经济学原理课后题答案第一章
曼昆微观经济学课后答案
1曼昆《经济学原理》（第五版）习题解答第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应，而政策会影响激励。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像一场比赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 1
Problems and Applications1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the costof the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying thecar might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years.So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what theymust give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on nationalparks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. Ifmore money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending onnational defense or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more moneyon the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, thedecision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profitscompared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgradeexisting equipment or expand existing factories. The bottom line is: Whichmethod of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoffbetween the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to otherthings she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn'teasy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what youwould do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like anew set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost ofskiing includes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wagesyou're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to thelibrary to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest,you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea thatmoney has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore,since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at themargin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'llearn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't beincreasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity iscertainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost pergallon of potion. Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition,Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his orher income, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot,your income will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Securityincome as someone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequenceof the taxation of Social Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the SocialSecurity system arose because of worries that people wouldn’t save enoughfor retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age65. The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits willbe. Thus the taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort afterage 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off aftertwo years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were tolast forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get noincome at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But theeconomy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greaterincentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the law is one that increasesefficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly.If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would takeyour roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example,suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spainand France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and Frenchworkers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by theright artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amountof information. You need to know about production techniques and costs inthe CD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and whichartists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll beproducing too many CDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and notenough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions.You have to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If youmake too many CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassetteplayers will be stuck with CDs they can't play. The probability of makingmistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about themusic industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce moresports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TVfirm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harmsnonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopolypower.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunkdrivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of ournation's output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case.Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopolyand restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiencywould increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if thegovernment mandated increased spending on health care, the economy wouldbe less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people areless likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care wouldrepresent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of theeconomic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less ofother goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can getincome for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating e fficiently if peopleremain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourageunemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. Themore generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remainunemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we arelikely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thusincomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be anincrease in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will havemore equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to boththe workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factoryowners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a freelunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goodsand services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then outputmay increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand ratherthan raising prices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched withincreased prices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker wouldneed to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation willlead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
微观--曼昆经济学原理-课后答案
第一章经济学十大原理复习题4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。
举例：如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。
在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。
市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。
例如：某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。
在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用7．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。
如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 1
Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the costof the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying thecar might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years.So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what theymust give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on nationalparks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. Ifmore money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending onnational defense or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more moneyon the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, thedecision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profitscompared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgradeexisting equipment or expand existing factories. The bottom line is: Whichmethod of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoffbetween the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to otherthings she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn'teasy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vaca tion with what youwould do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like anew set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost ofskiing includes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wagesyou're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to thelibrary to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest,you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea thatmoney has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore,since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at themargin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'llearn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't beincreasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity iscertainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost pergallon of potion. Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron aremissing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition,Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his orher income, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot,your income will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Securityincome as someone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequenceof the taxation of Social Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the SocialSecurity system arose because of worries that people wouldn’t save enoughfor retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age65. The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits willbe. Thus the taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort afterage 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off aftertwo years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were tolast forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get noincome at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But theeconomy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greaterincentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the law is one that increasesefficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly.If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would takeyour roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example,suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spainand France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and Frenchworkers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by theright artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amountof information. You need to know about production techniques and costs inthe CD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and whichartists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll beproducing too many CDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and notenough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions.You have to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If youmake too many CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassetteplayers will be stuck with CDs they can't play. The probability of makingmistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about themusic industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce moresports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TVfirm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harmsnonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopolypower.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunkdrivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of ournation's output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case.Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopolyand restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiencywould increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if thegovernment mandated increased spending on health care, the economy wouldbe less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people areless likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care wouldrepresent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of theeconomic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less ofother goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can getincome for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating e fficiently if peopleremain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourageunemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. Themore generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remainunemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we arelikely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thusincomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be anincrease in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will havemore equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will g o to boththe workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factoryowners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a freelunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goodsand services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then outputmay increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand ratherthan raising prices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched withincreased prices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker wouldneed to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation willlead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
经济学原理第六版课后答案
经济学原理第六版课后答案第一章，经济学原理和经济行为。
1. 什么是经济学？经济学是研究人们如何利用稀缺资源来生产、分配和消费商品和服务的社会科学。
2. 经济学家如何对待假设？经济学家会做出一些简化的假设，以便更好地分析经济现象。
这些假设可以帮助经济学家建立模型，从而更好地理解和解释现实世界中的经济问题。
3. 什么是机会成本？机会成本是指为了得到某种东西所放弃的东西的价值。
在资源有限的情况下，做出某种选择意味着放弃其他选择，因此机会成本是每个选择的代价。
4. 什么是边际分析？边际分析是指对一种行为或决策的边际变化进行分析。
经济学家通过比较边际成本和边际收益来做出决策。
5. 什么是正面分析和规范分析？正面分析是描述经济现象的方式，而规范分析则是对经济现象进行评价和给出建议的方式。
第二章，供求和市场均衡。
1. 什么是市场？市场是买卖商品和服务的地方，也可以是指交易双方的总体。
2. 什么是需求曲线？需求曲线表示了消费者在不同价格水平下愿意购买的商品数量。
需求曲线通常是向下倾斜的，这意味着价格上涨时需求量下降，价格下跌时需求量增加。
3. 什么是供给曲线？供给曲线表示了生产者在不同价格水平下愿意提供的商品数量。
供给曲线通常是向上倾斜的，这意味着价格上涨时供给量增加，价格下跌时供给量减少。
4. 市场均衡是如何确定的？市场均衡是指供给和需求达到平衡的状态，此时市场上的商品数量和价格达到了最优的状态。
市场均衡的价格和数量由供给曲线和需求曲线的交点确定。
5. 什么是价格弹性？价格弹性是指需求量或供给量对价格变化的敏感程度。
如果需求量或供给量对价格变化非常敏感，那么价格弹性就会很大；反之则会很小。
第三章，边际效用和边际成本。
1. 什么是边际效用？边际效用是指消费一个额外单位商品或服务所带来的额外满足程度。
通常情况下，随着消费数量的增加，边际效用会递减。
2. 什么是边际成本？边际成本是指生产一个额外单位商品或服务所需要的额外成本。
经济学原理第一、二章课后题答案
第一章经济学十大原理复习题：1、列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。
答：1）在生活上，比如某一天，我手上有三块钱，我是买一个冷饮呢？还是买一瓶水？2）在学习内容上，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间。
3）在入大学填志愿时，我就面临权衡取舍，选上海师大，就放弃了上海金融学院。
2、看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：读书、打工。
3、水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝．如果这是一个人九分钟内喝下的第八杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4、为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时．他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5、为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6、市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢？答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在做出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此．他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7、解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。
经济学原理课后题答案第一章
第1章经济学十大原理1、水是生活必需品。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢？参考答案:水的边际利益与你所处环境有关系。
对于一个困在沙漠里几天没有喝水的人，水的边际利益很高，对一个酒足饭饱的人，水的边际利益很低。
2、你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了1 0 0美元。
你选择现在花掉它或者在支付5 %利率的银行账户中存一年。
现在花掉1 0 0美元的机会成本是什么呢？参考答案：105美元，本金加上利息,因为你放弃了明年花费105元机会。
3、三位魔力饮料的经理正在讨论可能的生产增加。
每位经理提出了做出这个决策的一种方法:哈里：我们应该检查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——上升了还是下降了。
罗恩：我们应该检查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——上升了还是下降了。
赫尔缪尼：我们应该检查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于还是小于额外的成本。
你认为谁对？为什么？参考答案：哈里认为生产率很重要，因为生产率越高，其产品单位成本越低。
罗恩关注平均成本。
二者均考虑成本，但没有考虑利润。
企业要实现利润最大化必须同时检验成本和利润。
所以，赫尔缪尼是正确的，因为他认为多卖一单位产品的收入大于超过多生产一单位的成本，即边际收益大于边际成本，这样才能实现利润最大化。
4、解释下列每一项政府活动是出于关注平等的动机还是出于关注效率的动机。
在关注效率的情况下，讨论所涉及到的市场失灵的类型。
A、管制有限电视频道的价格B、向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的票证。
C、在公共场合禁止吸烟。
D、把美孚石油公司（它曾经拥有90%的炼油厂）分解成几个较小的公司。
E、对收入高的人实行高个人所得税税率。
F、制定禁止酒后驾车的法律。
参考答案：A、关注效率。
市场失灵的原因在于市场势力的存在，有线电视频道处于垄断地位，具有市场势力，会导致稀缺资源不能有效配置。
B、关注公平。
政府的目的在于缩小贫富之间的差距，将社会财富的分配更公平一些。
C、关注效率。
吸烟的人会对不吸烟的人的身体健康造成损害，这是一种经济外部性的体现，外部性的存在会导致市场失灵，从而影响市场效率。
经济学原理习题参考答案
《经济学原理》习题参考答案第一章二、选择题1C 2D 3A 4D 5C 6CD 7A 8A 9C 10B第二章二、选择题1BCD 2A 3D 4D 5BE 6C 7B 8BC9D 10C 11C 12D 13B 14CD 15B三、计算题1． （1）P e =6, Q e =20（2）P e =7, Q e =25第三章二、选择题1C 2B 3B 4A 5A 6B 7A 8A 9C10D 11B 12B 13D 14D三、计算题1． （1） ed=3/2（2） ed=2/3（3） 与（2）的结果相同2． （1）预计销售量为99.2万个单位（2）价格应下调20.83%3． ed=14． 汽油价格应上涨0.8美元第四章二、选择题1D 2C 3BC 4AD 5D 6CDE7CD 8BC 9B 10C 11AC 12A三、计算题1．解：由Q=10-2P ，可知：P=Q 215-62210211=⨯-==Q P 元时，∴ 消费者剩余CS 1为：Q P CS PdQ 00601⨯-=⎰=Q P dQ Q 006021)5(⨯--⎰= [5Q-Q241]60Q P 00⨯- =62656241⨯-⨯-⨯ =9再24210411=⨯-==Q P 元时， ∴ 消费者剩余CS2为： Q P CS PdQ 00201⨯-=⎰=[5Q-Q 241]20QP 00⨯- =24252241⨯-⨯-⨯ =12． 解： 由X YU MU Y X U MU XY U Y X =∂∂==∂∂==，可知： 再由： IY P X P Y P X P P X P Y P MU P MU Y X Y X YX Y Y X X =+=⇒=⇒= 可知 ：X P IX 2= Y P I Y 2=3． X=10 Y=504． （1）X=I/2P X Y=I/2P Y（2）X=250 Y=50（3）由于参加工会后获得的总效用大于参加工会前，所以应参加工会。
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第1章经济学十大原理
1、水是生活必需品。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢？
参考答案:
水的边际利益与你所处环境有关系。
对于一个困在沙漠里几天没有喝水的人，水的边际利益很高，对一个酒足饭饱的人，水的边际利益很低。
2、你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了1 0 0美元。
你选择现在花掉它或者在支付5 %利率的银行账户中存一年。
现在花掉1 0 0美元的机会成本是什么呢？
参考答案：
105美元，本金加上利息,因为你放弃了明年花费105元机会。
3、三位魔力饮料的经理正在讨论可能的生产增加。
每位经理提出了做出这个决策的一种方法:
哈里：我们应该检查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——上升了还是下降了。
罗恩：我们应该检查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——上升了还是下降了。
赫尔缪尼：我们应该检查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于还是小于额外的成本。
你认为谁对？为什么？
参考答案：
哈里认为生产率很重要，因为生产率越高，其产品单位成本越低。
罗恩关注平均成本。
二者均考虑成本，但没有考虑利润。
企业要实现利润最大化必须同时检验成本和利润。
所以，赫尔缪尼是正确的，因为他认为多卖一单位产品的收入大于超过多生产一单位的成本，即边际收益大于边际成本，这样才能实现利润最大化。
4、解释下列每一项政府活动是出于关注平等的动机还是出于关注效率的动机。
在关注效率的情况下，讨论所涉及到的市场失灵的类型。
A、管制有限电视频道的价格
B、向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的票证。
C、在公共场合禁止吸烟。
D、把美孚石油公司（它曾经拥有90%的炼油厂）分解成几个较小的公司。
E、对收入高的人实行高个人所得税税率。
F、制定禁止酒后驾车的法律。
参考答案：
A、关注效率。
市场失灵的原因在于市场势力的存在，有线电视频道处于垄断地位，具有市场势力，会导致稀缺资源不能有效配置。
B、关注公平。
政府的目的在于缩小贫富之间的差距，将社会财富的分配更公平一些。
C、关注效率。
吸烟的人会对不吸烟的人的身体健康造成损害，这是一种经济外部性的体现，外部性的存在会导致市场失灵，从而影响市场效率。
D、关注效率。
美孚石油公司在分解前处于垄断地位，具有市场势力，会导致市场失灵，影响市场效率。
E、关注公平。
税收的功能之一就是调节人们的收入水平，高收入多缴税可以减少贫富差距。
F、关注效率。
酒后驾车很容易对别人带来伤害和损失，是一种具有外部性的行为，会导致市场失灵，影响市场效率。
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