全球化石燃料的二氧化碳排放量(Global Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions)_大气科学_科研数据集
P185阅读理解41Too Little for GlobalWarming全球变暖“缺油
coal 煤 would be even 更加 worse 糟糕 for the planet
. 根据本周在瑞典乌普萨拉大学新发表的一个具有争议性的分析.石油和天然气
会在全球变暖这一世界末日的场景到来之前耗尽。作者警告说.在使大气中含有足 够的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和温度升高等场景出现之前.石化燃料会先消耗殆尽。 来自政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的专家为自己的预测变化说.他们是根据 一系列的石油及天然气存量来预测.并指出燃煤可减轻填补不足的差额。不过所有 人都同意燃煤将会对地球造成更糟的影响 (二)The IPCC’s predictions 预测 of global meltdown 灾难【pushed forward】5 抓紧
分析
有争议的
presented
目前
this week at the University of Uppsala
乌普萨拉大学
in Sweden 瑞典. The authors 作者 warn 警告 that all the fuel 燃料 will be burnt
烧焦
before there is enough 足够 【carbon dioxide】二氧化碳 in the atmosphere 大气层 to
石油和天然气消耗殆尽.“还有大量的地下煤可以开采."他说.煤的燃烧能使 IPCC 的预言成为现实。但他指出.这一转换会灾难性的后果。煤比石油和天然气脏.每一 能量单位的使用会产生更多的二氧化碳.并释放出大量的微粒。他说最近的研究给 政策制定者们泼了盆冷水。 1. What do the authors of the new analysis presented 呈现 at the University of Uppsala 【intend to】打算 say? 乌普萨拉大学的新分析的作者们打算说什么？ A .The burning of coal will accelerate 加速 the arrival of Earth’s doomsday. 煤的燃烧会加速地球末日的到来。 B. The oil reserves are big enough to materialize the doomsday scenarios. 石油储量足够大，以实现世界末日的场景。 C. Melting ice caps and searing temperatures exist only in science fiction. 冰盖和高温熔融只存在于科幻小说。
河北省钢铁生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南
一、适用范围
本指南适用于河北省钢铁生产企业温室气体排放量的核算和报 告。河北省行政辖区内从事钢铁生产的企业可按照本指南提供的方法 核算企业的温室气体排放量，并编制企业温室气体排放报告。如钢铁 生产企业生产其他产品，且生产活动存在温室气体排放，则应按照相 关行业的企业温室气体排放核算和报告指南核算，一并报告。
参考《省级温室气体清单指南（试行） 》 、 《中国能源统计年 鉴》和《国际钢铁协会二氧化碳排放数据收集指南》等国内外相 关权威材料， 《河北省钢铁生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报 告指南（试行） 》提供了核算所需的参数和排放因子的推荐值， 具备条件的企业可以采用实测的数据。
目
录
一、适用范围 ......................................................................................... 1 二、引用文件和参考文献 ..................................................................... 1 三、术语和定义 ..................................................................................... 1 四、核算边界 ......................................................................................... 3 五、核算方法 ......................................................................................... 5 （一）化石燃料燃烧排放 ............................................................. 6 （二）工业生产过程排放 ............................................................. 8 （三）净购入使用的电力和热力对应的排放 ........................... 11 （四）固碳产品隐含的排放 ....................................................... 12 六、质量保证和文件存档 ................................................................... 13 七、报告内容和格式 ........................................................................... 13 （一）报告主体基本信息 ........................................................... 13 （二）温室气体排放量 ............................................................... 13 （三）活动水平及其来源 ........................................................... 14 （四）排放因子及其来源 ........................................................... 14 （五）其他希望说明的情况 ....................................................... 14 八、河北省行业特殊情况说明 ........................................................... 14 附录一：报告格式模板 ....................................................................... 16 附录二：相关参数缺省值 ................................................................... 36
二氧化碳通量的英文
二氧化碳通量的英文英文回答：Carbon dioxide flux is the rate at which carbon dioxide (CO2) is exchanged between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. It is a key component of the global carbon cycle, and it plays a major role in regulating the Earth's climate.The carbon dioxide flux is driven by a number of factors, including:Photosynthesis: Plants and other organisms remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.Respiration: Plants and animals release CO2 into the atmosphere during respiration.Decomposition: Microorganisms decompose organic matter and release CO2 into the atmosphere.Combustion: Fossil fuels and other materials release CO2 into the atmosphere when burned.The carbon dioxide flux is a complex process, and it is influenced by a variety of factors, including:Land use: The type of land use can affect the carbon dioxide flux. For example, forests tend to absorb more CO2 than grasslands.Climate: The climate can also affect the carbon dioxide flux. For example, warmer temperatures can increase the rate of decomposition, which can release more CO2 into the atmosphere.Human activities: Human activities can also affect the carbon dioxide flux. For example, the burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide flux is a key component of the global carbon cycle, and it plays a major role in regulating the Earth's climate. By understanding the factors that drivethe carbon dioxide flux, we can better understand the Earth's climate system and make informed decisions about how to manage it.中文回答：二氧化碳通量是指二氧化碳（CO2）在大气和地球表层之间交换的速率。
碳税 carbon tax
碳税 carbon tax联合国气候变化会议于当地时间12月7日在哥本哈根召开。
中国是否有必要实施碳税？又该如何减少碳税实施后对公众福利的影响？对此，专家指出，只有进一步节能减排，才能逾越西方发达国家今后可能设立的贸易壁垒。
温室气体排放税(费)或者碳税(费)政策可以起到宏观调控的作用。
请看《中国日报》的报道：Carbon tax, one of the market mechanisms that China is considering adopting, will raise the current energy price from fossil fuel sources, including gasoline, electricity, coal and natural gas.“碳税”是中国正在考虑要实行的市场机制之一，该机制的实行将提高现有包括汽油、电力、煤炭和天然气等在内的化石能源的价格。
文中的carbon tax就是指“碳税”，是基于市场的主要减排方案之一，根据fossil fuel（化石燃料）燃烧后排放碳量的多少，针对化石燃料的生产、分配或使用来征收税费。
而相比之下，使用wind（风力），sunlight（日光），hydropower （水电）等non-combustion energy sources（非燃烧能源）则更加环保。
Carbon tax是一种针对greenhouse gas（温室气体）中的emissions of carbon dioxide（二氧化碳排放）征收的environmental tax（环境税）。
征收carbon tax 的目的在于控制climate change（气候变化）和global warming（全球变暖）。
此外，人们还常采用carbon capture and storage（碳捕获和存储）等方法来处理emissions of carbon dioxide。
环境类词汇资料
一、环境新词热词1. 生态安葬eco-friendly burials生态友好型安葬（eco-friendly burials），简称eco-burials（生态葬），指人的遗体火化（cremation）后，通过“草坪葬（grassland burial）”、“海葬（sea burial）”、“树葬（tree burial）”等不占地或少占地的方式处理骨灰（cremains），具有环保、节能和成本低等特点。
2. 自产绿色食品100-foot diet自产绿色食品（100-foot diet）,指餐桌上的食物大部分或者全部来自于自家花园产出的作物。
它强调通过在家门口种植食材来减少碳足迹（reduce one's carbon footprint），从种植食材的花园(garden)到餐桌(dinner table)的距离(distance)一般不超过100英尺(within 100 feet)。
3. 垃圾按量收费pay as you throwPay as you throw（垃圾按量收费，缩写为PAYT）制度指每个家庭(household)都要为不可回收垃圾(non-recyclable rubbish)的处理支付费用，而费用的多少则根据垃圾的数量(quantity)和重量(weight)来计算。
在该制度内，可回收垃圾(recycled waste)的处理是免费的，也就是说该制度遵循的是“多循环，少交费(the more you recycle, the less you pay)”原则。
4. 生态补偿机制ecological compensation mechanisms生态补偿机制(ecological compensation mechanisms)，是以保护生态环境(ecology environment)、促进人与自然和谐为目的，根据生态系统服务价值(values of ecological system service)、生态保护成本(the cost of ecology protection)、发展机会成本(the cost of development chance)，综合运用行政和市场手段(administrative means and marketing means)，调整生态环境保护(ecology environment protection)和建设(construction)相关各方之间利益关系的环境经济政策(environmental economy policy)。
二氧化碳转化为合成气及高附加值产品的研究进展
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2022年第41卷第3期二氧化碳转化为合成气及高附加值产品的研究进展邵斌，孙哲毅，章云，潘冯弘康，赵开庆，胡军，刘洪来（华东理工大学化学与分子工程学院，上海200237）摘要：由于二氧化碳（CO 2）过度排放导致全球变暖日益严峻，发展零碳技术已成为人类社会面向可持续发展的战略选择。
将CO 2捕集并转化为高附加值化学和能源产品，可以优化化石能源为主体的能源结构、有效缓解环境问题，并实现碳资源的充分利用，是一项可以大规模实现低碳减排的技术。
本文重点介绍了CO 2高效利用新途径，通过二氧化碳-合成气-高附加值化学品的产品工艺路线，实现CO 2的资源化利用。
对比综述了热催化法、电催化法和光催化法高效转化合成气的最新进展，总结了热、电、光催化制备合成气过程中催化剂的设计原理和方法以及目前工业化应用前景；简单概述了合成气作为重要平台分子，进一步通过费托合成路线或接力催化路线转化为低碳烯烃和液态燃料或芳烃等化学品过程中催化剂设计研究进展。
最后，总结了大规模工业化CO 2转化为合成气及高附加值产品过程催化剂设计和反应器优化的技术难题，并对未来CO 2高效转化利用方向进行了展望。
同时指出目前各技术还普遍存在反应机理不清晰、催化剂成本高以及缺乏大规模合成等问题，未来开发出高效、高活性、低成本且稳定的催化剂是各技术推广应用的关键。
关键词：二氧化碳；合成气；催化机理；催化剂；工业应用中图分类号：TQ211文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-6613（2022）03-1136-16Recent progresses in CO 2to syngas and high value-added productsSHAO Bin ，SUN Zheyi ，ZHANG Yun ，PAN Fenghongkang ，ZHAO Kaiqing ，HU Jun ，LIU Honglai(School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China)Abstract:The global warming caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO 2)emission has been a worldwide focus.The development of carbon neutralization technologies is a strategic choice for the sustainability of human society.CO 2capture and conversion to high value-added chemicals is an ultimate technology for the goal of carbon neutralization,which can optimize the fossil fuel-dominated energy structure,effectively alleviate environmental problems,and achieve carbon recycling.This paper focuses on the efficient CO 2utilization by the route of CO 2-syngas-high value-added chemicals.As an important intermedia product,syngas is the most feasible for CO 2conversion and can be further transformed into value-added chemicals.Recent progresses in three CO 2to syngas technologies of thermo-catalysis,electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are reviewed,including the mechanism,catalysts design strategies,and the current industrial application prospects.Moreover,the conversion of syngas to light olefins and aromatics through the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and relay catalytic routes are also reviewed.By analyzing and comparing the key technologies,特约评述DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1909收稿日期：2021-09-07；修改稿日期：2021-10-19。
四六级英语静态图表类作文
四六级英语静态图表类作文英文回答：The provided static image displays a comprehensive overview of theの変化in global carbon dioxide emissions from 1960 to 2020, as well as projections for the future. The data is presented in the form of a bar graph, with the years plotted on the x-axis and the emissions in gigatonsof carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) plotted on the y-axis.From 1960 to 2000, global carbon dioxide emissions experienced a steady increase, rising from approximately 10 GtCO2e to over 25 GtCO2e. This increase was primarilydriven by the rapid growth of industrialized economies and the increasing use of fossil fuels for energy production.Around the turn of the millennium, the rate of increase in global carbon dioxide emissions began to slow down. This was due in part to the implementation of emissionsreduction policies in some countries and the increasing useof renewable energy sources. However, emissions continued to rise, reaching a peak of over 36 GtCO2e in 2019.In response to the growing concern over climate change, many countries have adopted ambitious targets to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. These targets have had a significant impact, and global emissions have begun to decline slightly in recent years.The static image also includes projections for future global carbon dioxide emissions. The projections show that under a business-as-usual scenario, emissions are expected to continue to rise, reaching over 50 GtCO2e by 2050. However, if countries implement ambitious emissions reduction policies, it is possible to keep emissions below 2°C of warming, the level beyond which the most dangerous impacts of climate change are expected to occur.中文回答：给定的静态图像全面概述了 1960 年至 2020 年全球二氧化碳排放的变化，并对未来进行了预测。
八下英语仁爱u5t1的重点单词
八下英语仁爱u5t1的重点单词Unit 5 Topic 1 的重点单词如下：1. pollution (n.) - 污染Pollution refers to the presence of harmful or toxic substances in the environment, especially in the air, water, or soil. Industrial activities and the burning of fossil fuels are major sources of pollution.2. environment (n.) - 环境Environment refers to the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives. It includes both natural and artificial elements, such as the air, water, land, buildings, and other living organisms.3. global (adj.) - 全球的Global means worldwide or relating to the entire Earth. It is often used to describe issues or problems that affect everyone on the planet, regardless of their location or nationality.4. solve (v.) - 解决Solve means to find a solution or answer to a problem. When faced with a challenge or difficulty, people try to solve it by coming up with ideas or strategies to overcome it.5. solution (n.) - 解决方案Solution refers to an answer or method to solve a problem. It usually involves a series of steps or actions that can lead to the desired outcome or resolution of the issue.6. recycle (v.) - 回收利用Recycle means to convert waste materials into reusable items. Recycling helps to reduce the amount of waste produced and preserves natural resources by using them more efficiently.7. waste (n.) - 废物Waste refers to any unwanted or unusable materials, substances, or products. It includes things like garbage, trash, or byproducts of manufacturing processes.8. reduce (v.) - 减少Reduce means to make something smaller or less in size, amount, orintensity. It is often used in the context of environmental conservation to encourage people to decrease their consumption or waste.9. reuse (v.) - 再使用Reuse means to use an item or object again, either for its original purpose or in a different way. By reusing items, people can extend their lifespan and minimize the need for new production.10. resource (n.) - 资源Resource refers to any material or asset that can be used to fulfill a need or achieve a goal. It can include natural resources like water, oil, or minerals, as well as human resources such as skills or knowledge.11. source (n.) - 来源Source refers to the origin or point of supply of something. It is often used to describe where something comes from or where it can be obtained.12. energy (n.) - 能源Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It can be in various forms, such as thermal, electrical, or mechanical energy, and is vital for powering machines, vehicles, and other devices.13. generation (n.) - 一代人Generation refers to a group of individuals born and living at the same time. It can also refer to the act or process of producing or creating something.14. renewable (adj.) - 可再生的Renewable means capable of being replenished or replaced naturally within a relatively short period of time. Renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, can be used without depleting the Earth's limited resources.15. fossil fuel (n.) - 化石燃料Fossil fuel refers to any hydrocarbon deposit, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and contribute to pollution and climate change when burned.16. solar (adj.) - 太阳的Solar means relating to or derived from the sun. Solar energy isobtained from sunlight and can be converted into usable electricity or heat through various technologies.17. wind (n.) - 风Wind refers to the natural movement of air, especially a current ofair blowing from a particular direction. Wind energy is harnessed by wind turbines to generate electricity.18. hydroelectric (adj.) - 水力发电的Hydroelectric means generating electricity through the use of flowing or falling water. Hydroelectric power plants convert the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy.19. biofuel (n.) - 生物燃料Biofuel refers to a renewable fuel derived from recently living biological materials, such as plants or animal waste. It can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles or for heating.20. nuclear (adj.) - 核能的Nuclear means relating to or using atomic energy. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy released from nuclear reactions, such as the splitting of atoms.21. carbon (n.) - 碳Carbon is a chemical element that is present in all living organisms and many minerals. It is also a major component of fossil fuels, and the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is a significant contributor to climate change.22. dioxide (n.) - 二氧化物Dioxide is a chemical compound that contains two oxygen atoms and one other atom. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a common dioxide and a byproduct of burning fossil fuels.23. footprint (n.) - 碳足迹Carbon footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment, particularly the amount of greenhouse gases produced, especially carbon dioxide, as a result of consuming resources and energy.24. emission (n.) - 排放Emission refers to the release of gas, particles, or radiation into the atmosphere. Carbon emissions, for example, are a major concern due totheir role in global warming.25. alternative (adj.) - 可替代的Alternative means available as a substitute for something else. In the context of energy and resources, alternatives are often sought to reduce reliance on non-renewable or environmentally harmful options.26. sustainable (adj.) - 可持续的Sustainable means able to be maintained or kept going over a long period of time. Sustainable practices aim to protect the environment, economy, and social well-being without depleting resources.27. conservation (n.) - 保护Conservation is the act of protecting and preserving natural resources and habitats. It involves managing resources in a way that they can be used sustainably while maintaining their natural integrity.28. efficiency (n.) - 效率Efficiency is the ability to do something without wasting materials, time, or energy. Improving efficiency is crucial for reducing waste and minimizing the environmental impact of various activities.29. green (adj.) - 绿色的Green can refer to anything related to environmental conservation and sustainability. "Going green" means adopting practices that are friendly to the environment, such as using renewable energy or reducing waste.30. climate (n.) - 气候Climate is the usual kind of weather in a particular place or region. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and is often associated with human activities that emit greenhouse gases.31. change (n./v.) - 变化Change refers to the act or instance of making or becoming different. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues, requiringsignificant changes in human behavior and energy use.32. action (n.) - 行动Action refers to a thing done or a process that is taking place. Taking action on climate change involves implementing policies and practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a changing environment.33. responsibility (n.) - 责任Responsibility is the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. Individuals, communities, and governments all have a responsibility to protect the environment and address climate change.34. challenge (n.) - 挑战Challenge is a call to take part in a contest or competition, often involving problems to be solved. Addressing climate change and environmental pollution presents significant challenges that require innovative solutions.35. future (n.) - 未来Future refers to the time that will come after the present time. Ensuring a sustainable future involves making decisions and taking actions now that will have a positive impact on the environment and future generations.这些是 Unit 5 Topic 1中的重点单词，掌握它们将有助于理解和学习有关环境和能源的话题。
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全球化石燃料的二氧化碳排放量(Global Fossil-Fuel
CO2 Emissions)
数据介绍：
Since 1751 approximately 337 billion tons of carbon have been released to the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels and cement production. Half of these emissions have occurred since the mid 1970s. The 2007 global fossil-fuel carbon emission estimate, 8365 million metric tons of carbon, represents an all-time high and a 1.7% increase from 2006.
关键词：
数据格式：
TEXT
数据详细介绍：
Global Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions
Trends
Since 1751 approximately 337 billion tons of carbon have been released to the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels and cement production. Half
of these emissions have occurred since the mid 1970s. The 2007 global
fossil-fuel carbon emission estimate, 8365 million metric tons of carbon, represents an all-time high and a 1.7% increase from 2006.
Globally, liquid and solid fuels accounted for 76.3% of the emissions from fossil-fuel burning and cement production in 2007. Combustion of gas fuels (e.g., natural gas) accounted for 18.5% (1551 million metric tons of carbon) of the total emissions from fossil fuels in 2007 and reflects a gradually increasing global utilization of natural gas. Emissions from cement production (377 million metric tons of carbon in 2007) have more than doubled since the mid 1970s and now represent 4.5% of global CO2 releases from fossil-fuel burning and cement production. Gas flaring, which accounted for roughly 2% of global emissions during the 1970s, now accounts for less than 1% of global fossil-fuel releases.
CITE AS: Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2010. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2010
数据预览：
点此下载完整数据集。