公共建筑能源效率与室内空气质量外文翻译中英文2018
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展，建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于能源的消耗也越来越多。
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性
外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性中文3886字附录附录A 外文翻译Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening PublicBuilding Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumption and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve people's quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. Withthe gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings. 2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as "seeking ocean, Innovation, and big", the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70~300⋅kW years for residential 8~15 times. China's large public building ⋅2h/menergy consumption per square meter in the 10~20 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the country's total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society,comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 15~20 ℃, the Huang-Huai basin low 10~15℃, south of the Yangtze low 6~10℃, southern coastal also low 5℃; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4℃, North high 2.5℃, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 ~ 2℃. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve people's lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the "black hole", air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet people's need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay.2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChina's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into theatmosphere. China's carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the country's total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet people's needs energy-efficient buildings. 3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design Building energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable sitingConstruction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering.Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environmentAfter building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exteriorclimate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roofThe roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layerThe main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows designAccording to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detailEnergy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; ③window around the walls should be insulated; ④doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; ⑤the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface ofdifferent materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; ⑥all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building spaceReasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materialsAn important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.From:Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。
能耗 翻译
能耗翻译【释义】energy consumption[物] 能量损耗【短语】1能耗强度energy intensity2单位国内生产总值能耗energy consumption per unit of GDP3能耗制动机dynamic braking ; DWDB ; resistance braking ; Energy consumption brake4建筑能耗building energy consumption ; construction energy consumption ; building energy consuming ; energy consumption in buildings5能耗监测Energy-consuming Supervising ; energy consumption monitoring ; energy monitoring6低能耗Bluetooth Low Energy ; BLE ; low power7综合能耗comprehensive energy consumption ; kgce ; integrated energyconsumption ; total production energy consumption8单位能耗specific energy consumption ; unit energy consumption ; unit consumption of energy ; specific power consumption9建筑能耗分项计量building energy- subentry measure【例句】1第十八天：评估你的支出——能耗。
Day 18: Evaluating Your Expenses - energy.2比如说，能耗强度正在攀升。
Energy intensity, for instance, is going up.3一是完善并严格执行能耗和环保标准。
公共建筑节能设计标准 英文
公共建筑节能设计标准英文Public buildings play a crucial role in society, providing essential services to millions of people around the world. However, these buildings also consume a staggering amount of energy, contributing to the global carbon footprint and ultimately affecting the environment. The importance of energy conservation in public buildings cannot be overstated, and that is why governments and international organizations have created standards for energy-efficient building design, with guidelines provided for architects, designers, and builders. In this article, we will discuss the steps involved in designing energy-efficient public buildings, according to the established standards.Step 1: Building Orientation and DesignThe orientation and design of a building have a significant impact on its energy efficiency. Building orientation should be such that the south-facing facade of the building receives maximum exposure to sunlight, while minimizing exposure to the north-facing facade, which receives the least amount of sunlight. The design of the building should also include strategic placement of windows and shading to maximizenatural light while minimizing heat gain.Step 2: Energy Efficient LightingLighting accounts for a significant portion of a building's energy consumption. Energy-efficient lighting, such as LED and CFL, should be used extensively throughout the building. Daylighting techniques can also be employed to reduce the need for artificial lighting during the day.Step 3: HVAC SystemsHeating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems represent a significant portion of a building's energy consumption. Energy-efficient HVAC systems, such as variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and geothermal systems, should be used in the building design. It is also essential to design the HVAC systems to provide optimal temperature control and reduce heat loss.Step 4: InsulationProper insulation is critical for energy conservation in public buildings. The insulation should be installed throughout the building, including walls, floors, and ceilings, to reduce heat gain or loss.Step 5: Renewable EnergyIncorporating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, into the building design can significantly reduce the building's energy consumption. The use of renewable energy systems should be optimal, integrated with the building design, and minimize the carbon footprint.The establishment of energy-efficient standards for public building design represents a significant step toward reducing the carbon footprint of public buildings. These standards act as a guide for architects, designers, and builders to create buildings and facilities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. The adoption of these standards will contribute to a sustainable future, making public buildings an energy-efficient spacethat reduces costs for the government and taxpayers. Overall, efficient public building design is beneficial for the environment, the economy, and society as a whole.。
住宅节能分步外文文献翻译
RESIDENTIAL ENERGY SA VINGSSTEP BY STEPSANDSTROM.G,GUSTA VSSON.S1INTRODUCTIONAll too many homeowner-level guides to building technology are written by authors who have little more than a homeowner-level of understanding themselves. No one can make that complaint about Bruce Harley’s excellent Cut Your Energy Bills Now: 150 Smart Ways to Save Money & Make Your Home More Comfortable & Green(see Figure 9). As an engineer and well-known energy expert, Harley knows his way around a blower door. Equally important, he writes clearly and well, and doesn’t try to do too much: at 122 pages long, the richly photographed and illustrated book is short enough that one can actually imagine a motivated homeowner sitting down and reading the entire thing from cover to cover, rather than simply flipping through before running amok with a caulking gun.2A Systems ApproachWith the perspective of long experience, Harley starts by describing the systematic approach through which he will guide the reader. “Before we start looking at the projects themselves, we’ll talk about the house as a series of systems, and the ways these systems use energy,〞he writes. “Understanding your energy use will help you create a strategy that works for you and will help you capitalize on opportunities to reduce costs or leverage benefits whenever you are doing other remodeling work on your house. I’ll provide an overview of environmental impact and health and safety concerns right in your home. Then I’ll show you how to get outside help when you need it: financial help, technical help, and contractor help. This will help you plan ahead so you can get the maximum benefit from these steps and projects at a minimum of cost and effort.〞The heads of the seven chapters that follow pretty much sum up the range of possibilities for residential energy savings: Lighting and Plug-ins; Big Appliances; Hot Water; Heating and Cooling; Your Leaky House; Insulation; and Windows and Doors. A particular highlight of the“Heating and Cooling〞chapter is an excellent three-page section on do-it-yourself duct sealing that Harley approaches with his usual common-sense realism: “Sealing your leaky air ducts may be the most important single thing you can do to improve the energy performance of your house. This can be a big project, but it often doesn’t require any special skills–just a willingness to crawl into some difficult spots and get dirty.〞The accompanying photo spread of the right way to seal leaky metal duct with mastic and fiberglass tape wouldn’t be out of place in a technical manual for HVAC professionals, but the author never forgets who his readers are.〞Just make sure you don’t seal the chimney or furnace flue connector–it’s not a duct,〞he cautions. “(Furnace flues should be tight and secure, but if you see any gaps, have a heating contractor fix them–never use duct mastic.)〞3Low Cost, High ValueThe longest chapter in the book deals with finding and sealing building envelope leaks; appropriately, it also precedes the insulation chapter–a welcome change from home energy books that extol the benefits of piling added insulation in the attic, but give little or no consideration to fixing air leaks. As in the section on duct leaks, Harley honestly describes thepotential size of the problem and the level of effort required to adequately address it. His introductory passage perfectly sets the tone for the detailed directions that follow, and will bring a rueful smile of recognition to many energy-conscious builders:〞In most homes, the biggest and most costly leaks–which means the biggest opportunities for savings–are in the attic or basement. Here’s why: Sealing the living area of your house means keeping out air that comes in from any area of the home that’s not heated or air-conditioned. In most homes, basements and attics are big, unheated spaces. These two areas are typically riddled with holes from pipes, wiring, ductwork, and even interior wall cavities that are open to the attic and basement.〞“You don’t see these holes from inside your house, but they’re there, and they are sometimes big enough to stick your arm into. I’ve even crawled through some. Attic sealing is a medium-size project that can take several hours or several afternoons, but it’s well worth your time. And it should always be tackled before you cover things up by adding more insulation.〞4SUMMARYIn the book’s opening sentence, Harley states that his “goal is to steer you toward value by focusing on steps that are low cost or high benefit; some are both.〞He clearly achieves that goal, although a few questionable assertions creep in here and there. His contention that a light tube or tubular skylight–also known as a TDD, or tubular day lighting device–may eventually pay for itself in saved electricity seems unlikely; there are several good reasons to install a TDD, but reducing lighting costs probably isn’t one of them.The author also speaks approvingly of investing $6,000 to $12,000 in a solar hot water heater for domestic hot water, noting that it “[is] less expensive and offers a faster payback than today’s trendier solar equipment, photovoltaic panels.〞In reality, many solar thermal systems pay back extremely slowly. There’s also a substantial and growing body of evidence to suggest that a photovoltaic system, in conjunction with net metering and a heat-pump water heater, may be a more cost-effective option than solar thermal (see 〞Why Solar Thermal Payback Calculations are Tricky,〞EDU, March 2021).Finally, there are a few suggestions that, while technically sound, are unlikely to be followed by many readers, such as the recommendation to brush and vacuum the refrigerant coils under the refrigerator at least once every two months, or more often if there are pets in the home. It may be a good idea, but it’s just not going to happen.All in all, though, Cut Your Energy Bills Now offers a lot of bang for the buck. It covers a great many things that homeowners should know, without getting bogged down in complex and(to most homeowners) potentially confusing subjects like mechanical ventilation. If I were running a utility efficiency program, I’d find a way to buy this book in bulk, sell it at cost or give it away to customers, and consider it money well spent.住宅节能分步SANDSTROM.G,1引言有太多的关于没有比作者自己是房主更理解的建筑技术程度的指南。
建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑节能技术的推广与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous aggravation of global climate change, energy and environmental issues have become the focus of attention. The construction industry is a major industry that consumes global energy. How to reduce building energy consumption and impact on the environment has become a key issue facing the global construction industry. In this context, building energy-saving technology has been widely concerned and applied.1. The development history of building energy-saving technologyThe development of building energy-saving technology can be traced back to the 1970s, when, due to the impact of the energy crisis, people began to pay attention to energy-saving issues. Since then, building energy-saving technology has gradually developed, and after decades of development, important progress has been made. The development of building energy-saving technology can be divided into the following stages:1. The first stage: 1970s to 1980sFrom the 1970s to the 1980s, people began to pay attention to building energy conservation. The main energy-saving measures adopted included adding heat insulation layers, installing energy-saving glass, and adopting energy-saving lamps.2. The second stage: 1990s to 2000sFrom the 1990s to the 2000s, building energy efficiency technologies were further developed. In addition to adopting traditional energy-saving measures such as heat insulation and lighting, advanced building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy and ground-source heat pumps have also been introduced.3. The third stage: the 21st centurySince the 21st century, building energy-saving technologies have been further developed and promoted. Governments and enterprises of various countries have begun to adopt more advanced technologies to improve building energy-saving levels, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials and building integration technologies.2. Application of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technologies have been widely used around the world. Some typical cases are listed below.1. Nordic countriesThe Nordic countries are one of the regions in the world where building energy-saving technologies are widely used. The governments of these countries have very strict requirements on building energy saving, so building energy saving technologies have been widely used in these countries. For example, in countries such as Denmark and Sweden, the government encourages the use of renewable energy and low-carbon materials in the construction industry, while also setting strict energy consumption standards and building codes. These measures promote the sustainable development of the construction industry and at the same time contribute to environmental protection.2. ChinaChina is a big country in the global construction industry, and building energy-saving technologies have been widely used in China. For example, in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, the government has implemented building energy conservation standards, requiring new buildings to meet certain energy consumption standards. At the same time, China is also promoting new building energy-saving materials and technologies, such as the use of new heat insulation materials and integrated building design, to improve the level of building energy conservation.3. United StatesThe United States is also one of the important application countries of building energy-saving technology. The US government has invested a lot of money and manpower in the promotion of energy-saving technologies, for example, by formulating energy consumption standards and tax incentives to encourage enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. In addition, the United States is also researching and developing new building energy-saving technologies, such as using renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy.3. Future development of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology will face some challenges and opportunities in the future development.1. ChallengeThe main challenges facing building energy efficiency technologies include:(1) Cost issue: At present, many building energy-saving technologies have relatively high costs, and long-term investment is required to obtain returns.(2) Technical issues: Some new building energy-saving technologies are still in the research and development and testing stage, and need to be further improved and promoted.(3) Awareness problem: In some areas, people's awareness of building energy conservation is not strong enough, and publicity and education need to be strengthened.2. OpportunitiesThe future development of building energy-saving technology also faces some opportunities:(1) Policy support: Governments of various countries have higher and higher requirements for building energy efficiency, and policy support has become more and more powerful.(2) Technological progress: new building energy-saving technologies are constantly emerging, and it is expected to achieve more efficient and economical energy-saving effects in the future.(3) Market demand: With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for building energy-saving technologies will gradually increase.Generally speaking, building energy-saving technology will face challenges and opportunities in the future development. It requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and all parties in society to promote the development of building energy-saving technology and promote the sustainable development of the building industry and environmental protection.随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，能源和环境问题成为了人们关注的焦点。
建筑能效-1-刘珊-中英文
建筑节能联盟企业委员会 Enterprise Committee
•参与项目设计Project design； •给项目提供示范工程、试验平台及研究经费Provide demonstration project, test platform and research funding； •为成员提供与国内外有关科研院所、大学和企业沟通合作、相互了解的机会Promote mutual cooperation and understanding with the enterprise.
CERC建筑节能联盟成立背景
CERC-BEE Founding Background
CERC建筑节能合作项目合作进展
U.S.-China Cooperation Progress
CERC建筑节能合作项目2011年度标志性成果
Annual Achievements
2012/6/12
住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心
2012/6/12 住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心 4
2011年1月18日，中美双方代表签署了中美清洁能源联合研究中心建筑节能 联盟联合工作计划。
On January 18, 2011,representatives of US and China have signed the joint work plan for research project on CERC Building Energy Efficiency.
2011年7月完成了所有课题任务书的签订。
In July 2011, all task contracts were signed.
2012/6/12
住房和城乡建设部科技发展促进中心
14
建筑节能中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译现代办公建筑发展新趋势绿色决定价值个性赢得市场进入二十一世纪后，美国人做过一项统计，发现美国税收来源的83.5%来自于写字楼，而不是工厂。
中国的比例估计还没那么高，但同样，写字楼已经不再像二十世纪工业文明时代那样，仅仅是工厂的管理附属，仅仅是企业的接待站，仅仅是管理者的门面，而真正成为了财富的聚集地。
因为写字楼性质的这一种根本性变化，写字楼开发，自然也越来越关注使用者，尤其是创造最大价值的员工本身的舒适、健康、个性化需求，能否激发使用者的灵感，进行更有效率的脑力创造，成为衡量新时代写字楼的主要标准。
现代办公建筑开发，因而出现了以下一些新的趋势。
生态办公：绿色决定价值好几年前，IBM就因为环境因素从中关村搬了出去，因为IBM的全球写字楼都要遵循22摄氏度的办公温度标准，用养热带鱼的标准养人、养设备，而中关村达不到这个要求。
大企业的挑剔显示了现代写字楼的最大特征———生态办公成为一种趋势，最贵的楼不再是最高的楼，而是环境最好、最舒适的楼。
当然，生态办公不仅意味着小环境的绿色舒适，还意味着针对大环境的节能环保，既让员工快乐工作，提高效率，更能节省使用费用，让老板快乐赚钱。
高层生态写字楼对于依赖市中心商务圈的高层写字楼而言，大环境无法选择，小环境的生态环保还是有很多作为的。
比如，通过薄板楼体、外遮阳设备、呼吸幕墙、隔热玻璃、新型空调、立体绿化等方式，来营造生态写字楼。
外遮阳设备在国外的高档写字楼中应用非常广泛，像英国的诺丁汉国内税务中心，就采用轻质遮阳板和自动控制的遮阳百叶，使整组建筑既能充分利用白天的自然光，有可以有效地遮挡室外的直射光线，避免室内炫光。
国内的高档写字楼，也开始慢慢采用外遮阳设备，如北京顶级写字楼新保利大厦，则在大楼的西侧和南侧采用了竖向石材遮阳百页，按照北京的四季光照设置最佳角度，确保夏天最大的遮阳效果和冬天最佳的日照效果。
墙体的保温隔热是建筑节能的重要部分，在现代办公建筑中，比一般幕墙更为保温、通风的可呼吸幕墙和LOW—E玻璃等带有特殊功能的玻璃成为首选。
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公共建筑能源效率与室内空气质量中英文2018原文Energy efficiency – indoor air quality dilemma in public buildingsLiva Asere, Andra BlumbergAbstractThe energy efficiency –indoor air quality dilemma is a common predicament in many buildings undergoing energy efficiency improvements. The main goal of this research is to study the impact of this dilemma on national final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission reduction. A simulation using a system dynamics model was carried out. The stock of public buildings was split into four sub-categories based on when the buildings were constructed. Natural ventilation is used in all buildings before renovation. After implementing energy efficiency measures, two scenarios are simulated: one with and one without mechanical ventilation. Buildings constructed between 1940 and 1992 exhibit the greatest increase in both floor areas with energy efficiency measures and profitability ratio. The simulation results show that if ventilation is operated according to national building standards, total energy consumption in public buildings increases by 1.3 % in 2014 and by 2 % in 2040 compared to the situation where there is no mechanical ventilation. If the implementation of the energy efficiency measures is increasing at higher rate, the difference between bothalternatives is increasing more. Energy efficiency measures in public buildings reduce national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However these measures also reduce indoor air quality thereby causing losses of productivity of the building occupants.Keywords：energy efficiency，government，municipalities，public building，system dynamics modelling，energy savings，CO2 emissions1. Introduction and background informationThe majority of building stock in Latvia was built during the period when energy efficiency was not a priority. For the most part, these buildings do not offer the comfort and the quality of life expected today by the people who work and live in them. Due to climate change concerns, improving the energy efficiency of these buildings is a priority of the national energy policy. Energy consumption of public buildings, including both municipal and state-owned buildings represents a substantial part of Latvia’s total energy consumption. To increase energy efficiency in public buildings, EU directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency [1] has set a specific goal for member countries: 3 % of the total floor area of heated and/or cooled buildings owned and occupied by central governments are to be renovated each year to meet 2014 minimum energy performance standards. The same directive requires that member states set a national energy consumption and efficiency target. Improvingthe energy efficiency of publicly-owned buildings is therefore critical to achieving the national energy efficiency goals. To reach these goals, substantial improvement measures have to be implemented in the existing public building stock.Current building standards provide that building envelopes be highly air tight. This leads to the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma. In spaces with high occupant density, e.g. in schools, conference rooms, offices, etc. where CO2 and VOCs are the main indoor pollutants, air tight building envelopes are to a high degree responsible for unacceptable indoor air quality. To improve indoor air quality in buildings where adequate natural ventilation is not available, mechanical ventilation systems have to be used. Such systems increase energy consumption leading one to assume that indoor air quality and thermal comfort/worker or human productivity are not consistent with energy efficiency. Studies show that the poorer the indoor air quality, the lower the human productivity (a 15 % reduction in performance of schoolwork corresponds to about 1 year of teaching [2]). Excess CO2 (more than 1000 ppm) and VOCs levels in indoor air lead to acute health effects such as irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, loss of coordination, nausea, visual disorders, and allergic reactions, including asthma and rhinitis. Higher levels of VOCs can have chronic adverse health effects such as damage to liver, kidney, blood system and central nervoussystems (CNS). Some VOCs, e.g. formaldehyde, may even cause cancer in humans [3]. A review of international scientific literature shows that this dilemma occurs widely, however, there is as yet no specific solution to the problem.Studies carried out in Latvia [4, 5] show that the operation of ventilation systems does not produce the required indoor air quality and thermal comfort, and the operation of ventilation systems can make it difficult or impossible to achieve the planned energy efficiency goals. The measured CO2 level in these cases was between 1000 ppm and 2500 ppm. One study also included a detailed assessment of the effect of the dilemma on human productivity. Results of this study show that an improvement in indoor air quality will generate a 19 % increase in productivity. But improving the air quality using mechanical ventilation systems also requires additional energy consumption, which in turn, lowers the energy efficiency in buildings. The findings in Latvia coincides with studies in other countries, e.g. the measured CO2 in schools:In UK is 2100–5000 ppm;In Denmark 500–1500 ppm;In Poland 1000–4200 ppm;In Sweden 425–2800 ppm;In the Netherlands 900–2100 ppm;In USA 300–5000 ppm.Thus the ventilation rate is only 1 l/s/person [2] while the standards and/or norms require 4.8–14 l/s per person depending on the category (quality class) and type of building material used [6].The main goal of this research is to assess the impact of the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma for public buildings on both national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission reduction. A simulation with system dynamics model was used.2. MethodologySystem dynamics is a mathematical modelling technique, which is used to solve complex dynamic problems in non-linear systems driven by feedbacks. This method is based on the study of the structure of the system and behavior generated by this structure [7]. The structure is made up of stocks where accumulation occurs and flows, changing the state of the stocks.A previously-developed system dynamics model of energy efficiency improvements in public buildings [8] is used for this study. The structure of the model is adjusted by splitting the total stock of public building into four sub-models based on construction periods (Fig. 1). The first sub- model includes historic buildings built before 1940. Most of these buildings have heritage value and a limited set of energy efficiency measures can be employed. For example, as external insulation is notacceptable, internal insulation would have to be used. Buildings in the second sub-model are those built between 1940 and 1992. These have been constructed according to the building standards of the former Soviet Union. The third sub-model comprises buildings constructed between 1992 and 2014. During this period, energy efficiency standards have changed twice, each time getting more stringent. The last sub-model includes buildings built after 2014: current building standards require that these be low energy buildings [9].Input data for each of the sub-models are presented in Table 1. They are used as initial data for simulation. Data for heated areas are obtained from the Long-term building renovation strategy [10]. Insulation costs and energy consumption were collected from the database of implemented energy efficiency projects [11]. The simulation period is from 2014 to 2040.Initial values used for the main general variables are:Capacity of building companies is 35000 m2/year;Heating tariff is 58 MWh/year;Electricity tariff 140 EUR/MWh;Tariff increases of 2 % per year;EU funds and public funding for state-owned buildings: o from 2016 to 2019 is 97.2 million EUR, from 2018 to 2022 is 38.2 million EUR;Annual public funding for municipal buildings:0.5 million EUR in 2014,1.5 million EUR starting from 2015;Every year new buildings are built at the rate of 3 %.Profitability also influences the way the model functions: the higher the potential profitability, the higher the share of funding allocated to that building group. Funding is allocated to different building sub-models based on the profitability ratio in the following way.It is assumed that only natural ventilation with an air exchange rate of 0.7 h–1 had been installed and operated before the addition or implementation of energy efficiency measures. An average air exchange rate of 4 h–1 created by mechanical ventilation is used for the simulation after the implemen tation of energy efficiency measures. For Latvia’s climate, the specific energy consumption after implementation of energy efficiency measures is 9 kWh/m2/year for heating supply air and 4 kWh/m2/year for electricity with a heat recovery efficiency of 80 % and specific fan power of 1.25 kW/(m3/s) operating for 12 hours during working days.3. Results and discussionFig. 2 shows total energy consumption in public buildings both with and without the operation of mechanical ventilation systems. In both cases total energy consumption decreases. At the beginning the difference between both alternatives is 1.3 % and increases by time and it reaches2 % by 2040 or CO2 emissions 7050 t/year. By 2040 in 667 thousand m2 energy efficiency measures will be carried out, and this represents only 10 % of the total floor area of those buildings built before 2014. If energy efficiency measures are implemented at higher rate, the difference in energy consumption between two alternatives increases by 2040.The difference in the growth rate of building floor area with energy efficiency measures is explained by the profitability ratio –the highest ratio is for buildings built from 1940 to 1992 as they have the highest energy efficiency potential, followed by the historic building stock, which have lower energy efficiency potential due to technical limitations and heritage value. The lowest profitability ratio is for buildings built between 1993 and 2014. They have the lowest energy saving potential compared to costs of construction.Profitability ratio presented in Fig. 4 shows dynamic behaviour over time. Changes are caused by feedbacks, non-linearity and delays built within the system. Supply and demand of energy efficiency measures are illustrated in Fig. 5. When no funding is available, demand and supply of energy efficiency measures is low and prices are low as well. As soon as funding enters the market, demand rises as does supply. However, it takes time to build up the capacity of construction companies. In these circumstances prices rapidly increase due to the gap between supply and demand. When supply and demand are in equilibrium, prices start to fall.When funding is removed, demand falls, followed by supply and in short order prices fall as well. This process where large amounts of funding suddenly flow into the market causes a decrease in profitability as can be seen, and fewer buildings can be renovated due to very high prices compared to conditions before funding.4 ConclusionsSimulation with a system dynamics model revealed that the implementation of energy efficiency measures in public buildings has a major impact on indoor air quality, leading to an energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma. On the one hand, energy efficiency measures in public buildings reduce both national energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, but on the other hand they reduce indoor air quality thus causing losses in productivity for building occupants. If mechanical ventilation is used, indoor air quality is improved and productivity is increased but this comes with increased energy consumption. The simulation results show that if ventilation is operated according to national building standards, total energy consumption in public buildings increases by 1.3 % in 2014 and by 2 % in 2040 (or CO2 emissions 7050 t/year) compared to the situation where there is no mechanical ventilation. If the implementation of the energy efficiency measures is increasing at higher rate, the difference between both alternatives is increasing more. In schools the key goal of education isimproving individual outcomes as Hayward, Hunt and Lord [12] have emphasized in their research. The priority should be buildings that achieve sustainable development and yet meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.In addition to providing an assessment of the energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma, the model also provides insights into how energy efficiency is affected by supply and demand. The structure of the model reveals how the behaviour of the system is changed by feedbacks, non-linearity and delays built into the system. Failure in the timely disbursement of public funding leads to higher construction prices, which in turn leads to fewer buildings being constructed that implement energy efficiency measures for the same amount of money.译文能源效率–公共建筑中的室内空气质量困境摘要能源效率–室内空气质量困境是许多正在进行能源效率改善的建筑物所普遍面临的困境。