新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理

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托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

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Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。

TPO 26 阅读+答案+译文+解析

TPO 26Energy and the Industrial RevolutionPARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.参考答案PARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy orto power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"? To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth centuryTo explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century BritainTo indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuelTo explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century2、What was "the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?Water and wind could not be used efficiently.There was no efficient way to power machinery.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steampower to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt's steam engine?The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by BritainIncreased mechanizationMore possibilities for mill locationSmaller mills4、The phrase "apparent in" in the passage is closest in meaning toclearly seen inaid inassociated withfollowed By5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?Raw cottonCotton clothSteam-powered pumpsCoal6、The word "consequent" in the passage is closest in meaning toresultingencouragingwell documentedimmediate7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?It helped make wood into charcoal.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT:Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expandcapa city, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.10、The word "initiated" in the passage is closest in meaning toanticipatedacceleratedspreadstarted11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation? Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.12、The phrase "accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning toin need ofused totired ofencouraged by13、Look at the f our squares [■] that indicatewhere the following sentence could be added to the passage.The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.Answer ChoicesA. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the IndustrialRevolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production. B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging marketsrequiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.Energy and the Industrial Revolution能源和工业革命——翻译by@英语词汇精华陈鹏飞文章词汇总结☻steam engine蒸汽机;☻iron industry钢铁行业;☻productivity生产力;☻mechanize机械化;☻coal煤☻efficiency效率☻working class工人阶级☻Industrial Revolution工业革命;文章中英文对照For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts ofcoal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.数年来，历史学家一直试图界定18世纪工业革命中工业、科技、和经济实力崛起的关键因素。

托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）Temperature Regulation in TurtlesWhile turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with ahome range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (whichare mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.1►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones andshell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.2►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.3►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range wi th individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.4►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.5►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.6►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump ofgrass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.7►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of bloodvessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.8►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.9Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult.⬛Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass.⬛Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object –a tree, for example. ⬛Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. ⬛The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to aseasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.10。

托福TPO27口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文

(woman) Not at all!
(man) How come?
(woman) Well, the cost, for one thing, they are just not being realistic.
(man)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้Even compare to the price of textbooks?
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福 TPO27 口语 Task3 阅读文本：
Switch to Electronic Textbooks
The university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early next year. University students will be able to download the content of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from the device’s screen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-time expense. Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run since purchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regular textbooks. Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aid because it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of text and note-taking.

TPO27 R-3 原文翻译

TPO27 R-3 原文翻译Predator-Prey Cycles捕食者是怎样影响被捕食者的数量的呢？答案并不是想象中那么简单的。

麋鹿通过穿越冬天的冰层和到达了在苏必略路的罗亚尔岛，在那他们因为和捕食者分隔开来就更自由了。

当狼在晚一点的时候到达那座岛的时候，自然学家都认为，狼对控制麋鹿的数量起到了关键的作用。

但是，严密的研究已经说明，并不是这样的。

狼吃掉的大部分是年老的，或是已经生病的动物，他们本身就不会存活很久了。

总的来说，麋鹿的数量是由食物的可利用性，疾病，和其他的一些条件，而不是因为狼。

当实验性的数量被设置在简单的实验条件下，捕食者经常吃掉了所有的被捕食者，然后因为没有东西吃，自己灭绝了。

但是，如果能给被捕食动物提供如同在野外的安全的区域，被捕食动物的数量会降低到很低的数值，但不会灭绝。

低的被捕食动物数量造成了捕食者的食物不足，使捕食者的数量下降。

当这个情况发生的时候，被捕食动物的数量又会反弹。

这样，在一定的时候，捕食者和被捕食者的数量会持续地在这种循环中变化。

这种数量的循环是小型哺乳动物的特性，有时候这种循环的出现是由捕食者带来的。

生态学家对野兔数量的研究已经显示，北美“雪鞋野兔”一直遵守着大约以十年为一周期的循环。

在一个典型的循环中，其数量会以十倍到三十倍的减少，甚至会出现百倍的改变会出现。

有两种因素会导致这种循环：食物和捕食者。

“雪鞋野兔”比较喜欢的食物是柳木和桦树树枝。

当野兔的密度增加的时候，这些树枝的数量就会减少，迫使野兔去吃一些低质量的，高纤维食物。

随之而来的是低生育率，低成活率，低生长率，所以产生了对应的野兔数量的减少反应。

一旦野兔数量减少了，树枝的数量会需要两到三年去恢复。

雪鞋野兔的主要捕食者是加拿大山猫。

加拿大山猫呈现了平行于野兔的十年鼎盛循环。

当野兔的数量下降的时候，当山猫的食物供给减少，山猫数量也会发生同样的变化。

是什么造成了捕食者和被捕食者的振幅呢？是野兔数量的增长使得植物被过度破坏，随之导致了野兔的减少？还是山猫的增加导致了野兔被过度捕捉？在1992年，Charles Krebs 和其合作者的野外试验提供了答案。

新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理

智课网TOEFL备考资料新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理摘要：新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理，下面是小马过河为同学们搜集整理的新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理的相关信息，小马小编整理过来，供同学们参考。

Crafts in the Ancient near East古代近东的手工艺本文为最新的托福真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。

学科词汇总结wordscraft手工艺urban城市的civilization 文明settlement定居点agriculture农业pottery实用陶器textile纺织品mold模具 carve雕刻 relief浮雕 clay粘土 utilitarian实用的 elaborate精心制作的 refined精制的文章翻译translation 一、人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。

Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is nowsouthern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in thesouth around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied bypermanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became areal urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimatesare notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could bere ached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassingthat of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it wasthe first city in human history.一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部(如今的伊拉克南部)。

TPO-27 Reading 1解析

正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干是scholars assume that后边的部分，即“学者们认为Uruk 城的居民能够通过城市周边的农业生产自给自足”，对应D项的表述。

Q2正确答案：B解析：surpassing，超过、越过；近义词是exceeding。

根据词汇所在句意可知Uruk城的大小远远超过其它的定居地，所以曾是地区的中心，是真正的城市。

Q3正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A项对应第2句后半句an enormous escalation in the area；B项对应倒数第2句中的were able to support themselves from the agricultural production；D项对应倒数第2句中的of the filed surrounding the city; 排除法选C，Uruk 是当时最大的settlement (far surpassing that of other settlements)，而不是“更大的之一”。

Q4正确答案：C解析：intact，完整的，完好无损的，未受损的；近义词是undamaged。

Q5正确答案：D解析：第二段中介绍beveled-rim时说“It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”，后半句说明这种碗是按照较少的几个型号生产的。

Q6正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，B项对应第2句的内容，but a small segment…started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks，正确；该段并没有提及从事非农业的专业人士有更高的社会地位，A错误；该段第4句说这种碗是“这种碗是alized ，utilitarian ，C错误。

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文26—2 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions

托福考试复习TPO 26—2 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions原文：【1】The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.【2】The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials, which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after rain.【3】The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.【4】The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by means of various avoidance mechanisms. Most desert plants are probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type —an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite. They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.【5】Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.【6】Seasonal migration is another form of escape, especially for large mammals orbirds. The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.【7】Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has plumage that is so constructed that the feathers are long but not too dense. When conditions are hot, the ostrich erects them on its back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection. Furthermore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun and gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.题目：托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions for plants EXCEPTA.improving plants’ ability to absorb sunlight.B.preventing plants from becoming overheated.C.transporting nutrients.D.serving as a raw material for photosynthesis.2.Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemeralsA.produce even more seeds than in a wet year.B.do not sprout from their seeds.C.bloom much later than in a wet year.D.are more plentiful than perennials.3.How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3?A.Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desert plants, and paragraph 3 provides a scientific explanation for these observations.B.Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides further information about one of these categories.C.Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3 explains one problem with this method of classification.D.Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introducesa third category of plants.4.In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously" when there is favorableprecipitation, the author means that their development will beA.sudden.B.early.C.gradual.D.strong and healthy.5.The word “countering”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.eliminating.B.making use of.C.acting against.D.experiencing.6.According to paragraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that are extraordinarily well developed haveA.relatively little growth aboveground.B.very leafy aboveground structures.C.non woody plant tissue resistant to wilting.D.water stored within their roots.7.The word “assured”(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.pure.B.diminished.C.guaranteed.D.deep.8.What do “the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite"(paragraph 4) have in common?A.They are always found together.B.They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes.C.They are phreatophytes.D.Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.B.Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.C.The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.D.When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.10.It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desertanimals retreat toA.provide shade from the sun.B.sometimes become crowded.C.are places where supplies of food are plentiful.D.leave the animals vulnerable to predators.11.According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich copewith hot desert conditions?A.Each of its feathers is very short and dense.B.Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping.C.Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and its wings.D.It can make its feathers stand up on its back.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into servicesThe harsh conditions in deserts are in tolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■【A】Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■【B】The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■【C】Some areas, because of their soil texture,to pographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.■【D】13.Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desert annuals and the three phrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desert perennials. Select each phrase you select in the appropriate column of the table. This question is worth 3 points.A.Woody structures.B.Explosive growth in wet years.C.Long, thin, shallow roots.D.Storage of water in plant tissue.E.Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis.F.Short life cycle.G.Leaves designed to minimize water loss.1 ）Adaptations of AnnualsA B C D E F G2 ）Adaptations of PerennialsA B C D E F G答案：1.A选项的sunlight原文没有提到，所以错误，选；B项不容易找，可以找完C和D之后依靠并列在第三句的冒号之后找到，原文讲的是降低温度，也就是防止overheated，所以B正确，不选；C和D都在第三句的冒号之后，都正确，不选。

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在公元前四千年的后半期，在乌鲁克城的南部附近被永久定居点占据的区域急剧的增加, 大部分的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，使其成为了一个真正的城市中心并被一些次要的定居点包围着。

虽然众所周知人口估计数是不可靠的，学者们认为乌鲁克居民每天往返城市和城市周边的田地,可以通过周边田地的农业生产来养活自己。

但是乌鲁克在整个区域拥有压倒性的面积优势，远远超过了其他的定居点，这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。

事实上，它是人类历史上的第一个城市。

二、乌鲁克中专门从事非农业的工作的人及其考古证据The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people livingwithin the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productivesector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, theuse of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number ofstandard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, andthousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.乌鲁克的绝大部分的人口甚至包括住在城市里面的人仍然从事农业活动。

但是由于这个城市是地区的中心，城市社会中的小部分人开始专门从事非农业的工作。

在生产部门内部，专业工匠的类型有了增加。

在乌鲁克时期早期，未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是大量专业化生产的结果。

在公元前四千年早期的乌鲁克的考古遗址Eanna中，有一种陶器风格出现了，它是这个时期的最大特点，这种陶器被叫做“斜面边碗”。

这种在模具中粗糙的制作而成的碗相当的浅，因此只有有限的几种尺寸。

由于一些未知的原因，很多碗都被丢弃，通常这些碗都是完整的，在近东已近发现了数千只。

斜面边碗是鉴别是否属于乌鲁克时期遗址的最具标志性的发现之一。

一个重要的事实是斜面边碗是被大规模生产出来的，极有可能是专业工匠在集中在一个区域进行生产。

三、在乌鲁克时期存在着工匠进行专业化大规模生产A variety of documentation indicates that other goods, once made by a family member as oneof many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people,most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millenniumtexts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, aspecialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. Itcontained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, allshowing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of aworkshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in theholes. Some type of mass production by specialists was involved here.各种文件材料说明，曾经作为家庭义务而制作的其他商品后来被有技术的工匠的生产替代。

一些图片描绘了数群人，很有可能是女人，在从事于纺织的活动，从公元前三世纪的资料中我们得知这一活在经济中起着重要的作用并且在管理中处于中心的地位。

同样，一个专门生产金属的作坊在乌鲁克被挖掘出来，它包含许多水渠，一系列洞穴成线状排列在水渠边。

这些洞大约有50厘米深，都有燃烧的痕迹，里面填满了灰烬。

这些遗迹被解释为作坊的遗迹，融化的金属从水渠中舀出来倒入洞中的模具，专业工匠的大规模生产被用到了这里四、乌鲁克的滚筒印章及其艺术品Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Urukperiod (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristicfor Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder,usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience( a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into thesurface. When rolled over a soft material---primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, orclay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts---the scene would appear in relief, easilylegible. The technological knowledge needed to carve it was far superior to that for stampseals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.).From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate andrefined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period showsthe first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of masterythat only a professional could have produced.这些物品说明这些是熟练的专业人员的作品。