机械加工介绍(中英文对照)

机械加工介绍（中英文对照）第一章 1 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。

车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。

由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。

因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。

The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。

The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.床身是车床的基础件。

它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。

它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。

通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。

有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。

导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。

为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。

导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。

The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。

它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。

它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。

通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。

大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。

而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。

一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。

Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。

主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。

主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。

The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on sometype of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.尾座组件主要由三部分组成。

底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。

底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。

尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。

尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。

它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm（2~3英寸）之间的钢制空心圆柱体。

通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。

The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。