Researchroposal访学研究计划
Research Proposal 写作步骤
英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分先扔一些指导英语研究计划书写作的文章的链接.hk/researchers/rp/wrp/序言：写研究计划书的难处在哪里研究计划书的重要性暂不讨论。
个人认为本科生写研究计划书有这些问题：1. 几乎从未写过研究计划书，接触科研的机会也不多，也没有相关课程教怎么写。
不知如何下手。
2. 不知如何搜索英文文献、从英文文献中搜寻和提炼自己需要的信息。
3. 用英语写学术文章，在遣词造句、思维方式方面比较生疏。
STEP1 定研究题目的大方向选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。
注意：1. 研究的主题最好是当今国际上比较热的，至少别太过时；如果时间充裕，可以浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。
2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。
到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。
如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。
STEP2 找文献&阅读文献文献选择的几个标准1. 以英语文献为主。
参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。
在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，这样方便你了解相关研究背景。
以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。
2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊（若不知道，可以咨询相关专业的老师，他们比较清楚）上发的文章；3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。
6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。
英文research proposal
英文research proposal一、研究题目研究题目应该能够简洁明了地表达研究的目的和内容。
应该避免使用太过晦涩的名词或术语，以免读者难以理解。
二、研究背景在这一部分，需要提出研究的背景情况，包括相关领域已有的研究成果、问题和未解决的难点。
也可以简要说明自己选择这一课题的原因。
三、研究目的在这一部分，需要清晰地表达出自己这次研究的目的是什么，以及想要解决的问题是什么。
也可以阐述一下自己希望通过这次研究能够取得的成果和对学术界或者实际应用的意义。
四、研究内容和方法研究内容和方法是整个研究计划中最为重要的一部分。
在这一部分，需要清晰地阐述自己的研究将要进行的具体内容，以及采用的研究方法。
这一部分需要做到既全面、详细地描述研究过程中的每一个步骤，又尽量简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。
五、研究预期结果在这一部分，可以预先设想一下自己这次研究可能得出的结论和结果。
也可以说明一下如果研究取得了预期的成果，对学术研究或者实际应用将会有怎样的帮助。
六、研究进度安排在这一部分，需要列出自己的研究进度安排，包括每个阶段具体需要做的工作内容、预计需要的时间，在研究过程中可能遇到的困难和问题以及相应的解决办法。
七、参考文献研究过程中所使用的参考文献应当列举清楚，并且按照一定的格式规范进行标注，以便审阅者查阅参考。
以上便是一份较为完整的英文research proposal的写作要点。
编写一份高质量的research proposal需要作者全面理解自己的研究内容，并清晰地向读者传达出来。
也需要遵循一定的格式规范，以便读者能够迅速理解并审阅。
希望以上内容对您有所帮助。
研究背景在研究背景部分，我将进一步详细介绍所选择的研究领域和当前的研究状况。
我们知道，现代社会信息爆炸，大数据时代已经到来。
在这个背景下，信息检索和数据挖掘变得尤为重要。
随着人工智能和机器学习等技术的飞速发展，自然语言处理也逐渐成为了研究的热点之一。
然而，当前自然语言处理领域依然存在着许多挑战和问题，比如语义理解、语言生成等方面的困难。
访学研修工作计划范文模板
访学研修工作计划范文模板一、访学研修的背景和目的（一）访学研修的背景访学研修计划是在综合考虑国家、学校以及个人发展的基础上，通过国家出国留学、短期访学、交流合作等方式，为提升专业技能、开拓国际视野、提高学术水平提供的一个工作机会。
在当今世界经济一体化、文化交流深入的大背景下，访学研修能够让个人获得更多的知识与技能，培养国际化视野，拓展国际交往范围。
本次访学研修计划是为了在国际化的背景下，提高自身的学术水平，增长见识，为学科的发展带来新的动力。
（二）访学研修的目的1. 获取最新的学术资讯和技术。
2. 学习国外的先进管理经验和工作方式。
3. 开阔自己的国际视野，提高国际交流能力。
4. 促进国际间的学术交流和合作。
5. 增进个人知识、技能和综合素质的提高。
二、访学研修的计划内容和工作方案1. 访学研修地点：选择国际知名的大学或科研机构，如美国斯坦福大学、哈佛大学、英国剑桥大学、德国马克斯-普朗克研究所等。
2. 访学研修时间：根据学校和个人的安排，选择合适的时间段进行访学研修，通常为一个学期或者一年。
3. 访学研修内容：结合自身的研究领域和学术需求，确定访学研修的具体内容和工作安排，包括学习课程、参与实验项目、参加学术会议、撰写论文等。
4. 访学研修费用：根据访学研修地点和时间确定费用预算，包括生活费、学习费、住宿费、交通费等。
5. 访学研修计划书：制定详细的访学研修计划书，包括访学研修的目标、内容、时间安排、费用预算、工作安排等，经学校审批后才能进行访学研修。
三、访学研修的实施和管理1. 访学研修的实施（1）根据访学研修计划书和学校的安排，按时前往访学研修地点，参加相关的学习和实践活动。
（2）按照访学研修计划书的要求，完成相关的学习和研究任务，积极参与学术交流和合作活动。
（3）定期向学校提交访学研修进展情况和成果汇报，及时解决遇到的问题和困难。
2. 访学研修的管理（1）学校成立访学研修管理小组，负责访学研修计划的制定、实施、管理和评估。
访问学者研究计划英文模板
访问学者研究计划英文模板厚谱教育：访问学者申请领跑者访问学者申请之初，需要向导师提供自己的研究计划，这份材料是向导师展现自己研究方向的重要依据，那么该如何写好研究计划呢，访问学者为大家提供一篇研究计划模板，仅供参考。
Topic:This research proposal suggests research on how the level of self-disclosure effects the degree of relationship satisfaction.Review of Literature:Guerrero & A f i f i (1995) conducted a study to examine topic avoidance and self-disclosure in family relationships. They found that males reported avoiding discussion of relationship issues more than females did. As Martin&Anderson(1995)sought to examine the motives behind self-disclosure in father-young adult relationships and the resulting level of relationship satisfaction, their study found that young adults seem to model their self-disclosure after their fathers' self-disclosure. P e g a l i s, Shaffer, B a z z in i, & Gr e e n i er (1994) examined the generality of the opener effect to males and females across different s i t u a ti on a l contexts. They found that both genders disclosed more and longer to high openers than to low openers across the different contexts, Leaper, Carson, Baker, Ho ll iday, & Myers (1995) used both same- and opposite-sex dyads in order to examine the relationship between listener verbal support and self-disclosure among friends. They found that females tended to be more responsive and supportive than males during discussions in both same- and cross-gender friendships. However, it was also found that men made more disclosing comments than did women, indicating that it is possible for males to disclose as much as females. They also found that imbalances in self-disclosure and verbal support are related to relationship dissatisfaction.Drawing on these findings, it could be possible to anticipate that individuals who have similarpatterns of self-disclosure would have higher degrees of relationship satisfaction. Continued research may further explore what other factors affect the degree of relationship satisfaction.Research Question:What effect does the level of self-disclosure have on the degree of relationship satisfaction?Hypothesis:Individuals who experience similar levels of self-disclosure will be more likely to have higher degrees of relationship satisfaction.Method:In congruence with the previous study conducted by Martin & Anderson (I 995), a design involving approximately 200 undergraduate students, I 00 male and I 00 female will be used. They will complete questionnaires consisting of measures of self-disclosure and communication satisfaction. They will also be given a questionnaire to have their significant others complete. This questionnaire will include the same measures. Participants will be informed that this research study focuses on self-disclosure and levels of relationship satisfaction, participation is voluntary, and their responses will be kept confidential. A self-addressed envelope will be enclosed to assist in confidentiality.Participants will complete the Self-Disclosure Scale (SDS) and the Communication Satisfaction Scale (CSS). Their responses will be compared with those of their partner's in order to assess the similarities between the pair's levels of self-disclosure to each other and their degree of relationship satisfaction.Participants will also be given a second questionnaire, which will ask them to assess what they believe to be their partners' level of self-disclosure and degree of relationship satisfaction.These responses will also be compared to examine whether individuals' self-reports of their levels of disclosure and satisfaction match up with what their partners believe their levels to be.Predictions:In response to the study done by Martin & Anderson (I 995), it should become clear that the amount of self-disclosure that occurs between individuals affects the relational satisfaction that is felt by both parties. Leaper et al. (1995) found that imbalances in self-disclosure and verbal support are related to relationship dissatisfaction. This would seem to indicate that the opposite would be true, as well. So, it may be found that individuals who experience similar levels of self-disclosure will have higher degrees of relationship satisfaction.A possible problem using the methods chosen is that self-report may not be entirely accurate. People may not truthfully portray their levels of self-disclosure and relational satisfaction. However, through the use of confidentiality and the second questionnaire that asks the partners to assess each other's levels, it is hoped that the potential for this problem may be decreased.ReferencesGuerrero, L., & A f if i, W. (Summer 1995). Some things are better left unsaid: Topic avoidance in family relationships. Communication Quarterly, 43, 276-296.Leaper, C., Carson, M., Baker, C., Holliday, H., & Myers, S. (1995). Self-disclosure and listener verbal support in same-gender and cross-gender friends' conversations. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 33. 3 8 7-405.Martin, M., & Anderson, M- (Spring 1995). The father-young adult relationship: Interpersonal motives, self-disclosure, and satisfaction. Communication Quarterly, 43, 119-130.Pegalis, L., Shaffer, D., Bazzini, D., & Greenier, K. (1994). On the ability to elicit selfdisclosure: Are there gender-based and contextual limitations on the opener effect? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 412-420.。
研究计划 Research roposal
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
?How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：?Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehowgets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A highquality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.?A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.?Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to doit and how you are going to do it.?The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.?The quality of your research proposal depends not only onthe quality of your proposed project, but also on thequality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.?This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.?TITLE:?It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effectivet itle not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.?ABSTRACT:?It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.?INTRODUCTION:?The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.?If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.?Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.?However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify“key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.?The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justificationfor the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:?1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.?2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.?3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.?4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.?5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.?6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)?7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.?8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)? LITERATURE REVIEW:?Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review ofthe literature.?The literature review serves several important functions:?1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.?2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.?3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.?4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.?5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.?6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.?7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.?8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).?Most students’ literature reviews suffer from thefollowing problems:?* Lacking organization and structure?* Lacking focus, unity and coherence?* Being repetitive and verbose?* Failing to cite influential papers?* Failing to keep up with recent developments?* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers?* Citing irrelevant or trivial references?* Depending too much on secondary sources?Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.?There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence toyour review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.?It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professorsand scientists are human beings too.)?METHODS:?The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.?The guiding principle for writing the Method section isthat it should contain sufficient information for thereader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficientdetails for another qualified researcher to implement the study.?You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.?Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.?Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is requiredfor traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)?For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:?1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use Why do you choose them Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study What activities are involved How long does it take?RESULTS:?Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedureswill be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.?DISCUSSION:?It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.?Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing?1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.?2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.?3. Failure to cite landmark studies.?4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.?5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.?6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.?7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.?8. Too much rambling — goin g “all over the map” withouta clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)?9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.?10. Too long or too short.?11. Failing to follow the APA style.?12. Slopping writing.?大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
怎样写英国访问学者研究计划-概述说明以及解释
怎样写英国访问学者研究计划-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述英国访问学者研究计划是一项重要的学术交流项目，旨在促进国际学术界之间的合作与交流。
通过该计划，研究者可以有机会在英国的著名高等教育机构从事研究工作，结识新的同行和学术资源，并且与国际顶尖学者进行深入的学术讨论与交流。
英国访问学者研究计划具有以下几个重要特点：首先，该计划的申请条件相对宽松，研究者只需满足相关院校的要求，具备一定的学术背景和研究能力即可申请。
其次，研究者可以根据自己的研究兴趣和方向选择合适的英国高校作为访问地点，以便更好地融入当地的学术环境与状况。
此外，该计划一般具有一定的时间限制，研究者可以根据自身的研究需要进行申请，从几个月到一年不等的访问周期都可以选择。
撰写英国访问学者研究计划的主要目的在于梳理出一个清晰的研究计划，明确在访问期间将要进行的研究内容、方法、目标和预期成果等。
研究计划的撰写过程需要考虑到所属领域的研究前沿和热点问题，并结合英国高等教育机构的研究实力和学术资源，制定出一份既有深度又有可实施性的研究方案。
通过撰写研究计划，研究者可以清晰地进行研究思路和方法的设计，明确研究的重点和难点，规划好研究任务的具体内容和时间节点，有助于提高研究工作的效率和品质。
另外，对于英国高等教育机构来说，研究计划能够帮助他们更好地了解访问者的研究兴趣和能力，从而提供更为精准和针对性的学术支持和资源。
总之，英国访问学者研究计划作为一项旨在促进国际学术交流的重要项目，具有广阔的发展空间和深远的影响力。
撰写研究计划是该计划的重要环节之一，它能够帮助研究者明确研究目标和方向，提高研究工作的质量，同时也有利于与英国高等教育机构的深入合作与交流。
对于研究者来说，参与该计划是一个难得的机会，能够拓宽学术视野，提升个人研究水平，为自己的学术发展带来巨大的潜力。
文章结构部分应该对整篇文章的组成进行简要介绍，包括各个部分的内容和顺序。
下面是对文章1.2文章结构部分的内容的建议：1.2 文章结构（Article Structure）本文将按照以下结构组织：引言部分（Introduction）：首先，我们将介绍英国访问学者研究计划的背景和重要性。
研究计划research proposal 模板
PhD PROJECT SPECIFICATIONYear 2013-2016Student name: XXXContact telephone number: XXXProject Title as submitted: Smart Mobility Profiling and GamificationBackground and MotivationIn many countries, the proportion of urban population has increased in recent decades. For instance, China’s total urban population is currently just over a half of its total population, rising from 26% in 1990. This mirrors a trend in most other developed countries. Urbanization[1], regarded as a strategy for accelerating development by some city governors, has also resulted in many challenges to urban public services. One of the main urban public services is transportation, which is in part governed by strategic transport policies in terms of both sustainability (CO2, air pollution) and competitiveness (congestion) and by incentives (e.g., cheaper off-peak private transport travel). A key challenge to all major cities is how to configure travel demand management (TDM), often referred to as mobility management policies and incentives to reduce congestion, accidents and pollution.Smarter transportation profiling both at an individual level to inform the individual and at a (spatial-temporal) group/public level to inform authorities, can lead to beneficial shifts in mobility to help address these challenges. TDM includes any policy to encourage better ways to use transport resource, for instance by offering people incentives to reduce their car use. The use of Gamification is investigated to set incentives and improve the engagement of target-specific app users [2]. Gamification is the use of game theory and game design techniques in non-game contexts, in this case in urban travel, in order to encourage people to adopt , or to influence how they use transportation. An example of an urban travel game consist of travelers being awarded different levels of points for use of different travel modes.PROJECT (RESEARCH) AIMSThe main objective of this project is to use both smart mobility profiling and gamification of urban travel to research and develop (R&D) better models of individual and aggregated urban mobility in order to better understand and aid shifts in mobility to meet strategic TDM goals. In order to achieve this overall R&D objective, three specific sub-objectives and methods are planned: First, to R&D two apps to acquire mobility data from both mobile sensors (e.g., phones) and fixed infrastructure (e.g., traffic sensors) in two cities Beijing and London; Second, to generate individual mobility profiles and to data mine aggregates of mobility data to model mobility patterns; Third, to correlate the mobility patterns of actual sensed data combined with gamification simulations of urban mobility to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.NOVELTYThe novelty for this study is mainly reflected by the exploitation of both smart mobility profiling and gamification. Nowadays, almost all people have one or more mobile devices such as smart phones, which give us a facility for developing some mobile applications to collect mobility data from mobile devices. Making full use of individual mobile devices and existing fixed infrastructure is quite important in terms of the cost efficiency of deployment and maintenance. However, the proliferation of most mobile applications relies on the users’ engagement. Gamification can be applied to the apps to motivate more people to use and keep them.METHODOLOGYThe methodology for the study involves mobility data collection, mobility profiling, data mining and modeling, gamification.Considering its good cross-platform ability and portability, we will use Java language to develop two apps: One runs on Android (or other mobile platforms) smartphones to collect mobility data from mobile users, with some game motivation strategies to encourage users try to use it and keep it; Another runs on a PC or laptop to collect data from fixed infrastructure and to conduct some necessary data processing.After acquiring mobility data required, methods (e.g. mobility path construction, topology construction, pattern discovery) described in [3] will be used to generate individual mobility profiles. According to [3], there are several algorithms for the pattern mining such as GSP, SPADE, AprioriAll. It is recommended to contain time-context information when representing mobility profiles.Gamification methodology is used to set incentives and improve the engagement of target-specific app users in this research. Gamification generally use six strategies [4]: scores, levels, challenges, leaderboards, achievements and rewards. For this study, these strategies can be used not only to collect mobility data, but also to encourage people to adopt, or to influence how they use transportation.EXPECTED OUTCOMESThe expected outcomes for this study as follows:Two apps, which support common communication techniques (e.g., cellular networks, bluetooth, WiFi) to send and receive mobility data required. The app used to collect to mobility data from mobile users will integrate some game techniques to improve the engagement of users and can determine the location of users and enable users to report some events (e.g., accident) only by taking a photo or other simple operations.A mobility profiling framework. According to data collected, mobility profiles can be acquired by using this framework. This means that the framework will implement functions necessary such as mobility paths construction, topology construction, pattern discovery.An evaluation report. According to the evaluation result about the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives, suggestions will be given toaid traffic departments to make policies that encourage people use transport resource more efficient and environmental-friendly.Three papers, which are published in highly ranked journals or conferences. PROJECT MILESTONESREQUIRED SKILLS/TOOLSAccording to the objectives and methodology for this study, the following skills / tools are required:Programming skills –the researcher should be proficient in common programming languages such as C++, C, Java. Particularly, Java is most likely used to this study for its good portability and cross-platform ability.Software design and development skills –such as OO design, design pattern, RUP. A good system is generally developed based on some excellent ideas and practices. Mathematical modeling skills –the researcher should also have strong mathematical background and modeling skills. Both are necessary to model mobility patterns and to correlate the mobility patterns of actual sensed data combined with gamification simulations of urban mobility to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.Data mining – common pattern mining methods such as GSP, SPADE, AprioriAll should be grasped. If possible, some improvements in some of them will be better.Mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) –the researcher should be familiar with at least a mobile operating system (e.g. Android, iOS, Symbian, Windows Phone).Matlab and SPSS - they both are effective tools to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.In conclusion, what I will have to learn is mainly about data mining. With good mathematical skills, I think it is not difficult to learn for me.REFERENCES[1] Li, Y., Y. Li, et al. (2012). Investigation of a coupling model of coordination betweenurbanization and the environment. Journal of Environmental Management 98(0), pp.127-133.[2] Foong Li, L., Z. M. Kasirun, et al. (2011). Gamification towards sustainable mobileapplication. In the 5th Malaysian Conference in Software Engineering (MySEC), 2011, pp.349-353.[3] Bayir, M. A. (2010). Enabling location aware smartphone applications via mobilityprofiling. State University of New York at Buffalo, pp.19-50.[4] Oja, M. and J. Riekki (2012). Ubiquitous Framework for Creating and EvaluatingPersuasive Applications and Games. Grid and Pervasive Computing Workshops. M.Rautiainen, T. Korhonen, E. Mutafungwaet al, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. LNCS 7096, pp. 133-140.。
如何写好研究计划（ResearchProposal）？
如何写好研究计划（ResearchProposal）？Research Proposal⼀般指研究计划，有过申请国外博⼠学习机会经历的⼩伙伴可能会⽐较熟悉。
此外，它还可以和我们的“开题报告”“开题计划”“选题报告”等基本对等。
其实，在进⾏科研⼯作时，制订合理的研究计划是必不可少的⼀步，好的研究计划也能让你的后续⼯作事半功倍。
那么，如何才能写好研究计划呢？1、如何确定研究问题？写研究计划之前需要确定研究问题，包括以下关键步骤：01.Start your proposal by drawing up a shortlist of topics that might be worth investigating.02.Take this list to someone who has had experience in carrying out research ( such as a colleague or potential mentor) to get advice on which topic, in their view, is the best one to proceed with.03.Formulate a general question that the research will answer and, from here, focus the question.04.Make decisions about what data needs to be collected to answer the question, where and how it might be collected, and how the data might be analysed.05.Draw up an initial research plan. It is important, at the same time, to read enough in order to decide whether the proposed project is on the right track.06.Think about the ethical implications of the research in terms of what permissions need to be obtained to carry out the research, and what guarantees of anonymity can be given to the people involved in the research.这其中通常对研究新⼿来说最为棘⼿的，是第3点，提出问题和聚焦问题。