国际经济学练习题第七次答案
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案解析第7单元
CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and RegionsCase Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, Technological Change, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or RegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumption Balanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters ininternational tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of threelectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to theRybczynski theorem.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same verticalor Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the worldsince the early1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 1965-1990 period.14.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparativeadvantage in capital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-labor intensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many trade restrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage of China. Its truecomparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the new equilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we must assume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is too small to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shiftsto the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, andPx/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratio and the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and real wages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving.Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityd. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityc. increases the output of both commoditiesd. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:a. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityb. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*c. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityd. any of the above6.Technical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionatelymore than theproductivity of K is called:*a. capital savingb. labor savingc. neutrald. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:a. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentb. does not affect the output of Xc. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*d. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of traded. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above10.If, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more aftergrowth, then thenation's terms of trade can be expected to:*a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than ofcapital is likelyto result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports:a. the K-intensive commodity*b. the L-intensive commodityc. either commodityd. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*a. may reduce the nation's welfareb. will reduce the nation's welfarec. will increase the nation's welfared. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. improves the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:a. reduces the volume of trade*b. increases the volume of tradec. leaves the volume of trade unchangedd. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*a. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Ab. will increase the terms of trade of Nation Ac. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Bd. any of the aboveADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1.Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef andcomputer chips with the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?b)In which commodity does the United States have a comparativecost advantage?What about Germany?c)What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the UnitedStates and Germany for each computer chip traded?d)How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit ofbeef is exchanged for 3 chips?Ans. a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.c)The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United Statesand Germany for each unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4Cd) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded.2.Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology butdifferent factor endowments and tastes, (2) two commodities (X and Y) produced under increasing costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade. Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)Ans.: See Figure 1 on page 74.Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually endup with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky,while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A',Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization inproduction proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B=P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import. Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve. Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B=P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B=P B' is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3.Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supplycurve for A traded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel C the trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why aprice above or below the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD QS, and P will change to P2.Ans. See Figure 2 on page 74.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the tradedcommodityexported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and theequilibrium quantityof commodity X traded is Q2.4.a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between twonations.b) What are some of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based?c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factor prices?Ans. a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unless neutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference in relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into a difference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relative commodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the international difference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for international trade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, it adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate the pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute f actor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.5. consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity)and less of commodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodity Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin model, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's(a) relative commodity prices and demand for food and textiles,(b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade.(d) Do you expect international trade to lead to the completeequalization of relative commodity and factor prices between India and the United States? Why?Ans. a. The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangent to the steeper segment ofIndia's production frontier (because of increasing opportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will causethe pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.b. The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domestic producers in India to shift labor and capital from the production of food to the production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food, the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At thesame time, as the demand for food falls, the demand for and thus the price of capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive, producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of both textiles and food.Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles, India still remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to a nation such as the United States. However, the pretrade difference in the relative price of textiles between India and the United States is nowsomewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result the volume of trade required to equalize relative commodity prices and hence factor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export a smaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for the relative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized.Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the United States is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., with a smaller volume of trade).c. Since many of the assumptions required for the completeequalization of relative commodity and factor pricesdo not hold in the real world, great differences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages inIndia and the United States. Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce these differences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must be considered to analyze the effect of trade on the differences in the relative and absolutecommodity and factor prices between India and the United States.5.(a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to beextended.(b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade modelcan be extended.(c) Explain what is meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b)The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade mode can be explained by(1) economies of scale,(2) intra-industry trade, and(3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c)Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products(such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broadproduct group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiatedproducts.。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第7单元
CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, TechnologicalChange, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries orRegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumptionBalanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters in international tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of three lectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to theRybczynski theorem.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same vertical or Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the world since the early-1990 period.1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 196514.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparative advantage incapital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-laborintensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many traderestrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage o f China.Its true comparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the newequilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we mustassume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is toosmall to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shifts to the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, and Px/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratioand the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and realwages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving.Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityd. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityc. increases the output of both commoditiesd. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:a. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityb. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*c. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityd. any of the above6.Technical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called:*a. capital savingb. labor savingc. neutrald. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:a. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentb. does not affect the output of Xc. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*d. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of traded. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above10.If, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is likely to result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports:a. the K-intensive commodity*b. the L-intensive commodityc. either commodityd. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*a. may reduce the nation's welfareb. will reduce the nation's welfarec. will increase the nation's welfared. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. improves the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:a. reduces the volume of trade*b. increases the volume of tradec. leaves the volume of trade unchangedd. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*a. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Ab. will increase the terms of trade of Nation Ac. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Bd. any of the aboveADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1.Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chipswith the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?b)In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?What about Germany?c)What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States andGermany for each computer chip traded?d)How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef isexchanged for 3 chips?Ans. a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect toGermany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.c)The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germanyfor each unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4Cd) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beeftraded.2.Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but differentfactor endowments and tastes, (2) two commodities (X and Y) produced under increasing costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade. Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stopsexpanding.)Ans.: See Figure 1 on page 74.Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and differentcommunity indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with differentrelative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial tradepossible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=PA in autarky,while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=PA'. Since P A < P A', Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization inproduction proceeds u ntil point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at whichP B=P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals thequantity demanded f or import. Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production andconsumptionin autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC ofX for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of bothX and Y and lieson a higher community indifference curve. Nation 2 starts at A' inproduction andconsumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and byexchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceedsA').At Px/Py=P B=P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B=P B'is theequilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets. 3.Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supply curve for Atraded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel Cthe trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why a price above orbelow the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD QS, and P willchange to P2.Ans. See Figure 2 on page 74.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the traded commodityexported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and the equilibrium quantityof commodity X traded is Q2.4.a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations.b) What are some of the assumptions o n which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory isbased?c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factorprices?Ans. a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology resultsin a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unlessneutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference inrelative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between thetwo nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated i nto adifference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is theimmediate cause of trade.– asb) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theoryopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes ordemand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference inrelative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relativecommodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the internationaldifference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted isthat the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for internationaltrade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export thecommodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import thecommodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an importantcorollary, it adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, t rade will completelyeliminate the pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however,trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolutefactor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does saysomething very useful on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution ofincome in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.5. consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less ofcommodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India,commodity X is textiles, and commodity Y is food. Starting from the no-tradeequilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin model, trace the effect ofthis change in tastes on India's(a) relative commodity prices and demand for food and textiles,(b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade.(d) Do you expect international trade to lead to the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices between India and the United States?Why?Ans. a. The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangentto the steeper segment of India's production frontier (because of increasingopportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will causethe pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.b. The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domesticproducers in India to shift labor and capital from the production of food tothe production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food,the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At thesame time, as the demand for food falls, the demand for and thus the priceof capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive,producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of bothtextiles and food.Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles,India still remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to anation such as the United States. However, the pretrade difference in therelative price of textiles between India and the United States is nowsomewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result thevolume of trade required to equalize relative commodity prices and hencefactor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export asmaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for therelative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized.Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the UnitedStates is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., witha smaller volume of trade).c. Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, greatdifferences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages inIndia and the United States. Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce thesedifferences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must beconsidered to analyze the effect of trade on the differences in the relative andabsolute commodity and factor prices between India and the United States.5.(a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended.(b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can beextended.(c) Explain what is meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b)The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade modecan be explained by(1) economies of scale,(2) intra-industry trade, and(3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c)Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broad product group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.。
《国际经济学》篇章精选练习题与答案
第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本容及其评价比较利益说的基本容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。
A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。
A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。
A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。
A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。
《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案
《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案无论在学习或是工作中，我们或多或少都会接触到练习题，做习题有助于提高我们分析问题和解决问题的能力。
大家知道什么样的习题才是规范的吗？下面是小编收集整理的《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案1单选1．中国在东北生产、出口水泥而华南从泰国进口水泥，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸曟B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易2．中国一方面吸引外国银行在华投资，经营金融业务，另一方面又在世界其他国家和地区投资分行、分公司，从事当地的金融、保险业务，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易3．欧洲一些国家在本国电力事从邻国进口，而在本国不太需要时出口供邻国使用，形成（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技柟差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易4．欧盟的空中飞机在不同欧盟成员国内分工制造、组装的，零部件、整机的进出口，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易5．一些国家进口自己偏好但又没有大量原料进行生产的服装，而出口自己有丰富原料生产的衣服，属于（B）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易6．中国既是世界上列于前位的IT产品的生产与出口国，但同时是高科技IT产品的进口国，属于（C）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易7．发达国家在出口高档豪华车的同时，从其他发展中国家进口一些中、低质量的同类产品，属于（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易8．新H-O模型解释的国际贸易类型是（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸曟C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易9．克鲁格曼认为，产生产业内贸易的根本原因是（B）A差异产品的可选择性B规模经济C收入相似D经济发展水平相同10．林德需求重叠理论(B)。
(完整word版)国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第7单元
CHAPTER 7ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADEOUTLINE7.1 Introduction7.2 Growth of Factors of Production7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem7.3 Technical Progress7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production FrontierCase Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and WelfareCase Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, TechnologicalChange, and Improvements in Efficiency7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare7.5b Immiserizing Growth7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and TradeCase Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both NationsCase Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or RegionsCase Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial NationsAppendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski TheoremA7.2 Growth with Factor ImmobilityA7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical ProgressKey TermsComparative statics Antitrade production and consumptionDynamic analysis Neutral production and consumptionBalanced growth Normal goodsRybczynski theorem Inferior goodsLabor-saving technical progress Terms-of-trade effectCapital-saving technical progress Wealth effectProtrade production and consumption Immiserizing growthLecture Guide1.This is not a core chapter and it is one of the most challenging chapters in international tradetheory. It is included for more advanced students and for completeness.2.If I were to cover this chapter, I would present two sections in each of three lectures.Time permitting, I would, otherwise cover Sections 1 and 2, paying special attention to the Rybczynski theorem.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) See Figure 2c) See Figure 3.2. See Figure 4.3. a) See Figure 5.b) See Figure 6.c) See Figure 7.4. Compare Figure 5 to Figure 1.Compare Figure 6 to Figure 3. Note that the two production frontiers have the same vertical or Y intercept in Figure 6 but a different vertical or Y intercept in Figure 3.Compare Figure 7 to Figure 2. Note that the two production frontiers have the samehorizontal or X intercept in Figure 7 but a different horizontal or X intercept in Figure 2.5. See Figure 8 on page 66.6. See Figure 9.7. See Figure 10.8. See Figure 11.9. See Figure 12.10. See Figure 13 on page 67.11. See Figure 14.12. See Figure 15.13.The United States has become the most competitive economy in the world since the early1990’s while the data in Table 7.3 refers to the 1965-1990 period.14.The data in Table 7.4 seem to indicate that China had a comparative advantage incapital-intensive commodities and a comparative disadvantage in unskilled-labor intensive commodities in 1973. This was very likely due to the many trade restrictions and subsidies, which distorted the comparative advantage of China.Its true comparative advantage became evident by 1993 after China had started to liberalize its economy.App. 1a. See Figure 16.1b. For production and consumption to actually occur at the newequilibrium point after the doubling of K in Nation 2, we mustassume either than commodity X is inferior or that Nation 2 is toosmall to affect the relative commodity prices at which it trades.1c. Px/Py must rise (i.e., Py/Px must fall) as a result of growth only.Px/Py will fall even more with trade.1. If the supply of capital increases in Nation 1 in the production of commodity Yonly, the VMPLy curve shifts up, and w rises in both industries. Some labor shifts to the production of Y, the output of Y rises and the output of X falls, r falls, and Px/Py is likely to rise.2. Capital investments tend to increase real wages because they raise the K/L ratioand the productivity of labor. Technical progress tends to increase K/L and realwages if it is L-saving and to reduce K/L and real wages if it is K-saving. Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastes*d. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityb. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityc. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*d. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:a. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityc. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityd. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:a. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*b. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityc. increases the output of both commoditiesd. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:a. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityb. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*c. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityd. any of the above6.Technical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called:*a. capital savingb. labor savingc. neutrald. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:a. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentb. does not affect the output of Xc. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*d. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of traded. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. reduces the nation's social welfareb. reduces the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above10.If, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is likely to result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports:a. the K-intensive commodity*b. the L-intensive commodityc. either commodityd. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*a. may reduce the nation's welfareb. will reduce the nation's welfarec. will increase the nation's welfared. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. improves the nation's terms of tradec. reduces the volume of trade*d. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:a. reduces the volume of trade*b. increases the volume of tradec. leaves the volume of trade unchangedd. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*a. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Ab. will increase the terms of trade of Nation Ac. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation Bd. any of the aboveADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE1.Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chipswith the following costs:United States Germany(dollars) (marks)Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?b)In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?What about Germany?c)What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States andGermany for each computer chip traded?d)How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef isexchanged for 3 chips?Ans. a) In the United States:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.In Germany:the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect toGermany, while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.c)The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germanyfor each unit of beef that the United States exports is2C < 1B < 4Cd) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beeftraded.2.Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but differentfactor endowments and tastes, (2) two commodities (X and Y) produced under increasing costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade. Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation,and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)Ans.: See Figure 1 on page 74.Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky, while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A',Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization inproduction proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B=P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import. Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve. Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').At Px/Py=P B=P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B=P B'is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.3.Draw a figure showing: (1) in Panel A a nation's demand and supply curve for Atraded commodity and the nation's excess supply of the commodity, (2) in Panel C the trade partner's demand and supply curve for the same traded commodity and its excess demand for the commodity, and (3) in Panel B the supply and demand for the quantity traded of the commodity, its equilibrium price, and why a price above or below the equilibrium price will not persist. At any other price, QD QS, and P will change to P2.Ans. See Figure 2 on page 74.The equilibrium relative commodity price for commodity X (the traded commodityexported by Nation 1 and imported by Nation 2) is P2 and the equilibrium quantityof commodity X traded is Q2.4.a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations.b) What are some of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory isbased?c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factorprices?Ans. a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unless neutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference in relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into a difference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – asopposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relative commodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the international difference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for international trade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export thecommodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, it adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate the pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute factor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.5. consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less ofcommodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodity Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin model, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's(a) relative commodity prices and demand for food and textiles,(b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade.(d) Do you expect international trade to lead to the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices between India and the United States?Why?Ans. a. The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangentto the steeper segment of India's production frontier (because of increasingopportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will causethe pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.b. The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domesticproducers in India to shift labor and capital from the production of food tothe production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food,the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At thesame time, as the demand for food falls, the demand for and thus the priceof capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive,producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of bothtextiles and food.Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles,India still remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to anation such as the United States. However, the pretrade difference in therelative price of textiles between India and the United States is nowsomewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result thevolume of trade required to equalize relative commodity prices and hencefactor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export asmaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for therelative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized.Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the UnitedStates is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., witha smaller volume of trade).c. Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization ofrelative commodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, greatdifferences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages inIndia and the United States. Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce thesedifferences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must beconsidered to analyze the effect of trade on the differences in the relative andabsolute commodity and factor prices between India and the United States.5.(a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended.(b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can beextended.(c) Explain what is meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.(b)The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade modecan be explained by(1) economies of scale,(2) intra-industry trade, and(3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.(c)Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broad product group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.。
国际经济学课后习题答案
第二章 古典国际贸易理论1. 根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。
2. 在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO ）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。
3. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B 国为0.125，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。
4.得到好处，5. 假中国总劳动为各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
国际经济学题库及答案按章节
国际经济学题库（按章节）第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础、第二章古典贸易理论一、名词解释1．重商主义2．自由贸易论3．绝对优势论4．比较优势论5．机会成本６．机会成本递增７．生产可能性边界二、判断题(在括号内填“√”，表示正确；填上“X”，表示错误)1．国际经济学研究的是全球资源的有效配置。
( )2．重商主义认为，各国在国际贸易中的利弊得失是完全相反的，你之所得就是我之所失。
( ) 3．我们墨西哥在与美国的竞争中得不到什么好处，美国工厂的生产效率太高了，它有那么多的计算机和机械工具，它的工程水平也太发达了。
我们需要关税，要么我们什么也不出口。
（）4．国际贸易产生于各国之间生产商品的技术水平的绝对差别，这是绝对差异论的基本观点。
( ) 5．在现实社会中，当经济资源或生产要素从一个部门转移到另一个部门时，机会成本可以始终保持不变。
( )6．在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时，存在着价格差异，那么各国间的国际分工仍能达到完全专业化的程度。
( )7．国际贸易形成的范围是：国际比价必须在两个参加贸易的国家贸易前的国内比价之间。
( ) 8．如果进行贸易的两个国家具有同样的生产可能性边界，即使各国不同的生活习惯，以及嗜好差异，也不会导致国际贸易。
( )9．生产可能性边界曲线上的各点切线的斜率即为机会成本。
( )10．晚期重商主义的观点又被称为“贸易差额论”。
（）11．一位美国参议员写了下面一段话：“贸易被认为是能够提高所有参与国收入的，至少亚当.斯密或大卫.李嘉图是这样教导我们的。
（）三、不定项选择题1．国际经济学作为独立的经济学分支科学，有自身的特点。
下列不属于这些特点的是( )。
A．国际经济学不同于区域经济学。
B．国际经济学理论的选择并不带有明显的民族性。
C.国际经济学建立在宏微观经济学基础之上，但它仍具有自身的理论体系。
D．国际经济学是在西方经济学理论基础之上的世界经济概论。
2．重商主义在国际贸易发展的历史上起到过非常重要的作用，但也存在明显的局限性。
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国际经济学练习题第七次1.重商主义关于国际贸易的观点是（ B ）。
A.贸易的利益是零和的，主张自由贸易B.贸易的利益是零和的，主张贸易保护C.贸易的利益是非零和的，主张自由贸易D.贸易的利益是零和的，主张贸易保护2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（ C ）。
A.在两国参与贸易前的国内比价之上B.在两国参与贸易前的国内比价之下C.在两国参与贸易前的国内比价之间D.在两国参与贸易前的国内比价相同3.经常项目逆差表示该国为（ A ）。
A.净借款人B.贸易顺差C.净贷款人D.贸易逆差4.产品生命周期理论的提出者是（ A ）。
A. 弗农B.小岛清C.赤松要D.邓宁5.关税同盟给参与国带来的动态效应应包括（ C ）。
A.贸易创造和贸易转移效果B.贸易转移和竞争效果C.大市场效应和竞争效应D.贸易创造和大市场效应6．美国一家公司出口一批价值100万美元的货物给日本，并将货款存入其在东京银行的活期存款帐户，这笔交易的借方应该为（ A ）。
A.美国在国外的银行存款B.资本流入C.商品出口D. 资本流出7.美国政府向巴西提供价值100万美元的小麦和200万美元的外汇无偿援助，这笔交易的贷方应该记为（ C ）。
A.经常转移100万，资本转移200万B.经常转移200万，资本转移100万C.商品出口100万，官方储备200万D.官方储备100万，商品出口200万8.在其他条件一定的情况下，一国国际收支顺差将导致本币币值（ A ）。
A.上浮B.下浮C.不变D.上下浮动9.下列不属于国际收支统计贷方项目的是（ D ）。
A.本国居民海外投资收入B.外国居民在本国的旅游支出C.本国居民接受的馈赠、赔偿和其他单方面转移D.本国居民向外国进行投资10.根据马歇尔—勒纳条件，通过贬值改善贸易逆差的一个基本条件为（ A ）。
A.进出口需求弹性之和大于1B.进出口需求弹性之和小于1一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分） 在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答 案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。
C.出口需求弹性的绝对值大于1D.进口需求弹性绝对值大于111. 在国际收支的吸收分析中，如果考虑到外国收入的影响后，本国外贸乘数与未考虑外国收入影响时的外贸乘数之间的关系为（ A ）。
A.前者大于后者B.前者小于后者C.前者等于后者D.无法确定12.在开放条件下，一国国民收入均衡水平取决于国内消费、国内投资、国内政府开支以及（ C ）。
A.国内进口B.国内出口C.国内净出口D.国内净资本流出13.假定一国的边际消费倾向为0.7，边际储蓄倾向为0.2，边际进口倾向为0.1，则该国的外贸乘数为（ =1/1-MPC+MPI=1/1-0.7+0.1=2.5 ）。
A.10B.2.5C.4D.3.314.那些基于商业动机，为追求利润或者其他利益而独立发生的交易被称为（ D ）。
A.调节性交易B.资本交易C.投机交易D.自主性交易15.紧缩货币政策从外部平衡看，将引起（ B ）。
A.需求下降。
B.利率上升。
C.资本内流。
D.物价水平下降。
16. 在固定汇率下，当失业和国际收支逆差并存时，政府运用的政策搭配是（ C ）A.松财政，松货币B.紧财政，松货币C.松财政，紧货币D.紧财政，紧货币17. 一般而言，如果一国的国民收入增长，在其他条件不变的情况下，国际收支会发生（ B ）A.顺差B.逆差C.不变D.情况不确定18. 假设美元兑欧元的汇率为$1=€1.25，美国的年利率为6.0%，欧元的年利率为8.0%，如果不存在套利机会，则欧元兑美元的一年期远期汇率为（ B ）A.0.7548B.0.7852C.0.8234D.0.835919. 假设同样一本工具书在法国为5欧元，在中国为6元人民币，则根据一价定律，欧元与人民币的汇率应该为（ A ）A.1：1.2B.1.2：1C.1：1D.无法计算20. 一定时期内一国出口商品生产部门要素生产率指数与同期商品贸易条件指数的乘积被称为（ A ）A.单要素贸易条件指数B.商品贸易条件指数C.收入贸易条件指数D.贸易条件指数二、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）21.征收关税主要出于两个目的，其一为增加财政收入，其二为保护本国工业22.影响国际收支失衡的结构性因素是指由于国内生产结构的调整难以适应世界市场的变化而引起的国际收支的不平衡23.一般而言，对于任何国家的政府，其经济目标总是包括充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡等四个方面24.根据斯托尔帕—萨缪尔森定理：某个产品相对价格的上升将导致生产者一产品密集使用生产要素的实际价格或报酬增加，而另一种生产要素的实际价格下降25.直接标价法又叫作应付标价法是指以单位外币表示的本币价格26.通过卖出或买入等值远期外汇，轧平外汇头寸来保值的外汇业务被称为套期保值27. 具体衡量贸易与经济增长关系的指标有两个，其一为对外贸易依存度，其二为进口收入弹性28.出口导向战略又称为外向型发展战略，指利用非传统的出口商品代替传统初级产品出口，并藉此带动经济增长。
29. 一个国家的最优环保政策的标准应该是：使得防治最后一单位污染所花费的成本等于最后一单位污染所造成的损害成本，这意味着最优的污染水平不可能是零污染。
30. 一般而言，导致工资率差异的原因主要包括：劳动生产率、传统和道德因素以及国内劳动力的供求状况31．外汇风险----是指一定时期的国际经济交易中，以外币计价的资产与负债，由于汇率变动而引起其价值涨跌的不确定性。
狭义外汇风险是指汇率风险和利率风险，广义的外汇风险则包括除了汇率与利率风险意外的信用风险、会计风险和国家风险等32．绝对购买力平价----是指本国货币与外国货币之间的均衡汇率等于本国货币与外国货币购买力或者物价水平之间的比率。
货币的购买力可表示为一般物价水平的倒数，其公式表示为E=∑P a ／∑P b ，即两国物价水平的比值就是两国货币的比率33．弹性分析理论价格调整分析着眼于价格变动所引起的国际收支调整，其基本思路为货币贬值，通过对国内外相对价格体系调整进而对国际收支发生作用，由于这一分析方法是围绕进出口商品的供求弹性展开的，故称为国际收支弹性论，该理论最重要的成果为马歇尔—勒纳条件，说明了一国通过货币贬值改善其贸易收支的具体要求，即进出口需求弹性之和必须大于134．利率平价理论----最早产生于20世纪20年代，代表人物为凯恩斯和艾因奇格，该理论认为，汇率的本质是两国货币的相对价格，在开放经济条件下，两国货币之间的汇率由两国货币资产的收益来决定，当本国的利率低于国外时，投资者会将资产转移到国外以获得较高的资本收益率，但要达到此目的，必须以两国的利率不变为前提条件。
因而该理论认为：同即期汇率相比，利率低的国家的远期汇率会上升，而利率低的国家的货币远期汇率会下降，远期汇率同即期汇率的差价，约等于两国间的利率差。
利率平价学说从资金流动的角度指出了汇率与利率之间的密切关系，具有一定的实践价值。
35．支出转换政策支出转换政策是指那些能够影响国际竞争力的政策，最典型的就是汇率政策，因为贬值可以增强商品的竞争力，从而调整国际收支，但汇率变动只有在引起实际汇率发生变化且未被其诱发的通胀所抵消的情况下才能成功地转换支出，此外，关税、出口补贴、进口数量限制、外汇管制等同样可以达到转换支出的目的，这些带有行政色彩的控制措施都可以改变一国的竞争力三、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）35. 管理贸易理论----管理贸易理论又称为管理贸易政策，是一种介于自由贸易与保护贸易之间，以协调为中心，以政府干预为主导，以磋商为手段，政府对对外贸易进行干预、协调和管理的贸易制度。
其基本特点体现为：第一，以立法形式使贸易管理法律化、制度化；第二，在不放弃多边协调的同时，更多地采用单边管理、双边协调；第三，管理措施以非关税措施为主，行政部门拥有越来越大的裁量权；第四，跨国公司在管理贸易中的地位不断上升36．简述浮动汇率下蒙代尔—弗莱明模型的主要内容？根据蒙代尔—弗莱明模型，即使在浮动汇率下，财政或货币政策也是通过IS 和LM 曲线效应而发挥作用的，只是在这种汇率模式下，财政政策的实施对于小国而言完全失去效力，而货币政策的实施可以达到效力最大化。
同时，浮动汇率制度可以使一国保持其货币政策的独立性，或者说，浮动汇率相对有利于屏障外部冲击对一国货币供应量的影响37．简述国际收支失衡的原因及影响国际收支反映了一国与世界其他国家之间的各种经济交易活动，当一国的经济失衡时，会通过国际收支途径传递到与之联系的其他各国，大体而言，造成国际收支失衡的原因可以归纳为第一， 周期性因素---经济周期呈现危机、萧条、复苏和繁荣四个阶段，各国经济总是处于不同经济周期的某个阶段，当一国经济衰退时，其收入减少，需求下降，进口减少，就可能导致经常收支的顺差，反之则可能导致逆差的出现，这种不平衡同样会通过国际经济交往在各国之间传递第二， 收入性因素----一般而言，一国的经济增长率高，国民收入增长快，自主性交易的支出会随之增加，从而引发国际收支逆差，反之则会导致国际收支的顺差第三， 货币性因素----由于一国的价格水平、成本、汇率、利率等货币性因素变动所导致的国际收支失衡称为货币性失衡，这种因素所导致的国际收支失衡是现实经济活动中是比较常见的第四， 结构性因素----如果国内生产结构的调整难以适应世界市场的变化，也会引发国际收支失衡第五， 外汇投机和不稳定的国际资本流动的因素----这主要是指在浮动汇率制下汇率的变动风险所导致的国际收支失衡，即国际游资会在某个时期由于大量涌入或者大量流出某个市场所导致的国际收支失衡国际收支的失衡对于本国经济的发展会造成不同程度的影响，这主要体现为第一， 如果出现综合性差额赤字，会产生本币对外价格向下浮动的压力，而一国进行干预，就会耗费国际储备，引起本国货币供应的减少，从而影响到本国的生产和就业，这会直接导致本国金融实力和国家信用的下降四、简答题（每小题5分，共25分）第二，如果出现长期的巨额盈余就会带来国际储备的增加，造成货币供应增加，引发通货膨胀，还可能引起国际摩擦总之，国际收支失衡对于经济的发展总体而言是负面的，这也是各国政府将国际收支平衡作为经济发展的重要目标的原因38．简述外汇市场的功能外汇市场是各国政府调整国际收支和各国商人调剂外汇余缺的重要场所，总体而言，其主要功能体现为：第一，转移功能----即将资金和购买力从一个国家和一种货币转移到另一个国家和另一种货币第二，信贷功能----在延期付款条件下，出口商给予进口商的延期等于是一种信贷，这种方式的付款需要通过银行进行结算，这也是外汇市场的主要功能之一第三，套期保值----进口商和出口商为了避免汇率变动给自己造成的损失，在延期付款或者预付货款时，会利用外汇市场进行套期保值交易，从而轧平外汇头寸第四，投机功能----外汇市场为投机者创造了对外汇买卖进行投机的环境，投机者只要对外汇的走势估计准确就可以获得利润，当然也可能遭受损失，这为货物贸易或者金融交易进行套期保值创造了条件39. 劳动力跨国流动对流入国和流出国的影响有何不同？为什么？（1）对于公共税收和支出的影响移居国外以后，移居者将不再享有本国的公共福利，同时也不再为本国交税（各国情况有别），这就为劳动力输入和输出国的公共税收与支出带来影响，一方面，如果输入国的福利水平非常高，移居者为该国提供的税收比较少，则该国的劳动力输入就未必是合理的，另一方面，输出国的劳动力外流除了减少本国的劳动人口以外也会对税收产生影响，但同时也不再需要为流出的人口提供公共支出，因而这样的结果是比较难以评估的（2）对于就业市场的影响劳动力的流动就是世界生产要素的重新配置，这种配置势必对参与各国产生影响对输入国而言，如果本国的就业市场繁荣，劳动力的输入会在某种程度上缓解本国劳动力不足的情况，反之，如果本国的劳动力市场不能提供充分的就业机会，外来劳动力就会给该国的就业市场增加压力，本地劳动力就会面临比较激烈的竞争对输出国而言，外部劳动市场可以为本国过剩的劳动力提供就业机会，缓解本国劳动力就业压力，在经济危机期间这种作用尤为明显（3）对资本积累的影响资本积累是社会发展的前提，其主要依赖于收入水平，储蓄水平以及人们对消费的节省，劳动力的流动同样会对国家的资本存量产生影响1.劳动力输入国对输入国而言，劳动力的输入可以增加资本积累，这是因为劳动力的输入压低了本国工人的工资，从而使资本家获得更多的利润，而资本家的储蓄倾向一般会高于工人，因而整个社会的资本积累会增加，同时，输入的劳动力使资本家的生产规模扩张，扩张的规模同样会为资本的积累创造条件，因为这会为资本家带来更多的利润同时，输入的劳动力一般情况下为素质较高的科技人才，厂商不需要为这些劳动力提供培训服务，这同样在很大程度上减轻了企业的负担，增加了企业的利润2. 劳动力输出国高科技人才的大量流出无疑会影响一国的经济发展，在当今世界，这种影响对发展中国家而言总体上是负面的，但同时，劳动力输出也会为国家创造外汇收入，尤其是一般劳动人口的输出，在国外很大一部分收入要汇回本国，虽然这部分资金很大部分是用来消费的，但用于储蓄的部分也会构成国家资本积累的基础（4）外部性利益和成本劳动力流动还在以其他形式影响社会福利与成本，尽管这种福利与成本是很难计量的，但确实是真实存在的，这表现为第一，外部性利益，主要体现为，入境者所拥有的知识与技能可以通过外溢的方式传导到输入国，而这些知识的所有者并没有因此获得额外利益，输出国也没有得到好处第二，社会成本，这表现为入境者与当地人以及不同国家的其他人之间在种族、文化等各方面的差异会给社会稳定带来问题，而这些问题的解决是有成本的，这种成本只能由社会承担，因而所有上述问题都是一国考虑移民政策时非常重要的参考依据39. 简述实施保护贸易政策的经济学依据为了给贸易保护主义提供理论依据，各国经济学家提出了各种实施贸易保护主义措施的理论依据，这些理论从不同角度为贸易保护主义政策的实施奠定了理论基础，从经济学上讲，这些理论体系主要包括：第一，保护就业论，该理论认为就业是国家政府需要解决的重要问题，而贸易保护可以为国内提供更多的就业机会；第二，维护公平竞争论，该理论认为目前的国际市场存在很多不公平竞争的现象，包括出口补贴、低价倾销、污染环境、对国外知识产权保护不力、不对等开放市场等，如果不对自己的市场进行保护，国家就可能因为上述原因而遭受损失；第三，促进本国产业多样化论，该理论认为，国家要想建立完整的工业体系就需要对自己的一些工业进行保护，否则在总体上讲，国家的经济结构单一或者比较脆弱，而建立完整工业体系的前提是对市场进行保护；第四，改善贸易条件论，该理论认为，如果一国的产品在国际贸易中总是处于比较低的价格，则贸易条件相对较差，该国改善其贸易条件的根本出路在于对产业结构的调整，而产业结构调整的过程中就需要对市场进行保护；第五，改善国际收支论，该理论认为，如果一个国家的国际贸易总是处于逆差而使得国际支付能力不断下降就必然危害整个国民经济发展，因而需要对市场进行保护；第六，利润转移论，为了打破国际垄断集团对产品利润的垄断，国家可以通过征税的办法将一部分垄断集团的利润转化为国家税收，这也是进行贸易保护的理由之一；第七，纠正市场失灵论，很多经济学家认为，我们生活在一个“次优”社会，市场经济存在很多扭曲和失常现象，而关税的征收或者倾斜在某种程度上可以减少市场的失灵。