2011年考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案-七绝俗手版
2011考研英语一真题及答案
2011 年考研英语一试题及参照答案SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ abodily exercise precious to health. But” _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’ indicates that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual emotional’s state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable优选文库6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subcinscious [D]intermal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D]at13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] ConverselySectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Reading the following fours texts. Answer the question below each text by Choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D]. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points) Text 1The decision of the New York philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least “ Hooray! A t last! ”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music criticOne of the reason why the appiontment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilber is commparatively little known Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert2011考研英语一真题及答案优选文库appointment in the Times, calls him “anunpretentious musician with no air of theformidable conductor about him. ”Asa description of the next music director of anorchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez, that semms likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint prwise For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a goodone. To be sure, be performs an impressive variety of interesting composition, but itis not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hearinteresting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up mycomputer amd download still more recorded music form iTumesDevoted concertgoers who reply that recording are no substitute for liveperformance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes , theeater companies, and museums, but also with the recorsedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordingare cheap, available everwhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality thantoday choosing. The widespread availabilyty of such recording has thus brought abouta ctisis in the institution of the traditional classical councertOne possible reponse is for classical performers to program attravtive new musicthat is not yet available on recors. Gilbert’owns interest in new music has beenwidely noted: Alex Ross , a classical-music critic, has described him as a man whois capable of turning the Phiharmonic into “ amarkedly different, more vibrantorganization ” But whatwill be the nature of that difference? Merely, expanding theorchestra ’repertorres will not be enough. If Gilbert and thr Philharmonic are tosucceed, they must first change the relationship between America’ a olderest orchest and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para 1 that Gilbert’ s appointment has[A]incured criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]raceived acclaim[D]around curiousity22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23.The auther believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ingore the expense of live performance[B]reject most kinds of recorded performance[C]exaggerate the variety of live performanc[D]overestimate the variety of live performance24.According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often interror to live concerts in quality[B]They are easily accessible to the genralpublic [C]They help improve the quality of music[D]They have only convered masterpieces25.Regarding Gilbert’ s role in revitalixing the Philharmonic, the authir feels[A]doubtful[B]enthusisastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his expanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving to presue my goal of running a company, broadcasting his ambition "was very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.MaGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside worldabout his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the NO.2 executives Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be morewilling to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEo turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, accordingto Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Krn Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey, "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commoditied exchange. Robert Willumstad left CItigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institurion three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad on. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, bu that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long"26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being( )A. ArrogantB. frankC. self-centeredD. impulsive27.According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by ( )A. their expectation of better financial statusB. their need to reflect on their private lifeC. their strained relations with the boardsD. their pursuit of new career goals28.The word "poached" (Line3, Paragraph 4) most probably means ( )A. approved ofB. attended toC.hunted forD. guarded against29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ( )A. top performers used to cling to their postsB. loyalty of top performers is getting out-datedC. top performers care more about reputationsD. it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. CEOs: where to GO?B. CEOs: All the Way Up?C. Top managers Jump without a NetD.The Only way out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid " media-such as television commercials and print advertisements-still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Webe site. The way consumenrs now approatch the board range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paind and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiators for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We difine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong tha other organization palce their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.Thies trend, which we believe is still in its infance, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further John& JOhnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign become hostage to consumers,other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesse that originally created them.If that happends, passinate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly sites such as Twitter and the social-news sit Digg.31.Consumers may creat "earned" media when they are ( )A. obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sitesB. inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to themC. eager to help their friends promote quality productsD. enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32.According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ( )A. a safe business environmentB. random competitionC. Strong user trafficD. flexibility in organization33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ( )A. invite constant conflicts with passinate consumersB. can be used to produce negative effects in marketingC. may be responsible for fiercer competitionD. deserve all the getative comments about them34.Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of ( )A. responding effectively to hijacked mediaB. persuading customers into boycotting productsC. cooperating with supportive consumersD. taking advantage of hijacked media35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A. Alternatives to conventional paid mediaB. Conflict between hijacked and earned mediaC. Dominance of hijacked mediaD. Popularity of owned mediaText 4It ’nos surprise that Jennifer Senior ’insightful, provocative magazine coverstory, “ I love My Children,IHate My Life, ” arousingis much chatter-nothing getspeople talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness, insteadof thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, weshould consider being happy as a past-tense condition Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that“ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly2011考研英语一真题及答案优选文库the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstandsthis week. There are also storiesabout newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual“ JenniferAniston is pregnant”news. Practically every week features at least onecelebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, o sot any wonder thatadmitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten- killing ? It doesn ’ t seem quite fair, then , to compare the regrets of parent to theregrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ’ t havehad kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the messagethat children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously theirmisery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course the image of parenthood that celebrity magazine like Us Weekly andPeople present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers likeBullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy thanchildless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, consideringhow much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their“ own (read:-the-clockwithhelp)roundis a pieceof cake.”It ’hards to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children justbecause Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that ababy is not a haircut. But it’ s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happinessenhancing- parenthood aren’ t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same waythat a small part of us hoped getting“ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child canbring [A] temporary delight.[B] enjoyment in progress.[C] happiness in retrospect.[D] lasting reward.2011考研英语一真题及答案优选文库37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folk.[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.[B] are largely ignored by the media.[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazinesis [A] soothing.[B] ambiguous. [C]compensatory.[D] misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize those paragraph into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph E and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophyand so on. These are disciplines that are going out of sytle:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduatesto have agrounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ generaleducation ”should look like. AtHarvard, Mr. Menand notes, “ the great books are read because they have been read theyform a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for whichthey entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly becauseuniversities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects: English department awarded more bachelor’ s-71degrees in 1970 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of adecade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to dusomething for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach courses is that they can cutacross the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations andprofessional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Manystudents experience both varieties Although more than half of Harvard undergraduatesend up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-art degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation top Americanuniversities have professionalized the professor. The growth on public money foracademic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfoldbetween 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for asuccessful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did notpossess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that“ the knowledge nda skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible butnot transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter theway in which“ the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies whichthey study, investigate and criticize. “ Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, mayneed to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The marketplace of Ideas: Reform andResistancein the American University should be read by every student thinking ofapplying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand,a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.SectionⅢ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ” Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52、 DirectionWrite an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In youressay ,you should1) describe the drawing briefly优选文库2)explain its intended measing and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)旅途之余2011 年考研英语（一）参照答案Section I Use of English1． C 2． D 3． B 4． B 5． A 6． B 7． A 8． D9． C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D19．A 20．C Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D40.B Part BPart C Translation46.艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认可的假定——我们不是机器人，所以可以控制自己的思想——而且指出了这个假定是错误的。
2011年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析
2011年考研英语（一）阅读理解全文翻译及解析来源：文都教育Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。
别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。
“好啊，终于好了！” Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air o f the formidable conductor about him。
” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise。
考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案
2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-1 621-25C B D B A 26-30B D C A C 31-35D C B A A 36-40C D A D B 41-45B D A C FS e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],,[C]o r[D].M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T 1.(40p o i n t s)T e x t 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sidedc l a s s i c a l-m u s i c c r i t i c。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。
2011年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析(word文档良心出品)
2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exer cise precious to health.” But _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably h as little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen c onsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unl ikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughte r apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dat ing back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychologic al stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___ ___feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical th eory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can f low _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psych ologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c hoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its ne xt music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the resp onse has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony T ommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, howeve r, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had adv ocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musicia n with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians li ke Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting com positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhe re else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music fr om iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the a rt-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorde d performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recor dings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such r ecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional cl assical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly differ ent, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship betwee n America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author fe els[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in th e usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much m y decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO a nd chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to th e outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also m ay wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior manage rs cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be m ore willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnove r was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders th ey had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunitie s will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconve ntional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Kor n/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in to p positions q uickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she want ed to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-base d commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambiti ons to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution thr ee years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The fin ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba d one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s be en fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hur t the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be describ ed as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television comm ercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a produ ct may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sale s to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own pr oducts. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for use rs’ respon ses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so str ong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within t hat environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competiti ve products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable infor mation about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit h more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the ris k that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earn ed media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakehold ers, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Mem bers of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media t o apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boy cott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a c ase, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and t he learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick an d well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience i s cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cove r story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –not hing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less t han a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding th at children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measure d by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-cr ushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every wee k features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstand s.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder th at admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to comp are the regrets of paren ts to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered wi th the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Week ly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are sin gle mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a pa rtner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults under stand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in so me small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the a ctual experienc e, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazine s is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosi ng from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusias m as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in thr ee years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philo sophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of A merican college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in hi story and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want t heir undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer stu dents want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more ba chelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requir es fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humaniti es students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that th ey can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts e ducations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in differen t schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top Ameri can universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public mone y for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose f ourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as resea rch took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind profession alisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a p articular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acqu ire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the p roduction of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to al ter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, ac ademics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from th e societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at lea st in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Ye t quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Refor m and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go el sewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it s killfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segment s into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHE ET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner chara cter and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that beca use we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneou s nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we thi nk that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind g enerates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be abl e to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do thi s or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do no t accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, bu t what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the ex ternal achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap b etween mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for n egl ect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If c ircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed t o bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Neve rtheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is t hat we have no one else to blam e for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilitie s contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were exp erts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” in stead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In yo ur essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011考研英语一真题和答案完整版
2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word，[B]，[C] （s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.ǁ But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does. __6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‗s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‗s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988rzburg ，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wü– or in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile with their lips，which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]，[B]，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. ―Hooray！At last！ǁ wrote Anthony Tommasini，a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however，is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‗s appointment in the Times，calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.ǁ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‗s live performances；moreover，they he widespread availability of such can be ―consumedǁ at a time and place of the listener‘s choosing. Trecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available Gilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely notedon record. G ilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross，a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different，more at difference？Merely expanding the orchestra‘s vibrant organization.ǁ But what will be the nature of threpertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‗s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. rn from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has 21. We lea r n from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity. 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances. 24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessible to the general public. [C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 25. Regarding Gilbert‗s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic，the author feels [A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled. Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.ǁ Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision，ǁ Mc Gee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‗t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter，CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：―I can‗t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.ǁ Those who jumped without a job haven‗t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age，saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ―The traditional rule was it‗s safer to stay where you are， fundamentally inverted，ǁ says one headhunter. ―The people who‗ve been hurt the worst are but that‘s been fundamentally invertedthose who‘ve stayed too long.ǁ 26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive. 27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‗ quitting may be spurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status. [B]their need to reflect on their private life. [C]their strained relations with the boards. [D]their pursuit of new career goals. 28. The word ―poachedǁ （Line 3，Paragraph 4）most probably means [A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against. 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it‗s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs：Where to Go？[B]CEOs：All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While – still play a major role traditional ―paidǁ med ia – such as television commercials and print advertisements ，companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may -mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web create ―ownedǁ media by sending esite. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ，t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some casessuch marketers ac t as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some cases，one marketer‘s owned media for instance，when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web become another marketer‗s paid media –site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，，which we believe is still in its infancy effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example，has created BabyCenter，a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income，the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing，and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers，other stakeholders，or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance，are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens，passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company‗s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful，and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor，for example，alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 31.Consumers may create ―earnedǁ media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products. 32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition. [C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization. 33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer competition. [D] deserve all the negative comments about them. 34. Toyota Motor‗s experience is cited as an example of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text 4 It‗s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful，provocative magazine cover story，―I love My Children，I Hate My Life，ǁ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable：instead ，Senior suggests we need to redefine happinessof thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratific ation and delight.ǁ The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only – and newly Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive single – mom Sandra Bullock，as well as t he usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnantǁ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation，is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing It doesn‗t seem quite fair，then，to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids，but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their ―ownǁ （read：with round-the-clock help）is a piece of cake. ny people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina It‗s hard to imagine that mamake it look so glamorous：most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‘s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，，happiness-enhancing pa renthood aren‗t in some small subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ― the Rachelǁ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A]temporary delight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]happiness in retrospect [D]lasting reward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that [A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D]having children is highly valued by the public. 38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly exposed to criticism. [B]are largely ignored by the media. [C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading. 40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. Part B Directions：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can，Mr Menand points out，became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly，up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities：Literature，languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style：22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However，many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general educationǁ should look like. At Harvard，Mr Menand notes，-they form a sort of social glue. ―the great books are read because they have been readǁ[C] Equally unsurprisingly，only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects：English departments awarded more bache lor‗s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So，at the end of a decade of theses-writing，many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate，taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law，medicine or business，future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process：federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990，but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career：as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation，argues Mr Menand，is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.ǁSo disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge，but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education，concludes Mr Menand，is to alter the way in which ―the producers of knowledge are produced.ǁOtherwise，academics will continue to think dangerously alike，increasingly detached from the societies which they study，at ，investigate and criticize.―Academic inquiryleast in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.ǁYet quite how that happens，Mr Menand dose not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas：Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities，and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University，captured it skillfully. G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45. Part C Directions：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver，，ǁ creating our inner character and outer circumstancesthe book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. -that because we are not robots we （46）Allen‗s contribution was to take an assumption we all sharetherefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However，Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind，and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in reality we are continually faced with a question：―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？ǁ Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire，Allen concluded ：― We do not attract what we want，but what we are.ǁ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‗t ― getǁ success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. Part of the fame of Allen‗s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.ǁ （48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need，and a rationalization of exploitation，of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however，would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances，however bad，offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people，then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wrongedǁ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our son‘s early life and its conditions are often the situation .Nevertheless，as any biographer knows，a per s on‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen‗s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in the array of limitations，now we become authorities of what is possible. Section ⅢWriting Part A 51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to 1）recommend one of your favorite movies and 2）give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User ―LI MINGǁ instead. Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B 52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should 1）describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‗s intended meaning，and 3）give your comments. Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points 41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译：翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语一真题
2011年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as ―a bodily exercise precious to health.‖ But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__，a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.__6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‗s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback，that improve an individual‗s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at theend of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips，which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]，[B]，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been favorable，to say the least. ―Hooray！At last！‖ wrote Anthony Tommasini，a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however，is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated Gilbert‗s appointment in the Times，calls him ―an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.‖ As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‗s live performances；moreover，they can be ―consumed‖ at a time andplace of the listener‘s choosing. T he widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‗s own interest in new music has been widely noted：Alex Ross， a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ―a markedly different，more vibrant organization.‖ But what will be the nature of th at difference？Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‗s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We lea rn from Para.1 that Gilbert‗s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‗s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic，the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and saidhe was leaving ―to pursue my goal of running a company.‖ Broadcasting his ambition was ―very much my decision，‖ Mc Gee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‗t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don‘t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter，CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must bepoached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：―I can‗t think of a single search I‘ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.‖Those who jumped without a job haven‗t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age，saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ―The traditional rule was it‗s safer to stay where you are，but that‘s been fundamentally inverted，‖ says one headhunter. ―The people who‗ve been hurt the worst are those who‘ve stayed too long.‖26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‗ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word ―poached‖ （Line 3，Paragraph 4）most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‗s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs：Where to Go？[B]CEOs：All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got whatyou paid for. No longer. While traditional ―paid‖ med ia –such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role，companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ，such marketers act as the initiator for users‗ responses. But in some cases，one marketer‘s owned media become another marketer‗s paid media –for instance，when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy，effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example，has created BabyCenter，a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income，the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‘ marketing，and may help expand user traffic for all companiesconcerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers，other stakeholders，or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance，are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens，passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company‗s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful，and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor，for example，alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create ―earned‖ media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‗s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‗s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‘s insightful，provocative magazine cover story，―I love My Children，I Hate My Life，‖ is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable，Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness：instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy，we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that ―the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratific ation and delight.‖The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock，as well as t he usual ―Jennifer Aniston is pregnant‖ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom，or mom-to-be，smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation，is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？It doesn‗t seem quite fair，then，to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappyparents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‘t have had kids，but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course，the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their ―own‖ （read：with round-the-clock help）is a piece of cake.It‗s hard to imagine that ma ny people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous：most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‘s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing pa renthood aren‗t in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ― the Rachel‖ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4，the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebritymoms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can，Mr Menand points out，became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly，up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities：Literature，languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style：22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However，manyleading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general education‖ should look like. At Harvard，Mr Menand notes，―the great books are read because they have been read‖-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly，only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects：English departments awarded more bache lor‗s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So，at the end of a decade of theses-writing，many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate，taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law，medicine or business，future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process：federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990，but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career：as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation，argues Mr Menand，is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.‖So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge，but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education，concludes Mr Menand，is to alter the way in which ―the producers of knowledge are produced.‖Otherwise，academics will continue to think dangerously alike，increasingly detached from the societies which they study，investigate and criticize.―Academic inquiry，at least in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.‖Yet quite how that happens，Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas：Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happeningin American Universities，and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University，captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver，‖ creating our inner character and outer circumstances，the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46）Allen‗s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless；this allows us to think one way and act another. However，Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind，and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone，in reality we are continually faced with a question：―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？‖Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire，Allen concluded ：― We do not attract what we want，but what we are.‖ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‗t ― get‖ success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen‗s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.‖ （48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need，and a rationalization of exploitation，of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however，would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances，however bad，offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people，then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wronged‖ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless，as any biographer knows，a per son‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‗s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us；where before we were experts in the array of limitations，now we becomeauthorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1）recommend one of your favorite movies and2）give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User ―LI MING‖ instead.Do not writer the address.（10 points）Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160——200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should1）describe the drawing briefly，2）explain it‗s intended meaning，and3）give your comments.。
2011考研英语一真题完整版
2011考研英语一真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”But ---__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around__20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as aman who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as wellas the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969athird of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be ableto sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”。
2011年英语真题与答案解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of l aughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The wi despread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspira tions. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expa nd user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as apast-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampe n our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littl e bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reform ing higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
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2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-16七绝俗手21-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say theleast.“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。
2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。
退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。
如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼托姆西尼就这样写：万岁，最后。
然而，这次任命还是令人意外。
原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。
就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。
作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到目前为此一直被牛人领导着）下一任指挥家的描述，这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，确实会吓到至少一部分泰晤士报的读者（让他们觉得不可思议）。
就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。
可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。
然而，我不需要访问Avery Fisher Hall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。
（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。
）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。
他们显然忽视了一个要点。
为了替音乐爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在纪录这些行为的媒介上竞争。
记录下来的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。
而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听者选择。
因此，这种记录的广泛应用，带来了传统音乐会的生存危机。
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization。
”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, theymust first change the relationship be tween America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract。
一个可能的答复（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从记录上得不到的曲子。
吉尔伯特在新音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，这被人广泛注意到了：如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。
但是，这种不同的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩展交响乐的节目是不够的。
吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的听众之间的关系。
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism。
[B]raised suspicion。
[C]received acclaim。
[D]aroused curiosity。
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential。
[B]modest。
[C]respectable。
[D]talented。
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances。
[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances。
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances。
[D]overestimate the value of live performances。
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality。
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public。
[C]They help improve the quality of music。
[D]They have only covered masterpieces。
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful。
[B]enthusiastic。
[C]confident。
[D]puzzled。
Text 229.当列姆麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释真令人意外。
与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地说，他离开是为了管理一家公司，而那是他一向就有的追求。
他说，作出这一选择纯属个人原因。
两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在9月29日聘他任CEO。
麦克杰说，他离开时并没有确定的目标，这使他得以反思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。
这同时也可以让他向外界展示自己的魄力。
无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）。
最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释是想当CEO。
由于董事会需要在股东压力下审查继承人方案，还没有被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。
商业环境复杂异常，这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的声明来损害自己的名声。
（be cautious of谨防）随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。
根据“登记册”研究机构的报告，由于神经紧张的董事会只听自己的领导人的话，在第三季度，CEO营业额从一年前开始下降了23%。
由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first。
”退出高级职位去寻找更好的的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。
多年来，执行官和猎头们过都坚持认为，最好的CEO 需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）。
某某说，当董事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的CEO时，我不能去考虑到我在网上一搜就有的那些人。
那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到顶级岗位。
十年前爱伦马拉姆从T公司领导人的位子上退下，也是为了当一个CEO。
一年前她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。
罗伯特在2005年为了当CEO而离开，他最终在一家主要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial cris has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad on e.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentallyinverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long。