但随着实际塔板数的增加,全塔效率提高幅度逐渐减小。
2. 单板效率实验测得单板效率与回流比的关系如下:E_m = (y_D / y_T) × 100%其中,y_D为塔顶冷凝液的组成,y_T为理论塔板上的液相组成。
实验结果显示,单板效率随着回流比的提高而提高,但提高幅度逐渐减小。
化工原理实验——精馏综合实验(C...
化工原理实验——精馏综合实验(Chemical principle experiment - distillation synthesis experiment)This article is contributed by bolivia2010Doc documents may have a poor browsing experience at the WAP end. It is recommended that you choose TXT, or download the source file to the native view.Experiment of eight distillation experimentsOne, the purpose of the experimentThe basic structure of plate distillation column, the process of distillation equipment and the function of various parts. The effects of different reflux ratio on the efficiency of rectification tower are studied. 3. Master the measurement and balance phase diagram of binary system gas liquid. 4. Grasp the use of abbe refractometer2. Experimental contentsIndex of refractive index - part I: part I: the calibration of the standard curve of ethanol quality components. Experiment scheme design, require the use of abbe refractometer, respectively different ethanol ─ quality components are the refractive index of propyl alcohol solution. Draw the index of discount - ethanol mass composition standard curve, regression linear formula W = A * nD + B. Among them: W is the mass fraction of ethanol and nD is the index of refractive index. The second part: determination of the balance of gas liquid in binarysystem (the second part: the relation curve of the relationship between the gas liquid equilibrium (t-x - y) and (x-y) curve of the binary system. Requires the use of two from balance experiment device were determined for different quality components of ethano l ─ is propyl alcohol solution of equilibrium temperature (t), liquid molar group (x), gas phase composition Moore (y). Draw the dienergy balance phase diagram (t-x-y) and x-y. Part 3: the performance measurement of the rectification tower, which determines the total value of the whole tower of the whole tower, and the total plate efficiency.ET =NT x 100% NPXn? 1? Xn * xn? 1? xnAmong them: NP is the actual plate number of plate rectification tower.2. Determination of single board efficiency of adjacent two boards after the stable operation under the condition of full reflux.E ml, n =Among them: Xn is the molar component of the n-th laminate, xn-1 is the n-1 laminate liquid phase molar component, Xn * isThe composition of the liquid in equilibrium with Yn. 3. Determination of the total tower plate number and total plateefficiency of the whole tower in the steady operation of the rectification tower in a certain reflux ratio. Requirements: to calculate the total number of tower plates by graphical method. Operate the rectification tower strictly according to the equipment usage rules.Iii. Experimental device1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. Steam liquid equilibrium experimental device, experimental device, abbe refractometer, super thermostatic water bath electronic balance beaker, calibration tube, drip tube and other glass instrumentsFIG. 1 steam - liquid balancing experiment deviceThe tower top condenser condenses the high tankThe reflux ratio is used to produce the liquid storage tank feed pumpPlatinum resistanceTower kettle bottom coolerFig.2 distillation experiment device diagram (first set)FIG. 3 (second set) of the distillation experiment.Iv. Experimental materials and reagentsExperimental department: ethanol - propanol. Reagent purity:ethanol: pure, n-propyl alcohol: analytical pure; Ethanol is the boiling point: 78.3 ℃; Are propanol boiling point: 97.2 ℃. Ethanol molecular weight MA = 46;Analysis of the molecular weight of n-propylene glycol = 60 components: determination of refractive index by abbe refractometer. Quality component regression formula by refractive index, ethanol mass fraction W, under a certain temperature (30 ℃) mass fraction of regression formula () through the calculation of the experimental data. The following formula W = 58.688-42.505 nD; W is the mass fraction of ethanol, nD is a refractometer reading (refractive index), which is the molar fraction of the quality sub-rate (XA) :WA) MA XA = W [1? (WA)] (A) + MA MB (5. Experimental methods and proceduresPart 1: abbe refractometer conversion rate - the standard curve of the ethanol quality componentMade a series of different group (10-12) ethanol ─ quality components are propyl alcohol mixture, respectively according to get quality of compo nents and blending. Using ethanol ─ constituting the abbe refractometer, respectively is the refraction coefficient of propyl alcohol mixture. The experimental scheme was designed by itself.The second part: the second part of the binary system gas phase the gas liquid phase equilibrium data determination of the binary system1, will be matched with abbe refractometer super constant temperature water bath to adjust to the desired temperature operation, and make a note of this temperature (e.g., 30 ℃).2. Pour glycerin into the tube and insert the standard thermometer into the casing. 3, made a certain concentration (volume concentration 10%) ethanol ─ is propyl alcohol mixture (total capacity of 50 ml), then stir in balance in the kettle.4. Turn on the condenser cooling water, switch on the power supply adjustment potentiometer slowly heating (40V ~ 80V), and the condensing return fluid is controlled at 2-3 drops per second. Steady flow for 20 minutes to establish a balance.5. When the equilibrium is reached, the heating is stopped, and the two phase samples are analyzed by a microsyringe with abbe refractometer.6. After taking 5 ml of liquid from the cauldron, reestablish the equilibrium by adding 5 ml of ethanol solution.7. Experimental data of 12 ~ 13 groups. Each time out to join the solution according to the condition of the previous equilibrium temperature and the amount of adjustment, keep balance temperature between 80 ℃ -- 96 ℃ experimental data points distributed evenly. 8. After checking the data, stop the loading and adjust the heating voltage to zero. After you stop heating for 10 minutes, turn off the cooling water and everything will recover.Part three: the measuring method of the performance parameters of the distillation column(a) before the trial preparation and inspection: for work,,, check preparation work before the experiment: 1. With the abberefractometer matching super constant temperature water bath to adjust to the desired temperature operation, and make a note of this temperature (e.g., 30 ℃). Check whether the syringe and lens paper are ready for sampling. 2. Check that each plug and valve on the experimental device should be closed, and the current, voltmeter and potentiometer position should be zero.3. Make a certain concentration (about 20% of the mass concentration) of ethanol - positive propanol mixture, then pour into the high bottle (first set) or storage tank (second set). The first set is about 6000 ml, and the second set is about 10,000 ml.4. Incoming material: first set: open the valve of the incoming rotor flow meter, and feed into the chamber of the distillate to the specified height (the cold liquid surface is about 2/3 higher in the tower still),And then close the flowmeter valve Second: turn off the rotameter, open the feed pump and feed switch, the height of the feed to the specified within the rectification tower kettle (cold liquid surface at high tower kettle total 2/3), close feed pump and feed switch. Artificial experiments, artificial experiments, two (2), 1. The total reflux operation (1) open the top of the tower and the tower kettle condenser cooling water (cooling water tower, tower kettle series), cooling water quantity to be big enough (about 8 litres/minute). Record room temperature. Connect the power supply switch (220V) and press the total power switch on the device. Heating: set the initial heating voltage (the first set: about 100V, the second set: about 120V), and open the heating button. After the liquid layer is set up on the tower board, the voltage (the first set of 140V and the second set of 160V) is appropriately increased to keep the tower operating normally. Heating voltage setting method:first SET: long press SET. Second set: < - position, delta/del - increase/decrease, set and automatically confirm. (4) on each piece of plate such as evenly bubble, and the heating voltage unchanged, under the condition of total reflux stability about 20 minutes, carefully observe the whole tower and mass transfer during the study, after waiting for stable operation in the tower, tower kettle sampling mouth and container sampling at the same time, with a syringe with abbe refractometer analysis sample concentration. Take samples on n - layer board and n-1 (or n + 1) laminate to find the efficiency of single board. 2. Part of the backflow operation opens the tower kettle cooling water and cooling water flow to ensure that the temperature of the still liquid is close to normal temperature. To adjust the inlet rotor flowmeter valve, the first set is to feed into the tower with the flow of 1.5-2.0 (l/h). In the second SET, the flow key is 3-3.5 (l/h) to the SET state, < - positioning, delta - increase, and after setting the value, press SET, A/M keyFeed the tower. Reflux ratio R = 4 with reflux ratio control regulator; The distillate is collected at the top of the tower. The product is cooled and then flows out of the overflow pipe and is collected in the container. Plate (4) after operation stability, observation the upload status, write down at the top of the column temperature heating voltage, current, and other relevant data, the whole operation to maintain constant feed flow meter readings, or container with a syringe off the top of the tower, tower kettle, and feed three samples, use the refractometer analysis, and record it into raw material liquid temperature (room temperature). 3. After the test data is reasonable, stop feeding and turn off the electric heating; Close the reflux ratio regulator switch. According to therelationship of t - x - y, the temperature of bubble point is determined. Stop heating for 10 minutes, close the cooling water and all recovery.6. Precautions1. In this experiment, we should pay special attention to safety. The materials used in the experiment are flammable articles, so as to avoid the danger of sprinkling during operation.2. When the experiment is heated, it should be preheated at low voltage and adjusted to the working voltage after preheating. Should be careful not to heat too quickly to avoid boiling.3. When driving, the cooling water must be connected, which can be heated by the tower kettle and vice versa.4. When using abbe refractometer to measure the concentration, be sure to measure the temperature of the refractometer under the conditions of the relationship curve of the refractive index.The temperature is also recorded while reading the refractive index. (the refractometer USES the method to see its specification).7. Data processing and calculation examplesThis example USES Excel for numerical calculation and drawing.(a) - ethanol abbe refractometer refraction index of quality components: standard curve of calibration measurement temperature 30 ℃ refractive index - ethanol quality components in table 1 standard curve data table number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ethanol quality/g... The number of the two products is 0.0634 0.1268 0.1585 0.2536 0.2536 0.3170 0.4121 0.5548...Propyl alcohol quality/g... ... Ethanol quality component W 0.0000 0.0999 0.19740.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.000.90.000.90.90.90.90.9 0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.000.90.90 .90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9 0.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9The calculation of the weight of ethanol in the table: take the second set of data as an exampleW =The quality of ethanol is 0.0634 = = 0.0999 ethanol quality + n-propyl alcohol quality 0.0634 + 0.5715Draw the standard curve as shown in figure 11. 0.9 ethanol mass composition (W) 0.8 0.70.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1361.355 1.361.3851.371.381.385Index of refractive index (nD)FIG. 1 index of the refractive index -- the standard curve of ethanol mass composition is obtained by the standard curve. The regression formula of the quality component of ethanol is available in W = 58.481-42.353 nD: W is the mass fraction of ethanol and nD is the index of refractive index. (二)二元物系气液相平衡数据测定表2 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 平衡温度℃ 78.3 78.5 80.1 81.4 83.0 84.5 86.1 88.2 89.7 91.2 92.3 93.2 94.5 97.2 折光指数 1.3574 1.3576 1.3609 1.3625 1.3657 1.3677 1.3710 1.3731 1.3740 1.3755 1.3770 1.3778 1.3788 1.3809 气液相平衡实验数据表摩尔分率 1.0000 0.9866 0.8749 0.8180 0.6982 0.6191 0.4806 0.3869 0.3454 0.2740 0.2001 0.15950.1077 0.0000 折光指数 1.3574 1.3572 1.3586 1.3602 1.36241.3639 1.3667 1.3688 1.3711 1.3730 1.3740 1.3759 1.3775 1.3809 气相(y) 质量分率 1.0000 0.9995 0.9402 0.8724 0.7793 0.7157 0.5972 0.5082 0.4108 0.3303 0.2880 0.2075 0.1397 0.0000 摩尔分率 1.0000 0.9996 0.9535 0.8992 0.8216 0.7666 0.6591 0.5741 0.4763 0.3915 0.3454 0.2546 0.1748 0.0000The quality of liquid phase (x) was 1.0000 0.9826 0.8428 0.6395 0.6395 0.4150 0.3261 0.2880 0.2244 0.1609 0.12700.08470.0.0000Among them: the quality fraction is calculated according to the regression formula W = 58.481-42.353 nD.The MA mole fraction (XA) formula: X = A W [1? (WA)] (A) + MA MB (In formula: the molecular weight of ethanol is MA = 46; Propanol molecular weight MB = 60Take the second set of data: WA = 58.481-42.353 n0 =58.481-42.353 * 1.3576 = 0.9826.WA 0.9826 MA 46 = = 0.9866 XA = 0.9826 1? 0.9826 WA 1? WA + + 46 60 MA MBFigure 2 is a diagram of the equilibrium phase diagram (t-x -y) of the anhydrous ethanol. See fig.2 for the x-y diagram of the anhydrous ethanol - n-propyl alcohol. See figure 3.The equilibrium phase diagram of ethanol-n-propanol gas liquid10095Equilibrium temperature ℃90tB858075 0.0 0.1 0.2xF0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 .Mole fraction ofFigure 2 are anhydrous ethanol - propyl alcohol gas liquid equilibrium phase diagram (3) the rectification tower performance measurement table 3 column performance measurementdata processing table experiment device: set of real plate number 1:7 system: ethanol - propanol total reflux is R = up top temperature: 79.2 part return: the feed rate of R = 4:2 l/H heating v oltage: 140 v tower temperature: 80 ℃ feed temperature: 21.8 bubble point temperature: 90.5 ℃ the refractive index of the quality fraction mole fraction of the tower of 1.3591 0.9190 0.9367 column reactor of 1.3765 0.1821 0.2250 1.3666 0.6014 0.6631 N - 1 N layer board layer board at the top of the column of 1.3634 0.7369 0.7851 1.3600 0.8809 0.9061 column reactor of 1.3752 0.2372 0.2885 1.3764 0.1863 0.2300 feedIn the table: the mass index is calculated by the return formula. The total plate efficiency is calculated by using the diagram method to calculate the total value of the whole tower in the full reflux condition. According to the measured value, xD = 0.9367, xw = 0.2250Operation equation of rectification section: y =R 1 x plus xD R plus 1 R plus 1R = infinity in the full reflux, no distillation section, the operation line overlaps the diagonal, the diagonal squareCheng y = x, the number of theoretical plates can be obtained from the balance line and diagonals of the x - y graph. As shown in figure 3. The number of theoretical plates obtained by graphic method includes reboiler, which should be reduced to 1. NT = 5.4-1 = 4.4 total plate efficiency ET = 4.4/7 * 100% = 62.9%Theoretical plate calculation for full reflux1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7The gas phase fraction0.0.0.0.0.0.0.10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 .0.xw0.30.40.50.6Xn *0.7Xn - 10.80.91.0The liquid fractionFigure 3 graphic method to calculate the total reflux theoretical plate number 2, calculate column under the condition of total reflux, veneer efficiency calculation of adjacent two boards, rectifying column under the condition of total reflux, efficiency of adjacent two boards, veneerE ml, n =X n? 1? X, n, x, n? 1? x* n=0.7851? 0.6631 = 78.66% 0.7851? 0.6300Among them: xn * is composed of the liquid that is balanced with yn.Yn relationship between xn - 1 meet operation, xn * with yn satisfy equilibrium, yn = xn - 1 = 0.7851, available from figure 3 xn * = 0.6300 3, calculation column under the condition of partial reflux (R = 4), all the theoretical plate number NT, total plate efficiency ET, calculation column under the condition of partial reflux (), (1) feeding hot conditioncalculation parameter q:Q =C PM (t B? T F) + rm rmTF - feed temperature, 21.8 ℃ tB - feed bubble point temperature, 90.5 ℃ (see figure 2). Cpm - average molar heat capacity of liquid feed, kJ/(kmol. ℃). Rm - the average molar vaporization of an incoming liquid (kJ/kmol). Cpm = Cp1M1x1 + Cp2M2x2 rm = r1M1x1 + r2M2x2,Type:Cp1, contact international.like apply SSDS - pure components respectively team 1 and 2 in the average temperature (tF + tB) / 2, under the specific heat capacity (kJ/kg. ℃).R1, r2 -- the vaporizing latent heat (kJ/kg) of pure component 1 and group 2 at the bubble-point temperature. The relative heat capacity was detected in the liquid heat capacity map: Cp1 (ethanol) = 3.04, Cp2 (propanol) = 2.85. The corresponding heat of vaporization was detected on the steam - heat map. R1 = 850, r2 = 850. M1, M2 -- the molar mass of pure component 1 and component 2, kg/kmol. M1 is equal to 46, M2 is equal to 60 x1, x2 is just pure component 1 and the mole fraction of components 2 in the feed. X1 = 0.2885, x2 = 1-x1 = 0.7115 substitute into the formula calculation: Cpm = 161.37, rm = 40274.7 q = 1.306. The total plate efficiency ET is calculated by using graphical method. Known as shown in figure 4 according to the measured values: xD = 0.9061, xw = 0.2300, the xF = 0.2885 rectifyingoperation equation: rectifying operation equation: y = (Rx/(R + 1) + xD/(R + 1) = 0.8 + 0.1812 x diagonal equation y = x operating line and the diagonal intersection point: x = xD, y = xD, point a of figure. Intercept for xD/(R + 1) = 0.1812, line drawing rectifying section a - b. Feed equation: feed equation: y = qx/(q 1) - xF/(q 1) = 4.268 x - 0.9428 simultaneous feed equation and equation of rectifying section, and the calculated point d (0.3240, 0.3240),) feed equation with the diagonal intersection of c (x = xF, y = xF). C, d, two, and q. The intersection of the operation line and diagonals of the distillation section is x = xW, and y = xW. See figure e. The operation line of the fractionation segment is interlinked with d-d, which is the operation line of the distillation section. FIG. 4 is available: the total number of theoretical plates of the whole tower is 7.6-1 = 6.6 total plate efficiency ET = 6.6/7 = 94.3%Partial reflux (R = 4) theoretical plate calculation1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7a.The gas phase fraction0.0.0.0.0.0.10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.10.0.D e cbX xF 0.2w 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.9xD1.0The liquid fractionFIG. 4 shows the number of theoretical plates in the calculation of partial reflux8. Experimental results and analysisWhat factors are the main sources of errors in this experiment?Attachment: use of abbe refractometerThe application temperature of the calibration curve of therefractive index to see whether the temperature of the contact thermometer of the superthermostatic bath is near the applicable temperature of the calibration curve. If not, adjust to applicable temperature. The temperature of the measurement room of abbe refractometer is equal to the temperature of the calibration curve. If not, it should be appropriate to adjust the temperature of the contact thermometer of the super thermostatic water bath, so that the temperature of the measurement room of abbe refractometer is exactly equal to the applicable temperature of the calibration curve. The refractive index of anhydrous ethanol was determined by the refractometer, and the "zero" of the refractometer was correct. The steps of measuring the refractive index of a substance are as follows: when the index of refractive index is measured, the thin slice space that is placed to measure the liquid can be called the "sample room". Before measuring, apply lens paper to wipe up the upper and lower grinding glass surface of the sample room so as to avoid the accuracy of other material influence measurement. Diction in the sample room to close and lock the handle just hang up the state of the hook, with medical syringe liquid from sample room side holes under test Into the sample room, then immediately the sample chamber of the lock handle, the sample room lock (lock, but do not force too big). The mirror in the lower part of the sample chamber and the side of the large disc is illuminated by the mirror. In the eyepiece, you can see the "reading glasses tube" and the other "telescope tube". Estimate the approximate range of the value of the refractive index of the sample, then rotate the handwheel on the lower side of the large disk, and adjust the scale to the vicinity of the index value of the sample. The hand wheel at the bottom side of the eyepiece turns the binoculars into ablack and white color without any other colors. Rotate the handwheel at the bottom side of the large disc and transfer the black and white dividing line to the center of the diagonal cross line (as shown in figure 5-1). The right column scale reading in the reading cylinder is the index value of the refractive index of the material to be measured (as shown in figure 5-2). According to the reading index n0 and the temperature of the sample room, the quality fraction of the sample is detected from the concentration of the index curve of the refractive index. Be careful to keep the lightmeter clean. Do not contaminate optical parts. Use clean lens paper or absorbent cotton to gently wipe. If the surface of an optical part is oily, the oil can be lightly cleaned with a little clean oil.Attached figure 5-1Attached figure 5-2one。
化工原理精馏实验报告
化工原理精馏实验报告实验目的:本实验旨在通过对乙醇和水的精馏实验,掌握精馏过程的基本原理和操作技术,了解精馏过程中的温度变化规律,并对实验结果进行分析和总结。
实验原理:精馏是利用液体混合物中各组分的沸点差异,通过加热混合物使其中某一组分先汽化,再凝结成液体,从而实现对混合物的分离的一种物理方法。
在精馏过程中,液体混合物首先被加热至其中某一组分的沸点,该组分首先汽化,然后通过冷凝器冷却凝结成液体,最终得到纯净的组分。
实验步骤:1. 将乙醇和水混合成一定比例的混合物,倒入精馏瓶中。
2. 装上加热设备和冷凝器,调节加热设备温度至混合物中乙醇的沸点。
3. 观察冷凝器出口的液体,收集不同温度下的液体样品。
4. 对收集的液体样品进行密度测定和酒精度测定。
实验结果:通过实验,我们得到了乙醇和水在不同温度下的液体样品。
经过密度测定和酒精度测定,我们得到了不同温度下乙醇和水的纯度和组成。
实验分析:根据实验结果,我们发现在不同温度下,乙醇和水的纯度和组成存在明显差异。
通过对实验数据的分析,我们可以得出精馏过程中乙醇和水的分离效果较好,且随着温度的升高,乙醇的纯度逐渐提高。
实验总结:本次实验通过对乙醇和水的精馏实验,使我们更加深入地了解了精馏过程的基本原理和操作技术。
同时,实验结果也验证了精馏过程中液体混合物的分离效果,并为我们今后在化工生产中的实际应用提供了重要参考。
结语:通过本次实验,我们不仅掌握了精馏过程的基本原理和操作技术,也对乙醇和水的混合物分离效果有了更深入的了解。
希望通过今后的实践操作和学习,能够更好地运用精馏技术解决实际生产中的问题,为化工生产贡献自己的一份力量。
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表 8-1 折光指数—乙醇质量组分标准曲线数据表(折光仪温度 30℃)
空瓶+乙醇质量 空瓶+乙醇+正丙醇质 乙醇质量ຫໍສະໝຸດ 序号 空瓶质量/g/g
量/g
分率
nD1
nD2
1
……
……
……
0.0000 1.3809 1.3809
2
15.2316
15.2950
15.8665
0.0999 1.3783 1.3785
…… 11 12
塔顶组成 1.3659 1.3600 …… 1.3600 0.8809 0.9061
塔釜组成 1.3763 1.3765 …… 1.3764 0.1863 0.2300
进料组成 1.3751 1.3753 …… 1.3752 0.2372 0.2885
表中:质量分率按回归公式计算 W = 58.481-42.353nD。
图 81 汽液平衡实验装置
塔顶冷凝器 冷凝水
高位槽
精馏吸收塔实验 装置示意图流程
温度变送器
回流
比调
铂电阻
节器
馏 出 液 储 罐
进料泵
温度变送器
温度变送器 温度变送器 温度变送器
塔 釜 产 品
塔底冷却器
温度变送器 电压变送器 电流变送器
图 8-2 精馏实验装置图(第一套)
计算机
AD转换器DA转换器
(三)精馏塔性能测定数据处理
表 83
精馏塔性能测定数据处理表(折光仪温度 30.1℃)
实验装置:第 1 套 实际塔板数:7
物系:乙醇--正丙醇
全回流 R= ∞
塔顶温度:79.2
部分回流:R=4 进料量:2L/H
加热电压:140V
塔顶温度: 80℃ 进料温度: 21.8
泡点温度:90.5℃
折光指数 1 折光指数 2 …… 折光指数 质量分率 摩尔分率
每组样品至少测定两次,折光系数相差<0.0002 合格。
二元物系气液相平衡数据测定
1、预热电压约 40V,工作电压约 80V。 2、在平衡温度下,每个取样点至少取两次样品,折光指数相差<0.0005 合格。 3、每次改变组分时,取出及加入的液体量视上一次的平衡温度情况而调整,尽量保证平衡温度在测定范围 内数据点分布均匀。 4、包括纯乙醇和纯正丙醇共做 10—12 组气液相平衡数据,用 Excel 绘制二元气液平衡相图(txy)和 x— y 关系曲线。 5、阿贝折光仪的测定温度应与标定标准曲线时一致(相差<0.5℃)。否则重新标定标准曲线。
2、测定二元物系气液平衡数据。
3、测定精馏塔性能。 l 测定精馏塔在全回流条件下,稳定操作后的全塔理论板数 NT 和总板效率 ET。
ET
=
NT NP
´ 100%
其中:NP 为板式精馏塔实际塔板数;NT 为理论塔板数,用图解法计算。
l 测定精馏塔在全回流条件下,稳定操作后的相邻两块板的单板效率。
Eml ,n
MA
MB
式中:乙醇分子量 MA=46; 正丙醇分子量 MB=60
以第二组数据为例:WA = 58.48142.353nD=58.48142.353*1.3609=0.8428。
WA
0.8428
XA =
WA
MA + 1-WA
=
46
= 0.8749
0.8428 + 1 - 0.8428
MA MB
46
②待最下层塔板上建立液层后,打开冷却水,冷却水量以保证回流水温度接近常温为准。 ③工作电压:第一套约 140V,第二套约 160V。 ④每次取样时,取样用注射器和容器必须进行润洗,每取样点至少连续取两次样品,折光系数相差<0.0005 合格。测定 n 层及 n-1(或 n+1)层塔板样品,必须同时取样。 ⑤部分回流进料量:第一套约 1.5-2.0(l/h),第二套约 3-3.5(l/h)。保持进料速度稳定。 (三)实验结束 停止加热后 10 分钟,关闭冷却水,一切复原。塔釜料液充分冷却后方可放出备用。
由质量分率求摩尔分率(XA)公式如下:
( WA )
XA
=
(
WA
)
MA + [1 -
(WA )]
MA
MB
五、实验方案及步骤(自行设计)
实验装置的操作方法见相应视频课件。
提示: 阿贝折光仪折光率——乙醇质量组分标准曲线的标定
配制一系列(10—12 组)不同质量组分的乙醇─正丙醇混合液,使用阿贝折光仪测定折光系数,用 Excel 进行绘图得到标准曲线及回归公式 W = A+BnD。其中:W 为乙醇的质量分率,nD 为折光指数。
Cpm —进料液体的平均摩尔热容,kJ/(kmol.℃)。
rm —进料液体的平均摩尔汽化潜热(kJ/kmol)。 Cpm=Cp1M1x1+Cp2M2x2 rm=r1M1x1+r2M2x2,
式中:
Cp1,Cp2——分别为纯组份 1 和组份 2 在平均温度(tF + tB)/ 2 下的比热容(kJ/kg.℃)。
14 97.2 1.3808 1.3809 1.3809 0.0000 0.0000 1.3808 1.3809 1.3809 0.0000 0.0000
质量分率按回归公式计算 W = 58.481-42.353nD。
( WA )
摩尔分率(XA)计算公式:
XA
=
( WA
)
MA + [1 -
(WA )]
从图 86 可得 xn*=0.635
3、计算精馏塔在部分回流(R=4)条件下,全塔理论板数 NT,总板效率 ET
①进料热状况参数 q 值的计算:
q = C pm (tB - tF ) + rm rm
tF — 进料温度, 21.8℃
tB —进料的泡点温度,90.5℃。(根据物系的 t―x―y 关系,确定泡点温度。见图 8-5)
式中: W 为乙醇的质量分率,nD 为 折光指数。
(二)二元物系气液相平衡数据处理
表 8-2 气液相平衡实验数据表(折光仪温度 30.2℃)
序 号
平衡温 度℃
折光指 数1
折光指 数2
液相(x) 折光指 数平均
质量分 率
摩尔分 率
折光指 数1
折光指 数2
气相(y) 折光指 数平均
质量分 率
摩尔分 率
1 78.3 1.3573 1.3575 1.3574 1.0000 1.0000 1.3574 1.3574 1.3574 1.0000 1.0000
…… 15.1428
……
…… 15.6976
……
…… 15.7549
……
…… 0.9064 1.0000
…… 1.3593 1.3574
…… 1.3592 1.3574
nD 平均
1.3809 1.3784 …… 1.3593 1.3574
表中乙醇质量组分 W 的计算:以第二组数据为例
W
=
乙醇质量 乙醇质量 + 正丙醇质量
由图解法求得的理论板数包括再沸器,应减去 1。NT = 5.41= 4.4
总板效率 ET = 4.4/7*100% = 62.9%
全回流时理论板计算
气相分率
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.2xw 0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6xn* 0.7
x0n.81
60
绘制无水乙醇——正丙醇气液平衡相图(txy 图)见图 85 绘制无水乙醇——正丙醇的 xy 图,见图 86。
乙醇-正丙醇气液平衡相图
100
95
tB
90
平衡温度℃
85
80
75
xF
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
摩尔分率
图 85 无水乙醇——正丙醇的气液平衡相图
0.9xD 1.0
液相分率
图 86 图解法计算全回流时理论板数 2、计算精馏塔在全回流条件下,相邻两块板的单板效率
Eml ,n
=
xn-1 xn-1
-
xn
x
* n
=
0.7851- 0.6631 = 81.28% 0.7851 - 0.635
其中:xn*为与 yn 成平衡的液相组成。yn 与 xn1 满足操作关系,xn*与 yn 满足平衡关系,yn=Xn1=0.7851,
精馏塔性能参数的测量方法
(一)实验前准备工作、检查工作: 1.阿贝折光仪温度保持与标定标准曲线时相一致(相差<0.5℃)。 2.将配制好的物料(乙醇质量浓度约为 20%的乙醇—正丙醇混合液)倒入高位槽(第一套,总容量约 6000 毫升)或储料罐(第二套,总容量约 10000 毫升)。如果塔釜、塔顶料罐、塔底料罐中有上次实验后分离的料液, 将其全部放出,循环使用。 3.进料高度约为塔釜总高 2/3。 4. 检查冷却水管是否连接良好(塔顶、塔釜冷凝器串联)。 5.检查加热开关为关闭状态,打开电源开关,加热电压、电流均零。 (二)实验操作 ①预热电压:第一套约 110V、第二套约 120V。
r1,r2——分别为纯组份 1 和组份 2 在泡点温度下的汽化潜热(kJ/kg)。
在液体比热容共线图(见天大出版《化工原理》(上)P329)上查出相应的比热容:
Cp1(乙醇)=3.04, Cp2(正丙醇)=2.85。 在汽化热共线图(见天大出版《化工原理》(上)P332)上查出相应的汽化热。r1=850, r2=680。 M1,M2——分别为纯组份 1 和组份 2 的摩尔质量,kg/kmol。M1=46,M2=60。 x1,x2——分别为纯组份 1 和组份 2 在进料中的摩尔分率。x1=0.2885,x2=1- x1=0.7115。