TED演讲【你真的可以识破孩子的谎言么】20160525.docx
TED演讲：说谎的孩子更聪明
TED演讲：说谎的孩子更聪明作者：暂无来源：《海外星云》 2017年第8期按很多科学实验显示，越早会撒谎，或在童年早期撒谎撒得越好的孩子，可能其整体智力更超群。
作为整个头脑的“掌控总部”，额叶发挥着主要的作用。
日前，多伦多大学心理学教授 KangLee 在 TED 的演讲时发布一项调查，大致说的是孩子的撒谎能力随着年龄的增长而增强，会撒谎的孩子绝不是人格有缺陷，反而可能是聪明的表现。
Kang Lee 描述了一个很有意思的实验：把孩子请到房间里，让他 / 她猜测卡片上的数字，如果猜中了，能得到丰厚的奖励。
在游戏中间，大人会借故离开，离开前告诉孩子不要去偷偷看卡片。
然而隐藏的摄像头在房间会观察孩子的一举一动，因为孩子太想赢这个游戏，超过90%的孩子会在大人离开房间后马上偷偷看了卡片。
值得探究的是，当我们回来并询问这些孩子是否偷看了卡片时，那些偷看了卡片的孩子会承认他们违反了游戏规则吗？我们来看一下数据：其实在国外，跟 Kang Lee 类似，对儿童撒谎的研究不少。
美国神经科学家 JohnMedina博士对于幼儿撒谎的观点，跟 KangLee 类似，他也认为说谎是一种技能，其中一部分就是类似读心术的技能（比如你说谎了之后还需不断圆谎，这对于观测别人是否识破你的谎言的要求也很高——我知道你不知道我知道的事）。
约翰·梅蒂纳在《让大脑自由》一书中曾提到：4 岁孩子平均每两个小时就要说一次谎，六岁时，每 90 分钟会说一次谎。
虽然说谎的频率变低了，但说谎的技能却在提升，约翰·梅蒂纳认为，孩子撒谎的技能会随年龄的增长而提升。
大脑的额叶主要掌控语言沟通、计划和协调，所以撒谎的能力多半也与额叶的功能分不开。
从进化的角度来看，额叶是人脑最后进化出来的部分，所以为什么会有一种说法是，额叶越发达的人，越聪明——这里的聪明是一种通俗的说法，其实是因为额叶掌控着计划、监督、执行、沟通等能力，就像是一个大脑的“司令官”，额叶发达的孩子，成年后的计划、决策和执行能力更佳，调动并协调大脑各个区域进行“合作”的能力也越强。
识破谎言英语课演讲29页PPT
人的差异在于业余时间
Lie to me
说话时抿嘴—模棱两可，对自己说的话 没信心。（说谎）
回答问题时手摸脖子—如果脖子没 病，就是在说谎（经典的强迫行 为）。
男性鼻子下方有海绵体，摸鼻子代 表想要掩饰某些内容
用手指磨擦自己的手—一种自我安 慰的姿态，当他说的话自己都不信 时，试图使自己安心。
用到“那个XX”之类的字眼，表示想划清 界限。
瞳孔放大：害怕，愤怒，性欲。
Thank you
Bye bye~
谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
眼睛看的方向和手指的指向不一 样——说谎（大脑在努力编造故 事，造成肢体语言不一致）。
（在谈论某人时）无意识的下流手 势——有敌意。
事情败ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ，被揭穿
假笑眼角是没有皱纹的; 摩挲自己的手，是一种自我安慰的表现。 当你不相信你自己所说的话，这样使自己 安心；
双手抱胸、退一步——肢体抗议，说明他 的话不可信；
你真的可以识破孩子的谎言吗？
0:12Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.0:25(Laughter)0:27So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.0:37But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."0:57Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"1:01And the caller says, "I am my father."1:04(Laughter)1:09So this story --1:10(Laughter)1:12sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them,and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.1:49We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game,they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.2:33(Laughter)2:36The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?2:50We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.3:31So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients.The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to knowthat different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.4:22The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are alsoessential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate --5:21(Laughter)5:23because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.5:32Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos. In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?6:02(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.6:04Kang Lee: And this is child number two.6:08(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.6:12KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.6:36(Laughter)6:38Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed. Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.7:19So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.7:33Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis?Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.7:45(Laughter)7:46What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.7:59What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot.8:06What about, can parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.8:13(Laughter) (Applause)8:16So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.8:30(Laughter)8:32So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral expression,the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.8:51(Laughter)8:54Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.9:02So in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hiddenemotions. Then we made a discovery.9:10We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we can reveal people's hidden emotions. Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changesare too subtle to detect by our naked eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we call "transdermal optical imaging."9:55To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions. And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.10:50And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.10:57(Laughter)10:58This is the real Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood flow on the nose increases.11:10Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in education. For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live thousands of miles away. And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their livesbut also simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?12:19(Laughter)12:21For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to us.We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like certain consumer products. We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this case, she is just trying to be nice to you.13:06(Laughter)13:10So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that lying will never be the same again.13:27Thank you very much.13:28Xiè xie.13:30(Applause)。
幼儿教育-善意的谎言-演讲
幼儿教育-善意的谎言-演讲《幼儿教育——善意的谎言》尊敬的各位家长、教育工作者：大家好！今天，我想和大家探讨一个在幼儿教育中颇具争议的话题——善意的谎言。
当我们谈到谎言，往往会想到它的负面含义，认为谎言是不诚实、不可取的。
然而，在幼儿教育的特殊情境中，有时一个善意的谎言却可能成为一种教育的手段，一种保护孩子心灵的方式。
首先，我们要明确什么是善意的谎言。
善意的谎言并非是为了欺骗或谋取私利，而是出于对孩子的关爱、保护和引导。
比如，当孩子生病需要打针时，我们可能会说：“打针就像被小蚊子轻轻叮了一下，一点都不疼。
”这并不是在故意误导孩子，而是为了减轻他们对打针的恐惧，让他们能够更勇敢地面对治疗。
在幼儿的世界里，他们的认知和情感还处于发展阶段，对于许多事物的理解和承受能力有限。
一个小小的挫折、一次不如意的经历，都可能给他们幼小的心灵带来巨大的冲击。
这时，善意的谎言就像是一把保护伞，能够暂时为他们遮挡风雨。
举个例子，当孩子努力参加绘画比赛却没有获奖，感到失落和沮丧时，我们可以说：“宝贝，这次的比赛评委可能没有完全理解你的创意，但是我知道你已经画得很棒了，下次一定会有更好的机会。
”这样的谎言并不是否定事实，而是给予孩子鼓励和信心，让他们不至于因为一次失败而失去对绘画的热爱。
再比如，孩子心爱的宠物不幸离世，他们可能无法接受这个残酷的现实。
我们可以用温和的方式说：“小宠物去了一个很远很远的地方旅行，它在那里会很快乐。
”这种谎言是为了让孩子在心理上能够逐渐接受失去，减少悲伤和痛苦。
然而，善意的谎言也需要谨慎使用。
如果过度依赖或滥用，可能会适得其反。
孩子是非常敏感和聪明的，一旦他们发现自己被欺骗，可能会对家长和老师失去信任，影响亲子关系和师生关系。
因此，在使用善意的谎言时，我们要把握好度。
首先，要确保谎言的目的是积极的，是为了孩子的身心健康和成长。
其次，要根据孩子的年龄和性格特点来判断是否适合使用。
对于一些比较敏感、较真的孩子，可能需要更加坦诚和直接的沟通方式。
孩子说谎家长要戳穿吗读后感
孩子说谎家长要戳穿吗读后感读了关于孩子说谎家长是否要戳穿这个话题的文章后，真的是感触颇多啊。
咱先说这孩子说谎吧，就像小恶魔突然冒出来使坏。
有时候孩子说谎那理由真的是千奇百怪，能把你逗笑，可有时候又让人气得牙痒痒。
这文章就像是个智慧的老友在耳边悄悄说，戳穿还是不戳穿，这里面学问可大了。
要是直接戳穿吧，感觉就像一盆冷水，“哗啦”一下把孩子那点小机灵或者小幻想就给浇灭了。
孩子那小脸可能“唰”地一下就变得可怜巴巴的，就像被霜打了的小茄子。
而且啊，可能还会伤了孩子的自尊心，让他们觉得在家长面前就像个透明人，啥都藏不住，以后可能啥事儿都不敢跟家长说了。
这就好比在孩子和家长之间筑了一道高墙，你说这多不好。
可是不戳穿呢，又感觉像是在纵容孩子。
孩子可能就会想：“这招好使啊，爸妈都没发现呢。
”然后就可能养成说谎的坏习惯，这就像小树苗长歪了，以后想扶正可就难喽。
就像有一次我邻居家小孩，偷偷把没吃完的饭倒垃圾桶里，跟他妈妈说吃完了。
他妈妈没发现，结果这孩子后来就经常这么干，谎越说越溜。
这文章给我最大的启发就是，不能简单粗暴地一概而论。
得看情况啊，就像做菜得看火候一样。
如果孩子是因为害怕被批评，比如说不小心把花瓶打碎了，怕被骂才说谎，那咱家长可能就不能直接戳穿。
得像个温柔的侦探，先安慰孩子：“宝贝，花瓶碎了没关系，只要你没受伤就好。
但是说谎可不好哦。
”这样既让孩子知道说谎不对，又不会让他过于害怕。
要是孩子是为了得到好处说谎，比如说为了多要几块零花钱编个瞎话，那这时候就得严肃地戳穿他，让他知道这种行为是绝对不可以的。
就像给孩子的小脑袋里装个警报器，只要一有这种说谎骗钱的念头，警报就“滴滴滴”响起来。
总的来说，这文章就像个导航，给咱们家长在面对孩子说谎这个迷宫里指了方向。
让我知道对待孩子说谎，既要有爱的包容，又要有原则的坚守，可不能瞎来。
咱得让孩子在诚实的大道上健康成长，可不能让他们在谎言的小岔路越跑越远。
别对我说谎ted演讲双语
别对我说谎ted演讲双语1.引言1.1 概述概述:在这个虚拟的世界中，谎言似乎变得司空见惯，让我们开始不再相信别人说的话。
从社交媒体到政治舞台，虚假之言无处不在，我们逐渐失去了信任和透明度的基础。
然而，在这种文化中，TED演讲以其真实、勇敢和启发人心的特点在大众中脱颖而出。
这篇文章将探讨TED演讲双语主题“别对我说谎”的背景和重要性。
通过分析TED演讲的背景和目的，我们能够更深入地了解谎言对个人、社会和文化的危害性。
在TED演讲中，演讲者不仅仅是讲述个人经历或主张观点，更重要的是通过分享真实的故事来与听众建立起深层次的联系。
这种真实性和直接面对真实问题的勇气为TED演讲赢得了无数的赞誉和支持。
然而，为何我们需要讨论谎言的危害性呢？谎言不仅仅是对个体的伤害，更具有潜在的破坏力，会扭曲事实、误导大众，甚至破坏社会稳定。
虽然人们常常以善意的方式使用谎言，但长期以往，它们累积起来可能导致信任危机，并为社会带来难以挽回的损失。
本文旨在强调“别对我说谎”的重要性，并呼吁建立一个诚实的社会文化。
通过这种理念的传播，我们可以为未来塑造一个更加透明、有责任心和真实的社会。
让我们一起从TED演讲中汲取启示，摒弃谎言，追求真相和诚实，为我们共同的未来努力。
1.2文章结构1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构来展开讨论TED 演讲主题“别对我说谎”。
首先，在引言部分将概述整篇文章的内容，介绍文章涉及的主要要点和目的。
接着，正文部分将会探讨TED 演讲的背景，介绍关于谎言的危害性，并通过实例和研究数据来支持观点。
最后，在结论部分，将强调别对我说谎的重要性，并提出建立诚实的社会文化的重要性。
在正文部分，我们将详细讨论TED 演讲的背景，介绍TED 演讲所关注的背景和重要性。
我们将分析TED 演讲作为一个全球知名的演讲平台，对于传播真相和打破谎言的作用。
同时，我们将提供一些TED 演讲中关于谎言的案例，以更加生动具体地说明谎言对个人和社会的危害性，从而引起读者对该主题的关注与重视。
幼儿教育-善意的谎言-演讲
幼儿教育-善意的谎言-演讲亲爱的家长们：大家好！今天我想和大家聊聊一个有点特别的话题——幼儿教育中的善意谎言。
不知道大家有没有这样的经历，带孩子去打预防针的时候，明明知道那一下会疼，却还是会对孩子说：“宝贝，一点都不疼，就像被小蚊子叮了一下。
”这其实就是一个善意的谎言。
就拿我自己的经历来说吧。
我曾经带过一个小朋友叫明明，特别胆小怕疼。
有一次他不小心摔破了膝盖，我给他清理伤口的时候，他哭得那叫一个撕心裂肺。
我就哄他说：“明明乖，老师给你吹吹就不疼啦，这伤口啊马上就会好起来，比变魔术还快！”结果呢，明明真的就慢慢安静下来了，虽然还是抽抽搭搭的，但至少能让我顺利给他处理伤口。
咱们都知道，孩子的世界很单纯，他们对很多事情的理解还很有限。
有时候，一个小小的善意谎言，就能让他们在面对困难或者恐惧的时候，多一些勇气和安心。
比如说，孩子不愿意睡觉，我们会说：“睡吧睡吧，等你睡着了，会有小精灵来给你送美梦哦。
”孩子不好好吃饭，我们会说：“多吃点，吃了这些蔬菜就能长得高高的，像大树一样。
”这些谎言并不是为了欺骗孩子，而是用一种他们能接受的方式，引导他们去做正确的事情。
但是，这里面也有个度的问题。
善意的谎言不能变成习惯，不能让孩子对真实的世界产生错误的认知。
比如说，如果孩子考试没考好，我们不能骗他说成绩不重要，而是要鼓励他继续努力，下次一定会更好。
再比如，孩子在幼儿园和小伙伴闹矛盾了，我们不能一味地说对方的错，而是要引导孩子学会理解和包容，让他们明白人与人之间的相处是需要相互尊重和理解的。
善意的谎言就像是给孩子的一颗糖，能在适当的时候给他们一点甜蜜，帮助他们度过一些小小的难关。
但我们也要记住，最终还是要让孩子学会面对真实，学会勇敢和坚强。
就像明明，后来又有一次受伤，他虽然还是有点害怕，但已经能自己给自己打气说：“我不怕疼，伤口会好起来的。
”那一刻，我真的特别欣慰。
所以，家长们，在幼儿教育中，让我们巧妙地运用善意的谎言，为孩子的成长之路铺上一层温暖的底色，但也要记得适时地揭开这层纱，让他们看到真实而美好的世界。
ted别对我撒谎观后感
ted别对我撒谎观后感TED演讲是一个非常受欢迎的平台，吸引了世界各地的精英人士来分享他们的观点和经验。
在我观看的众多TED演讲中，有一次的演讲让我印象深刻，那就是《TED别对我撒谎》。
本次演讲的主讲人是保罗•艾克曼。
他是一位著名的社交心理学家，专门研究人与人之间的相互作用和沟通。
艾克曼通过自身的研究，希望揭示出现代社交媒体和网络时代中人们面临的挑战和困惑。
演讲一开始，保罗•艾克曼用一个真实的案例引入，这个案例发生在他的朋友圈中。
他的朋友通过社交媒体发表了一条明显夸张的状态更新，声称自己刚刚度过了一个很棒的周末。
艾克曼认识到，这位朋友正在使用虚假的信息来制造一种看似完美的生活形象，这在当今社交媒体上非常普遍。
接着，保罗•艾克曼分享了他进行的一项研究，研究对象是年轻人使用社交媒体时的行为和态度。
他发现，有很多年轻人在社交媒体上展示出理想化的生活，包括美食、旅游、时尚等，而这些展示往往与他们真实的生活相去甚远。
这造成了一种虚假的社交现象，让人们误以为自己的生活没有达到别人的标准。
保罗•艾克曼进一步解释了虚假社交的危害。
首先，它给人们带来了巨大的心理压力。
当一个人总是在社交媒体上看到别人看似完美的生活时，他们会自然地产生对自己生活的质疑和不满。
其次，虚假社交也削弱了人与人之间的互信关系。
当一个人习惯了用虚假的信息来展示自己，别人对他所说的话自然也会产生怀疑。
在演讲的后半部分，保罗•艾克曼提出了一些应对虚假社交的建议。
首先，他鼓励人们要有勇气展示真实的自己。
不必为了迎合别人的期待而改变自己，相信自己的价值和独特之处。
其次，他强调了建立真实关系的重要性。
无论是面对面的交流还是通过社交媒体，都要保持真实和诚实。
最后，艾克曼呼吁建立一个更加坦诚的网络社交环境，这需要每个人共同努力去抵制虚假信息的传播。
通过这次演讲，我深刻认识到了现代社交媒体所带来的挑战和问题。
我们生活在一个虚假的信息泛滥时代，被虚假社交所困扰。
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0:12 Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.大家好我先问大家一个问题：作为一个孩子的时候您撒过谎么？如果有过可以举手么？天啊！这是我遇见过的最诚实的一群人0:27 So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.在过去的二十年，我一直在研究孩子们如何学会撒谎。
今天我将与给分享我们的一些成果。
0:37 But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."不过首先我想先讲一个理查德·梅西纳先生的故事。
他是我的朋友也是一名小学校长。
一天他接到了一通电话来电的人说，“梅西纳先生，我的孩子乔尼今天不去学校了因为他生病了。
“0:57 Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"梅西纳先生问道”请问您是谁？“1:01 And the caller says, "I am my father."来电的人说：”我是我爸爸。
“1:09 So this story –所以这个故事--1:12 sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying. One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.很好的总结了三个我们对于孩子撒谎的常识。
第一，孩子通常在上小学后开始撒谎。
第二，孩子不会撒谎成人可以简单地识破他们。
第三，如果孩子很早就开始撒谎那么他们一定有一些人格缺陷，并且一生都将是病态的撒谎者。
然而结果是，这三个认识都是错的1:49 We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize. But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.之前我们一直和全世界的孩子们一起玩竞猜游戏。
这里有一个例子。
在这个游戏中，我们请孩子们猜测卡片上的数字。
并告诉他们如果他们猜中了，他们会得到丰厚的奖励。
在游戏的中间，我们会借故离开。
离开前会告诉孩子们不要去偷偷看卡片。
当然了，隐藏的摄像头在房间观察孩子们的一举一动。
因为孩子太想赢这个游戏，超过90%的孩子在我们离开后马上偷偷看了卡片。
2:36 The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?关键的问题是：当然们回来并且问孩子们他们是否偷看了卡片时，那些偷看了卡片的孩子会承认他们违反了游戏规则么？2:50 We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression. At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.我们发现无论性别国籍宗教信仰30%的2岁孩子撒谎了。
70%承认了他们违反游戏规则。
三岁的孩子中，撒谎的人占了50%。
四岁的孩子超过80%都在撒谎。
大于四岁的孩子绝大部分都在撒谎。
如您所见，撒谎是成长典型的一部分。
很多孩子在2岁的时候就已经学会了撒谎。
3:31 So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie? In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key ingredients. The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability. Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore, I can lie to you.现在我们仔细研究小孩子。
为什么不是所有的孩子都撒谎？在烹饪领域想做出好的食物需要好的原料。
一个好的谎言需要两个关键的原料。
第一个是心智理论，换言之读心的能力。
读心能力是一种知道相同情况下不同的人知道不同的事情的能力，是一种可以区分我知道什么和你知道什么的能力。
读心在撒谎时能力很重要因为撒谎从根本上说就是我知道你不知道我知道。
因此我的谎言成功了。
4:22 The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society. In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate –第二个撒谎的关键因素是自我控制控制语言控制面部表情控制身体动作。