考研英语阅读全文翻译复习过程

Passage 1

谨慎的(tight-lipped)老人们过去常说“在这个世界上，重要的不是你想要什么，而是你能够得到什么。”

心理学(psychology)教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且你想要的东西又合乎情理，那么你就能会得到它。

在脑海里，你可以为你的愿望描绘一幅蓝图(blueprint)，就像你绘制房屋的蓝图一样；日常生活中，我们每个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。如果我们想请朋友吃饭，我们就要定菜谱，列购物清单(make a shopping list)，并决定先做哪道菜。这样的计划对于举行的任何形式的饭局都是必不可少的。

同样，如果你想找份工作，就应该拿张纸，写一份自我简评(brief account)。为找工作制订计划时，应该以自己的实际情况为出发点，因为只有当你确切地知道你可以提供什么时，你才可能明智地(intelligently)计划到哪儿去求职(sell your services)。

实际上，你的这份自我评估是你工作经历的一个简介(sketch)，应当包括你的受教育程度、经历以及证明材料(reference)。这样的简历很有用。在填写正式申请表格(application blank)时可以作为参照，在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你交谈时，你可能的(could be)雇主将根据你的受教育程度、工作经历以及其他资历(qualification)来确定你是否值得他雇用，因此你必须以相关的合理而有序的方式展现你的“商品”和能力。

当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有了确切的(tangible)东西可推销了。这样你就可以找工作(hunt for a job)了。你应当尽可能地收集所有有关你未来工作的信息。查询(make inquiry)有关工作和公司的详细情况。保持耳目灵敏，运用自己的判断。每天花一定的时间寻找(seek)你想要的工作，并时刻记住：你现在的工作就是找份工作(secure a job)。

Passage 2

随着BBC (英国广播公司)国际电视服务节目的开播(start)，亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以收听到该公司的广播，还可以收看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。

当然，英国的听众(listener)和观众(viewer)可以调频收看两个BBC 电视频道(television channel)、收听五个BBC 全国广播电台和几十个地方广播电台(radio station)的节目。每户每年交八十三英镑的收视费(license fee)便可收看、收听体育新闻、喜剧、戏剧表演、音乐节目、新闻、时事(current affair)、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目以及电影等。

BBC 已经连续运作(stretch)了七十多年，可谓历程辉煌：然而，现在的BBC 却前途未卜(in doubt)。目前该公司还可以作为政府基金资助(publicly-funded)的公办广播机构(broadcasting organization)生存下去，但是它的作用、规模(size)以及它的节目已成为现阶段整个英国争论的话题(subject)。

这场争论是由英国政府发起的(launch)。政府邀请任何对BBC 有看法的人(包括普通听众和观众)对公司的好、坏情况发表意见，他们甚至可以发表有关“公司是否值得办下去”这样的意见。政府像这样征求意见的原因是BBC 持有的皇家契约(royal charter)将于一九九六年到期(run out)，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状，还是实行改革(make change)。

公司的捍卫者中有很多人喜欢引用美国的口号：“如果东西没坏(broke)，就不要修它。”他们说，BBC“没有破产”，意思是说该公司没有垮掉(与“一文不名”一词的含义完全不同，“一文不名”意为没有资金)，为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢?然而，BBC 将不得不实行改革，因为其周边的广播界(broadcasting world)正在发生变革。撒切尔政府的广播法要求商业电视频道(TV channel)(独立电视台和第四频道)更加商业化,互相竞争广告业务(advertiser)，降低成本，裁减员工。但是，从长远来看，正是新卫星频道(satellite channel)的出现由于它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户的收视费(subscription)，才会带来最大的变革。

Passage 3

十九世纪后半叶，“资方(capital)和劳方(labor)”按现代方式不断壮大并完善(prefect)各自对立的(rival)组织。许多老字号(old firm)被有限责任公司(limited liability company)所取代，由领取薪金的(salaried)经理人员组成管理(bureaucracy)层。通过雇佣(engage)大批专业人员(professional element),来适应新时代的技术需求(technical requirement)，防止了效率的下降而过去的家族式企业通常因为效率的下降，在那些充满活力的(energetic)创始人之后的第二、三代手中就破产倒闭了。此外，这也是公司摆脱个人奋斗，迈向集体化(collectivism)和市营企业、国有企业(state owned business)的一个步骤。虽然铁路公司还是为股东(shareholder)谋利(manage for the benefit)的私营企业(private business)，但同过去的家族式企业已大不相同了。与此同时，市政当局(municipality)

也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人(taxpayer)提供电力、交通(tram)和其它服务。

有限责任公司和市营企业(municipal business)的发展意义重大。资金和企业的这种大规模、非个人的运作(manipulation)极大地促进了作为一个阶层的股东人数的增加，增强了他们的重要性；股东阶层是国民中的一部分，代表了不需承担责任的财富从地产和土地所有者的责任中的分离(detach)，几乎也同样代表了从企业负责任的管理中的分离。整个十九世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资金发展，而英国的股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像Bournmouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇迅速发展起来，为大批“享乐”阶层提供了住所，而这些人靠自己的丰厚收入(income)过着隐居生活，这些人除了分取红利(dividend)、偶尔参加股东大会向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有任何联系。另一方面，“股权(shareholding)”意味着悠闲和自由，而这正是维多利亚时代后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。

像这样的“股东”不了解他所持股份的公司里雇用的工人的生活、思想或需要，他对劳资双方的关系也不会产生积极的影响。为公司工作而领取薪水的经理人员同工人以及工人的要求有更直接的联系，但即使是他们也很少熟知工人的个人情况，而在更具有家族统治(patriarchal)的体制下，如今已不复存在(pass away)的老字号的雇主通常十分了解工人的情况。实际上，仅仅是经营(operation)规模和所涉及的工人人数就使这样的关系变得不可能。然而，幸运的是，工会(trade union)的势力和组织在不断扩大，至少在技术行业(skilled trade)的工会是这样，这使得工人与雇用他们的公司经理的地位平等了。罢工和封闭工厂的无情惩罚(discipline)使得双方懂得彼此尊重，理解了公平协商(fair negotiation)的价值。

Passage4

在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢?在诸多因素中，我想特别提一下美国优秀的小学教育、乐于接受新技术的劳动力(labor force)以及给发明者以奖励(premium)的制度；最重要的是美国人处理技术性事务所具有的非语言、“立体(s patial)”思维天赋(genius)这一因素。

我为什么要提到小学教育呢?因为，正是依靠这些学校，我们早期的机械工人(mechanic)才普遍有了文化，并通晓了算术以及部分几何和三角知识(trigonometry)，这种情况在新英格兰和沿大西洋中部各州尤为明显。

敏锐的(acute)外国观察家认为，美国人的适应能力(adaptiveness)以及善于创造性(inventiveness)得益于这种教育优势。正如一八五三年一位访问过这里的英国委员会成员所报道的，“由于美国的孩子在学校接受了彻底的训练(discipline)，所以他们很快就成为熟练(skilled)工人。”

更进一步激励(stimulus)发明的因素就是“奖励”制度，这种制度产生于专利(patent)制度之前，并与专利制度共存了(parallel)许多年。这种奖励方法源于国外，它为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其它奖励(incentive)。

在美国，给新发明(device)的众多奖项一般在农村的商品展销会(fair)和主要城市的工业博览会上颁发(award)。美国人纷纷涌向这些展销会，去鉴赏那些新机械，因而使他们更新(renew)了自己的观点，坚信先进(advance)的技术可以造福人类。

由于对技术革新(innovation)的这种乐观态度，美国工人很轻易地习惯了机械技术(mechanical technology)所需的专门的非语言思维方式。正如尤金·福格森所指出的，“一位技术家所考虑的东西不可能用确切的(unambiguous)语言描述；他处理这些东西的过程是一个视觉的、非语言过程……。设计人员和发明者能够在他们的脑子里编制和应用(manipulate)那些尚不存在

的设计。”

这种非语言的“空间”思维能够像绘画和写作一样具有创造性(creative)。罗伯特·福尔顿曾经说过，“技术工人应该坐在控制杆(lever)、螺杆、楔子(wedge)和轮子等之间，像诗人沉浸于字母表中的文字一样，把这些东西看作他的思想的展示，在这种展示中，一种新排列就会传递一种新思想。”当所有这些决定性因素——学校、开放的态度、奖励制度以及立体思维的天赋——在富有的美国大陆上相互影响时，它们就形成了具有美国特征的竞争(emulation)。如今，该词意味着纯粹的模仿(imitation)。但在早期，它意味着为了名望和出类拔萃(excellence)而进行的友好而激烈的竞争。

Passage5

据传言，二十多本有关创世纪论(creationism)和进化论(evolution)的书籍即将问世。有几本书已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑的、常常还不开明(unenlightened)的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源(origin)以及进化问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论(scientific theory)。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学(cosmology)、地质学(geology)以及生物学(biology)已经提供了一套连贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。无论何时在课堂上讲述进化论的科学内容时，总会有些人挤出“同等时间”来鼓吹“科学的”创世纪论，而创世纪论以宗教(religion) 而不是科学为基础。实际上，所有科学家和大多数的非原教旨主义(non fundamentalist)宗教领袖们已经开始把科学的创世纪论看成是“拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教”。

金切尔的书在前四章非常简洁地介绍了进化论。作者在恰当的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评，并提供了答辩。在书的后三章，他毫不客气，猛烈地抨击了(beat)创世纪论者。他披露了这些人的伎俩和计谋(tactic)，对于那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，那些创世纪论者欺骗(deception)和歪曲(distortion)事实的程度可能会让他们感到气愤和吃惊，由于他们的基本动机motivation)是为了宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。

金切尔的论点(argument)明确(charity)而有说服力(effectiveness),也许部分原因是因为他是一哲学家(philosopher)。非专业人士至少能够获取那些支持进化论的资料和论点中的一种观念(notion)。对所有人来说，书中有关创世纪论者的最后一章阐述得相当清楚。这部优秀作品的封皮上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的就是理性(reason)”。“这本书也的确这么做——如果理性是评判创世纪论与进化论之争的惟一标准的话，那么一切问题就已解决了。

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Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

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(74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population

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