The British Industrial Revolution 英国工业革命
英国工业革命
（1）农业革命为英国工业革命的开展创造了一切 必要的前提。 陈利今、李思圣：《英国农业革命与近代化》， 《南充师院学报》1986年第1期。 （2）英国首先完成了资本原始积累。 刘淑敏：《工业革命为什么首先发生在英国》， 《齐鲁学刊》1984年第5期。 （3）出口的增长是英国工业革命和经济起飞的动 力。 何力平：《出口的增长是英国经济起飞的动力》， 《世界经济》1988年第1期。
（4）七年战争对英国工业革命具有特殊意义。 孙仲发：《论七年战争与英国工业革命的关系》， 《上海师范学院学报》1981年第2期 （5）自然资源、历史机遇和政府政策的综合作用 是英国工业革命得以启动并走向成功的基本原因。 顾銮斋：《资源、机遇、政策与英国工业化的启 动》，《世界历史》1998年第4期。 （6）英国首先具备了工业革命的政治、经济和社 会文化前提。 王章辉：《英国和法国工业革命比较》，《史学 理论研究》1994年第2期。
（3）工业革命推动了教育改革，使英国民 众的文化水平大大提高。 杨豫：《英国工业革命与民众文化的水平》， 《南京大学学报》94年4期。 （4）工业革命标志着世界整体化高潮的到来， 也标志着世界大动荡、大裂变的开始。 赵秀玲：《工业革命—世界整合与裂变的双 刃剑》，《山东大学学报》99年3期。
二、英国工业革命的后果 （1）使社会生产力得到了迅速发展，到19 世纪50年代，英国取得了世界工业和贸易 的垄断地位，成为世界工厂。 （2）使得以机器生产为主题的工厂制度代替 了以手工技术为基础的手工工场制度，从 而使资本主义雇佣劳动制在工业生产中得 到了确立。
【国内学术界对英国工业革命后果的研究】 （1）工业革命推动了英国社会的近代化。 张天：《论英国社会制度的近代化》， 《社会科学战线》95年1期； 潘润涵、张执中：《工业革命与英国社会近 代化》，《历史研究》83年6期。 （2）工业革命推动了城市的发展。 庄解忧：《英国工业革命时期城市的发展》， 《厦门大学学报》84年3期。
William-Blake-个人及作品风格介绍
His life
Turning point:1803
Changing of his mind and art
An altercation with a private who in the Royal dragoons
His life
His last life: Blake's last years were spent at Fountain Court off the Strand (the property was demolished in the 1880s, when the Savoy Hotel was built). On the day of his death (12 August 1827), Blake worked relentlessly on his Dante series.
法国大革命
A period of great achievement
The British Industrial Revolution
英国工业革命
The manual workshop
Factories that use big machines
Farmers lost land, a large number of skilled workers lost their jobs, handicraftsmen lost their status.
The American war of independence and the French revolution swept across Europe and America, and there was an anti-feudal and anti-colonialism struggle in Britain.
英国工业革命：历史上科技与工业进步的里程碑
英国工业革命：历史上科技与工业进步的里程碑The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Milestones in Technological and Industrial ProgressThe Industrial Revolution, which occurred from the 18th to the19th century, was a pivotal moment in human history. It marked a significant shift from traditional handmade methods to machine production and ushered in an era of technological advancements that would shape the modern world. The revolution began in Britain and can be attributed to several key milestones that propelled the country to the forefront of industrialization.One of the earliest milestones in the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves in 1764. This simple yet ingenious device allowed one person to spin multiple threads simultaneously, greatly increasing the efficiency of textile production. This innovation laid the foundation for the mechanization of the textile industry and initiated a wave of further inventions and improvements in manufacturing processes. Another milestone in this period was the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in 1776. Watt's steam engine was more efficient and versatile than its predecessors, and it became a key factor in powering the industrial machinery of the time. The steam engine revolutionized transportation, enabling the development of railways, steamships, and factories. It also marked a transition from using traditional sources of energy, such as water and wind, to harnessing the power of steam, which could be applied in various industries.The development of the factory system was another significant milestone during the Industrial Revolution. Prior to this period, production was primarily done in small workshops or homes. However, with advancements in machinery and the need for large-scale production, centralized factories became more prevalent. Factory workers, often including women and children, labored long hours in cramped conditions. This new system allowed for mass production on a previously unimaginable scale, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.The introduction of the spinning mule by Samuel Crompton in 1779 was yet another milestone in the textile industry. The spinning mule combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame, producing strong and fine yarns. This innovation further propelled the textile industry, making Britain the world leader in textiles and prompted rapid urbanization around factory towns.In addition to advancements in manufacturing, the Industrial Revolution also saw improvements in transportation and communication. The construction of canals and later, the development of railways, significantly reduced transportation costs and improved connectivity between regions. This facilitated the movement of goods and people, stimulating trade and opening up new markets. The invention of the telegraph in the 1830s further revolutionized communication, allowing for almost instantaneous long-distance communication for the first time in human history. The Industrial Revolution had profound social and economic impacts. It led to the growth of cities, population expansion, andthe rise of the working class. The living conditions for many workers were harsh, with overcrowding, pollution, and poor sanitation. However, this period also saw the emergence of labor movements and the fight for workers' rights, leading to improvements in working conditions and labor laws.In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution in Britain was marked by several key milestones that propelled the country to the forefront of industrialization. The inventions of the spinning jenny, steam engine, spinning mule, and the development of the factory system revolutionized manufacturing processes and unleashed the potential of mass production. The advancements in transportation and communication further fueled economic growth and connectivity. Although the process was not without its hardships, the Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern world and set the stage for further technological advancements that would shape human society as we know it today.The Industrial Revolution in Britain: Economic and Social TransformationsThe Industrial Revolution in Britain brought about significant economic and social transformations, creating a new era of productivity and prosperity. As the country underwent rapid industrialization, it experienced the emergence of new industries, changes in the workforce, urbanization, and advancements in living conditions. These developments were not without their challenges, but they laid the groundwork for the modern world we live in today.One of the primary effects of the Industrial Revolution was the growth and diversification of industries. The mechanization oftextile production, made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny and spinning mule, transformed the textile industry into a major economic force. It propelled the country to become the world leader in textiles, leading to increased exports and wealth generation. Additionally, other industries such as iron and coal mining, pottery, and transportation also experienced significant growth during this period.With the rise of factories and the need for skilled workers, there was a shift in the workforce composition. Small workshops and cottage industries could not keep up with the demands of mass production, leading to the migration of workers from rural areas to urban centers. The rural to urban migration created a surplus of labor, which resulted in lower wages and exploitation. Many workers, including women and children, endured harsh working conditions and long hours to sustain themselves and their families.The urbanization caused by the Industrial Revolution led to the rapid growth of cities and the creation of factory towns. Cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Leeds witnessed a population explosion as people flocked to urban centers in search of employment opportunities. However, this rapid urbanization was accompanied by overcrowding and insufficient infrastructure. Many workers and their families lived in slums, characterized by poor housing, inadequate sanitation, and high levels of pollution. These adverse living conditions contributed to the spread of diseases and social problems.The emergence of factories and the factory system brought about significant changes in the organization of work. In the pre-industrial era, skilled craftsmen produced goods in small workshops or at home. However, the factory system concentrated production in centralized locations, employing unskilled workers who performed repetitive tasks. This shift from skilled craftsmanship to mass production marked a fundamental change in the nature of work.The advancements in transportation played a crucial role in fueling the Industrial Revolution and facilitating economic growth. The construction of canals, such as the Bridgewater Canal, and the development of the railway network greatly reduced transportation costs and increased the ease of moving goods and raw materials. This resulted in improved connectivity between regions, stimulated trade both domestically and internationally, and opened up new markets for British goods.The Industrial Revolution also had profound social implications. The harsh working conditions and low wages led to the emergence of labor movements and the fight for workers' rights. Workers began organizing and advocating for improved working conditions, higher pay, and shorter working hours. Gradually, labor laws were implemented to protect workers and regulate labor practices. These movements paved the way for the establishment of trade unions and the creation of rights and benefits for workers that are still enjoyed today.Furthermore, the Industrial Revolution brought about a fundamental shift in society. It accelerated the process of urbanization and led to the growth of a new working class, comprised of individuals who depended on factory work for theirlivelihood. The industrial working class became distinct from the rural agricultural society that existed before, leading to new social dynamics and the rise of class consciousness.In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution in Britain had far-reaching economic and social consequences. It fueled the growth of new industries, transformed the composition of the workforce, urbanized the country, and improved transportation infrastructure. However, these changes also brought about challenges such as poor living conditions, exploitation of workers, and social inequality. Nevertheless, the Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for the modern industrial society and set the stage for further technological advancements and social progress.。
论工业革命及其对英国的影响
论“工业革命”及其对英国的影响姚雷（软件学院，71108314）摘要：工业革命（The Industrial Revolution ），是资本主义发展史上的一个重要阶段，它实现了从传统农业社会转向现代工业社会的重要变革。
这场革命，最先由英国发起，对英国，对欧洲，甚至对世界到产生了巨大的影响，成为世界近代史的重要组成部分。
英国，可以说是这场革命中的主角，而革命也给英国带来了很多变革和影响。
本文将探究工业革命以及它给英国带来的变革和影响。
关键词：工业革命英国资本主义影响变革正文：工业革命（The Industrial Revolution ），是世界近代史上的极其重要的部分，也是世界历史上地位很高的一段时期。
这场革命，导致世界格局产生了许许多多的变革，几乎影响到了世界上所有国家。
而英国，作为该时期的先行者，必然值得世界各国的历史、文化、政治学家等的研究和探讨。
一、关于工业革命的探讨工业革命，又称产业革命或技术革命，指资本主义工业化的早期历程，即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。
是以机器生产逐步取代手工劳动，以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命，后来又扩充到其他行业。
1689年英国的光荣革命，宣告了资产阶级革命的胜利，这为资本主义的发展扫清障碍，生产力得到迅速发展，英国由此发生了工业革命。
大多数观点认为，工业革命发源于英格兰中部地区。
1764年，珍妮纺纱机的出现，标志着工业革命在英国乃至世界的爆发。
18世纪中叶，英国人瓦特改良蒸汽机之后，由一系列技术革命引起了从手工劳动向动力机器生产转变的重大飞跃。
随后传播到英格兰到整个欧洲大陆，19世纪传播到北美地区，后来，工业革命传播到世界各国。
1884年汤因比的《工业革命演讲集》出版后，“工业革命”一词广泛流传，逐渐成为人们的习惯用语。
一百多年来，尽管史学界和经济学界有关工业革命的著作越来越多，研究的问题越来越深入。
但研究者即使对一些基本问题也很少形成共识，对于“什么是工业革命”这一问题往往也是在不同的角度有不同答案。
英国工业革命
The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:（1）Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;（2）Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. (3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their product(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources. (6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry。
论工业革命及其对英国的影响
论“工业革命”及其对英国的影响姚雷（软件学院，71108314）摘要：工业革命（The Industrial Revolution ），是资本主义发展史上的一个重要阶段，它实现了从传统农业社会转向现代工业社会的重要变革。
这场革命，最先由英国发起，对英国，对欧洲，甚至对世界到产生了巨大的影响，成为世界近代史的重要组成部分。
英国，可以说是这场革命中的主角，而革命也给英国带来了很多变革和影响。
本文将探究工业革命以及它给英国带来的变革和影响。
关键词：工业革命英国资本主义影响变革正文：工业革命（The Industrial Revolution ），是世界近代史上的极其重要的部分，也是世界历史上地位很高的一段时期。
这场革命，导致世界格局产生了许许多多的变革，几乎影响到了世界上所有国家。
而英国，作为该时期的先行者，必然值得世界各国的历史、文化、政治学家等的研究和探讨。
一、关于工业革命的探讨工业革命，又称产业革命或技术革命，指资本主义工业化的早期历程，即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。
是以机器生产逐步取代手工劳动，以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命，后来又扩充到其他行业。
1689年英国的光荣革命，宣告了资产阶级革命的胜利，这为资本主义的发展扫清障碍，生产力得到迅速发展，英国由此发生了工业革命。
大多数观点认为，工业革命发源于英格兰中部地区。
1764年，珍妮纺纱机的出现，标志着工业革命在英国乃至世界的爆发。
18世纪中叶，英国人瓦特改良蒸汽机之后，由一系列技术革命引起了从手工劳动向动力机器生产转变的重大飞跃。
随后传播到英格兰到整个欧洲大陆，19世纪传播到北美地区，后来，工业革命传播到世界各国。
1884年汤因比的《工业革命演讲集》出版后，“工业革命”一词广泛流传，逐渐成为人们的习惯用语。
一百多年来，尽管史学界和经济学界有关工业革命的著作越来越多，研究的问题越来越深入。
但研究者即使对一些基本问题也很少形成共识，对于“什么是工业革命”这一问题往往也是在不同的角度有不同答案。
工业革命三个阶段
三．论述“工业革命”的三个阶段，并结合近年我国的工业产业的发展，谈一下你理解的“工业”。
工业革命（The Industrial Revolution ）开始于十八世纪六十年代，直到现在，革命仍在继续，目前为止工业革命共经历了以下三个阶段。
第一阶段：18世纪60年代--19世纪中期从英国发起，由于英国的工场手工业的生产已经不能满足市场的需要，工场手工业提出了技术改革的要求工业革命就首先在英国开展起来，这是技术发展史上的一次巨大革命，它开创了以机器代替手工劳动的时代，使英国成为“世界工厂”，人类进入蒸汽时代，这不仅是一次技术改革，更是一场深刻的社会变革。
第二次工业革命是19世纪下半叶--20世纪初，欧洲国家和美国、日本的资产阶级革命或改革的完成，促进了经济的发展，自然科学研究取得重大进展，19世纪70年代，开始第二次工业革命，使人类进入了“电气时代”
第三次工业革命发生在20世纪后半期，约在第二次世界大战之后，科学理论出现重大突破，社会发展的需要，特别是第二次世界大战期间和第二次世界大战后，各国对高科技迫切需要的结果。
以原子能、电子计算机、空间技术和生物工程的发明和应用为主要标志的，涉及信息技术、新能源技术、新材料技术、生物技术、空间技术和海洋技术等诸多领域的一场信息控制技术革命人类进入科技时代。
英国工业革命 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Europe in the 15th a nd 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the development of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolution). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively ch allenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commercial entrepreneu r developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Many machines were already kno wn, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better g oods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engines w ere introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of t he Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point in this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Harg reaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and Ed mund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous increase in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close proximity in Britain was a dec isive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use of coke in iron production had far-reac hing effects. The coal mines from the early 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country appeared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshi re were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and indu strial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the railroad and th e steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Bessemer process made a gi gantic contribution, for it was largely responsible for the extension of the use of steam an d steel that were the two chief features of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemi cal innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in B ritain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline engine. By1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was accomplished, in that i ndustry had become a dominant factor in the nation's life.。
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工 Economic 作 The development of workshop handicraft industry trained a large number of skilled workers ,creating the conditions for the invention and application of the 成 machine. 绩
工 作 成 绩
工 Enclosure Movement 作 After the late 15th century, with the new air route opened up, Britain's foreign trade has been developing greatly.The wool and wool industry developed rapidly and 成 wool prices continue to rise. Sheep industry become a lucrative career. So in the southeast England countryside which has developed industry and commerce, the 绩 landlord began enclosure at first .工 成 绩Geography
Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.
工 作 成 绩
Political
工 作 成 绩
After the 1688 Glorious Revolution established constitutional monarchy, Parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain. This helped the way for rule of law and peaceful development.
工 Technology Technology 作 In 1765, the weaver Hargreaves invented the "spinning Jeanne", greatly increased the yield of cotton yarn. 成 绩
Technology Technology
工 Enclosure Movement 作 Enclosure movement has realized the separation of peasants and land. Landless farmers part become farm 成 hire workers into the city, for the development of British capitalism prepared a lot of free laborers. 绩
Enclosure Movement
Enclosure movement is the main source of the British capital primitive accumulation. In the middle ages, the phenomenon that the landlord occupying land has been happened in many areas in Europe.
Economic
Bourgeois used state's power to accelerate the development of capitalism, and made all sorts of premise condition formed.
工 作 成 绩
工 Economic 作 Bourgeois through external plunder abroad and set up the system of national debts to accumulate the huge wealth,giving necessary money funds for the industrial 成 revolution. 绩
Thank you!
工 作 成 绩
Political
Ⅱ. Britain needed more productivity to satisfy the market demand. Under the capitalist production relations,the market demand increased rapidly,then the Industrial Revolution started.
In 1785 in England, Bermingham, improved steam engine W made into use, provided the impetus for more convenient, rapid promotion, greatly promot ed the spread and development of the machine.
Summary
Content
1、Geography
2、Political
3、Economic 4、Technology 5、Enclosure Movement
Geography
As an island country, Britain enjoyed some geographical advantage for foreign trade.
工 作 成 绩
Geography
Britain had a favorable geographical location to participate in European and world trade. it was a country on which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
Political
Ⅰ. King William agreed that Parliament enacted Bill of Rights in 1689. Britain establishmented constitutional monarchy and became the first capitalist country in the world.
工 作 成 绩
Political
Ⅲ. Establishment of constitutional monarchy set a foundation in Britain politics.
工 作 成 绩
Constitutional monarchy improved the efficiency of machine and stimulated enthusiasm of scientific and technological innovation.
Enclosure Movement
Initially, aristocratic landowners just occupy public land and after that,they enclose the land which sharecropper is leasing and government have to hold a farmer, then, some new aristocracy also join the ranks of enclosure.
The British Industrial Revolution
The British Industrial Revolution
Britain was the first country to industrialize. After the Bourgeois Revolution( Civil War ), Britain focused its efforts on economic development which contributed to the British Industrial Revolution. The British Industrial Revolution has been understood to mean the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes that transformed Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into a mainly urban and manufacturing one.
工 作 成 绩
Enclosure Movement
For land is occupy , farmers have to leave their home and migrate. The British in his famous work "utopia", tartly denounced it as "sheep eat people".
Technology
The industrial revolution first appeared in the cotton spinning workshop handicraft industry emerging textile industry.
工 Technology Technology 作 1733, the mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, greatly improving the weaving speed, yarn suddenly in short supply. 成 绩