英国18世纪文学史
《英国18世纪文学史》Daniel Defoe (1660-1731): Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》丹尼尔·笛福出生于英国伦敦的一个小商人家庭, 信奉不同于国教的长老会。
笛福原姓福（Foe），1703年后自称笛福(Defoe)。
笛福没有受过大学古典文学教育，仅接受过中等教育。
早年经商，经营过内衣、烟酒业等，曾到过欧洲大陆的许多国家。
1692年经商破产转而以其他方式谋生。
他反对封建专制，主张发展资本主义工商业，善于写政论和讽刺诗，曾因讽刺政府入狱。
1683年，笛福曾被海盗俘虏过。
他一生充满冒险与刺激，他的经历可以说毫不逊色于其小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的主人公鲁滨逊。
笛福在59岁时开始小说创作,他的小说从一个侧面反映了十八世纪英国海外扩张的历史。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)就是最具代表性的一部海上和荒岛历险小说。
小说题材取材于苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔柯克的历险及作者本人被海盗俘虏的经历，1719年发表后迅即赢得读者的欢迎。
此后，他创作了大量海上历险及传奇故事，如《辛格尔顿船长》（，英文 1720）、《摩尔·费兰德斯》（，英文 1722）、《杰克上校》（，英文1722）和《罗克萨娜》（，英文 1724）等。
此外，他还发表了若干传记、游记，及几部有关经商的书。
笛福是英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被后人尊称为“小说之父”。
笛福的小说大多与海洋有关，小说传承了文艺复兴时期西班牙流浪汉小说的格调。
小说中的主人公往往出身卑微却拥有超人的聪明才智，能在不利的环境中战服重重困难，靠机智和个人奋斗而获得成功。
笛福善于描写人物，他的主人公一般充满活力且不信天命。
故事情节大多由主人公自述，这样的叙事技巧让小说阅读者在阅读时倍感亲切。
其小说细节逼真，语言自然，使读者犹如身临其境。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》是笛福的代表作。
这部小说问世一年之内竟连出了四版。
小说从初版至今，已出了几百版，几乎译成了世界上所有的语言文字，至今仍被世界各国广为阅读。
小说讲述了一个在海难中逃生的水手在一个荒岛上如何战胜险恶的自然环境，终于获救回到英国的故事。
这是一部历险小说，鲁滨逊在岛上艰难、惊险的经历是该小说的重点。
小说主人公鲁滨逊出身于一个体面的商人家庭，他父亲常常教育他要知足常乐，要满足现状，不要出海。
但海外的新世界像一块巨大的磁铁一样强烈地吸引着他。
鲁滨逊渴望航海，一心一意想要去海外闯荡。
他多次瞒着父亲出海。
第一次航行即遭不幸，船只因遇到大风浪而沉没，他千辛万苦才得以保命。
第二次出海去非洲经商，很幸运地小赚了一笔钱。
第三次出海被摩尔人俘获而当了奴隶，后偷了主人的小船而脱逃，途中被一艘葡萄牙货船救走。
船到巴西后，鲁滨逊买了一个庄园，做了庄园主。
他不甘心于这样的发财致富，又再次出海，到非洲贩卖奴隶。
船在途中遇到风暴触礁，船上人员全部遇难，唯有鲁滨逊一个人幸存下来，只身飘流到一个荒芜的孤岛上。
孤立无援中，鲁滨逊克服了最初到荒岛时的悲观绝望情绪，凭着顽强的毅力开始了征服大自然的斗争。
他修建住处、种植粮食、驯养家畜、制造器具、缝制衣服，把荒岛改造成了可居之处。
在与大自然的搏斗中，鲁滨逊表现出了非凡的毅力。
在荒岛上，鲁滨逊被大海包围，孤立无援。
鲁滨逊坚韧不拔的精神、改造自然的毅力和战胜孤独的勇气，是这部小说历久弥新的艺术魅力所在。
然而，笛福在鲁滨孙身上也反映了资产阶级的两重性。
虽然本书颂扬了劳动，肯定了人类同大自然的斗争精神，但与此同时也把一切人际关系变成了对物质财富占有的关系，并把殖民主义行为合法化。
在鲁宾孙眼里，也是笛福眼里，世界的中心是白人，“人权”和“自由”并不适用于未开化的民族，“星期五”只有做他的奴仆才能获得“幸福”。
P174-1797.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》1726年在英国首次出版，受到读者喜爱，一周之内售空；三周售出一万册。
出版两个多世纪以来，被翻译成几十种语言，在世界各国广为流传。
作者运用讽刺影射的手法，反映了18世纪前半期英国的社会矛盾，揭露了当时统治集团的腐败和罪恶，并抨击了侵略战争和殖民主义的危害。
尽管是对宫廷和政治家的讽刺，但作品却超越了它的时代和地方的局限，尤其是前面的那两个部分，被认为是“文学的伟大宝库之一”。
《格列佛游记》是一部奇书，它不是单纯的少儿读物，而是饱寓讽刺和批判的文学杰作，英国著名作家乔治•奥威尔一生中读了不下六次，他说：“如果要我开一份书目，列出哪怕其他书都被毁坏时也要保留的六本书，我一定会把《格列佛游记》列入其中。
”在这本书中，斯威夫特的叙事技巧和讽刺才能得到了淋漓尽致的反映。
作品的主人公里梅尔•格列佛是个英国外科医生，后升任船长；他受过良好教育，为祖国而自豪，在职业和政治两方面似乎都颇有见识，可是他本质上却是一个平庸的人，而斯威夫特正是利用了主人公的这种局限达到了最充分的讽刺效果。
全书由四卷组成，在每一卷中格列佛都要面临常人难以想象的特殊情况。
第一卷写的是格列佛在小人国(利立普特)的遭遇，格列佛与利立普特人的大小比例为十二比一，那里的居民身高仅6英寸，格列佛置身其中，就像一座“巨人山”。
起先他被小人们捆了起来，但后来由于他表现温顺并答应接受某些条件，小人国国王同意恢复他的自由。
此时，该国正遭到另一小人国(布莱夫斯库) 入侵，格列佛涉过海峡把敌国舰队的大部分船只掳来，迫使敌国遣使求和。
尽管格列佛立了大功，但后来因在几件事情上得罪了国王，国王决定刺瞎他的双眼，将他活活饿死。
格列佛得知消息，仓皇逃向邻国，修好一只小船，起航回家。
第二卷描述格列佛在大人国的遭遇。
在这一卷里，格列佛又一次出海时，遭遇风暴，船被刮至一片陌生的陆地。
这陆地叫布罗卜丁奈格(大人国)。
那里的居民身高有如铁塔。
格列佛一到这里，由“巨人山”一下子变成了侏儒，置身大人国，自己仿佛变成了一个利立普特(小人国)人，比例倒了过来，成了一比十二。
在大人国的农夫面前，格列佛像鼹鼠般大小，被农夫当作玩物带回家。
为了赚钱，农夫竟把他带到市镇，让他耍把戏，供人观赏。
后来他被王后买去，得以与大人国的国王相处。
逐渐地，格列佛思乡之情日益浓烈，在一次随国王巡视边境时佯称有病，去海边呼吸新鲜空气。
当他在岸边钻进小木箱睡觉时，一只大鹰将木箱叼走。
后来木箱落入大海，被路过的船只发现，里面的格列佛获救，终于又回到英国。
第三卷写的是飞岛国。
这一卷比较松散，铺得较开，写格列佛以勒皮他(飞岛)游历为中心，兼及巴尔尼巴比、拉格奈格、格勒大锥和日本四个地方的游记。
第四卷描述了格列佛在贤马国(“慧骃国”)的所见所闻。
这是历来最为争议的部分。
在那里，格列佛遭到智慧而理性的慧骃的放逐，满心怅惘地回到那块生他养他如今却叫他厌恶的故土，愤怒而又无可奈何地与一帮“野胡”在一起度过自己的余生。
在这些虚构的国度里可以找到当时英国社会的痕迹。
作品集中反映了18世纪前半期英国社会的种种矛盾，对英国政治制度作了辛辣的讽刺。
如小人国里的高跟鞋代表的是当时的辉格党，而低跟鞋代表的是托利党，关于打破鸡蛋是从大的一头打还是从小的一头打的争论反映了宗教战争。
主人公格列佛勤劳、勇敢、机智、善良。
作品想象丰富，构思奇特，勾画出一个五彩缤纷的神奇世界。
幻想与现实的有机统一是这部作品的最大特点。
首版在一周内售完，并立即被译成法文和荷兰文。
18世纪末叶出现了改编的小册子。
伦敦塔巴特出版社于1805年首次出版了专门的儿童版本，并附有三幅彩色铜板插画。
迄今的儿童版本一般只涉及格列佛在小人国和大人国的奇遇。
《格列佛游记》对英国和世界儿童文学产生过重要影响，尤其是其勾想手法、离奇描写在英国儿童文学史上有开拓意义。
P96-1018. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771): The Adventures of Roderick Random《蓝登传》托比亚斯·乔治·斯摩莱特（1721-1771）于1721年出生在苏格兰的但巴顿郡，年幼丧父，青年时代就读于格拉斯哥大学，成为外科医生学徒，1739年来到伦敦。
1740年以外科医生助手的身份加入海军远征队，参加了英国与西班牙争夺美洲殖民地的战争。
1744年在伦敦定居，不久之后就将注意力从医学转移到写作。
丰富的生活阅历为他提供了艺术创作的素材。
他的作品包括戏剧、诗歌、政治讽刺和欧洲游记。
他还是一位新闻工作者、编辑和翻译。
著有六部长篇小说，两部戏剧，编辑和撰写的非虚构作品多达七十卷，还翻译过大量的文学作品，其中包括三十五卷本《伏尔泰全集》。
斯摩莱特的主要成就还是小说，著有《蓝登传》（The Adventures of Roderick Random,1748）、《佩里格林·皮克尔传》（英文，1751）、《菲迪南伯爵》（英文，1753）、《朗斯洛·格里弗爵士》（英文，1760）和《汉弗莱·克林克历险记》（英文，1771）等。
与菲尔丁和理查逊一样，斯摩莱特是18世纪英国小说发展过程中起到极其重要作用的人物。
斯摩莱特的小说既具有很强的写实成分，又带有很强烈的主观色彩。
其作品中社会批判倾向鲜明，继承了流浪汉小说的传统，讽刺辛辣，人物漫画化。
他的小说语言简洁，动作性强，非常个性化。
他在作品中引进苏格兰、威尔士、爱尔兰等各种方言及职业专门语。
尤其令人叫绝的是他根据亲身经历收集的有着海军语言特征的词汇，这些语汇为情节的发展和人物的塑造起到了画龙点睛的作用。
斯摩莱特与同时代的小说家相比，他的不同之处在于他更彻底地撕去了十八世纪英国社会漂亮、伪善的外衣，把卑鄙、残忍、腐朽、惨不忍睹的黑暗面完全裸露在读者面前，并对其进行无情的鞭挞。
他对军舰上污秽不堪的病区及伤员所受的折磨的描写极为真实，让人感到惊骇。
这种接近自然主义的写实手法是当时现实主义的新发展。
斯摩莱特对于英国文学，特别是对18世纪英国现实主义小说的发展有着独特的贡献。
斯摩莱特的小说几乎都与海洋有关，他的小说以大海为背景，描写海军的真实生活，他在表现海军生活方面打开了一个新的领域。
从某种意义上来说，他是英国海军生活小说的创始人。
斯摩莱特的处女作《蓝登传》（1748）是根据斯摩莱特本人的经历写成的自传体作品，是一部典型的流浪汉小说。
主人公蓝登出生于苏格兰的绅士家庭。
因不堪其祖父的暴虐，蓝登的父亲在他很小的时候便离家出走。
在没有父爱的环境中长大后，蓝登带上一名侍从到伦敦谋生。
经过努力，他获得医师资格，当上海军医生助理，在海上经历过种种磨难，一度沦为奴仆并爱上主人的侄女。
由于爱情无望，他返回伦敦，因债务缠身被关进监狱。
后来，叔父将他救出，两人一起四处流浪，在西班牙遇见早年离家出走现已身为富豪的父亲。
英国文学史个时期作者作品及地位对应表
John Bunyan
The puritan
清教徒
约翰·班杨
The Pilgrim’s Progress
天路历程
A Puritan prose writer一个清教徒散文作家，allegory梦幻宗教寓言，
In the 17th century British social realistic picture17世纪英国社会现实主义图景
2.Othello
3.King Lear
4.The tragedy of Macbeth
The Tempest
四大喜剧：
1.仲夏夜之梦
2.威尼斯商人
3.皆大欢喜
4.第十二夜
四大悲剧：
1.哈姆雷特
2.奥赛罗
3.李尔王
4.麦克白
暴风雨
above all writers in the past and in the present time，he produced 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets and 38plays两首长诗歌，154首十四行诗和38部戏剧，represents the climax of the Renaissance代表了文艺复兴时期的高潮，one of the first founders of realism第一个现实主义的创始人之一，an encyclopedia of the Elizabethan Age伊丽莎白时代的百科全书，the largest command ofvocabulary他有最大的词汇量，Aeschylus and Shakespeare as “ the two greatestdramatic geniusesthe world has ever known”埃斯库罗斯和莎士比亚是“两个世界历来所知最伟大的戏剧天才”
刘意青《简明英国文学史》课后习题详解（18世纪英国文学小说的兴起）【圣才出品】
刘意青《简明英国⽂学史》课后习题详解（18世纪英国⽂学⼩说的兴起）【圣才出品】第9章⼩说的兴起1.Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel in England.Key:There are several factors that promote the rise and the first flowering of the English novel.First,as we’ve said in the previous section,in the18th century science and technology developed fast,and printing grew as one of the most prosperous trades.Therefore,books were quickly printed and in comparatively larger numbers.Second,with the growth of capitalist economy,the middle class grew strong to become the dominant element in all the aspects of social,political and economic life of England.And with it an urban economy also came into being. Big cities like London increased in number in the country and farmers or the agricultural population swarmed into the city to gradually settle down as traders, servants,workers and apprentices.These new settlers in the cities formed a reading public that badly needed to improve themselves and they provided the necessity and possibility of the flourish of a book market.Third,with the development of industry,women were deprived of their previous opportunities of spinning and weaving at home.Without a way to earn a living,women who failed to marry into a family with secure financial means to support them were forced to work as maids,or became thieves,prostitutes orkept women in the cities.These women,no matter as an idle wife of a rich man,or as a servant girl,joined the public readers and some of them even became writers themselves who sold popular literary works to earn a living.Thus,by mid-18th century,a large book market had been established in England that sold reading stuff of all kinds,from journals and newspapers,political pamphlets,conduct books,travel guides,manuals for house decoration,ghost stories,romances,etc. to serious literature of poetry,drama and prose work written by classical masters like Swift and Johnson.2.Discuss Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.Key:Readers of China are mostly familiar with this novel.In the past we emphasised Crusoe’s imperialist and capitalist side,because Marx says in his On the Capital that Crusoe is the typical representative of the rising capitalist class whose sole interest is to expand and exploit,and in Crusoe’s adventures we see how capital is accumulated at the early stage of capitalism.While what Marx says is correct,he only sees the story from a political and economic point of view.As a literary figure,Crusoe is more than just a money-grabbing capitalist and colonialist.He also shows many positive sides of the rising middle class,such as the love for labor,the industrious and thrifty life style,courage to explore strange lands,a curiosity to know the world,and the strong desire to test one’s own strength and establish one’s individual identity.3.What kind of novel did Richardson write?And discuss his two major novels toshow your points.Key:All Richardson’s novels and writings preach the Puritan ideology of hard work,honesty,thrift,industry,and,most of all,the importance of living a virtuous life.For example,his Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded and Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady.In Pamela,or Virtue Rewarded,Pamela grew up into a beautiful and virtuous young woman with good taste and refined manners,getting through many hardships and threats,and finally she is married to his young master Mr.B, which indicates that her virtue is rewarded. In Clarissa,or The History of a Young Lady,unlike Pamela in birth,Clarissa Harlowe was the daughter of a rich merchant.She was both beautiful and virtuous and had her own share of wealth given to her by her grandfather.But such a young lady could not choose to marry a man she liked and respected,for her father and brother forced her to marry a rich but disgusting and vulgar merchant,in order to merge the property and wealth of the two families.To escape the hatedmarriage,Clarissa,inexperienced and innocent,fell into the hands of a rake Mr.Lovelace and was deceived and kidnapped to a brothel,and later drugged and raped.Although afterwards Lovelace realised his true feelings for Clarissa and proposed marriage,the virtuous girl could neither forgive him nor herself for harboring illusions toward a rake.Finally,she sought a slow suicidal death and wrote her own story as a warning to all the young women.4.How did Fielding name his panoramic novels?What are the main features of his novels?Key:Fielding named his panoramic novels“comic epic in prose”.Epics are usually written in verse,and the subjects are always adventures and heroic deeds of the heroes of noble birth.But here Fielding tells us that he has written a prose work with the epic scope and power,but the main protagonists are common people and even people of the low social status.This is a real revolution in the Western literary history in which literary genres abide by a rather strict rule of levels of style.Although Parson Adams and Joseph are still comic roles,they are no longer minor characters,but the centre of the story.In this experiment of Fielding’s,the new novel has paved way to the more realistic representation of common people’s experiences in the19th century.5.Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel?In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Key:We have several reasons to call Tristram Shandy experimental and difficult. First,it is perhaps the first English novel that does not respect the plot’s time sequence.Second,the book is made difficult by Sterne with a lot of typographical oddities.And third,he has employed a lot of sexual jokes such as his own unfortunate accidents during his mother’s conception of him and later the doctor’s crushing of his nose.Sterne is the first novelist who anticipates the postmodern violation of the temporal sequence of a narrative.。
刘意青《简明英国文学史》配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】(18世纪英国文学(1688-1780))
第4部分18世纪英国文学（1688-1780）一、填空题1.Henry Fielding has been regarded as“_____”,for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.（吉林大学2007研）【答案】Father of the English Novel【解析】亨利·菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”。
2.A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a sharp_____against the social injustice in_____.（天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】satire,Ireland【解析】1729年斯威夫特发表的《一个温和的建议》是对英国政府对爱尔兰人民剥削压迫的极度讽刺。
这一宣传册建议爱尔兰的穷人把刚满一周岁的孩子卖给富人，富人可将孩子做成美餐，而穷人也将获得一笔收入。
3.The English novel began to prosper in18th century as a new literary genre.In this period there appeared a number of great novelists such as_____,Daniel Defoe, and_____.（天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】Jonathan Swift,Samuel Richardson【解析】18世纪英国文学的小说家主要有Defoe，Swift，Richardson，Fielding，Smollett and Sterne等。
4.Author:_____Title:_____.（南京大学2007研）At other times,the like battles have been fought between the Yahoos of several neighborhoods,without any visible cause:those of one district watching all opportunities to surprise the next,before they are prepared.But if they find their project has miscarried,they return home,and,for want of enemies,engage in what I call a civil war among themselves.【答案】Author:Jonathan Swift Title:Gulliver’s Travels【解析】题中文段节选自乔纳森的《格列佛游记》。
英国文学史 十八世纪 古典主义,感伤主义
A. Social background
5. With the advent of the 18th century, there sprang into life a public movement known as the enlightenment.
Abroad
A vast expansion of British colonies in
ended in a compromise between the
aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became
a constitutional monarchy and power passed
from the King to the Parliament and the
• Puritanism is religious doctrine of the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the
revolution. The puritans believed in thrift,
hard work and so on, and condemned worldly
A. Social background
3. The press became a mighty power, and any
writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders. 4. The social life developed rapidly. in earlier ages: individualism in the 1st half of this century: sociability
The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史 新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。
英国文学史发展历程
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowu lf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
18世纪的英国文学
《汤姆·琼斯》的价值就在于用一个烂 熟的套路广泛地描绘了英国的社会生活。
（四）劳伦斯·斯泰恩
斯泰恩是英国感伤主义文学的代表作家， 他的小说对世界文学都有重要的作用，代表 作是《感伤的旅行》。
英国的感伤主义发展到斯泰恩已经形成 一个大的浪潮，感伤主义的名称即因斯泰恩 的小说《感伤的旅行》而确定下来。
很多人认为英国的感伤主义是从理查逊 开始的。
理查逊的小说里也有大量议论的部分。 有些议论被人斥为是“自满自足的中产阶级 的道德说教”。
理查逊小说中细腻的感情分析成为英国 小说中重要的倾向，他还创造了“书信体” 小说。
理查逊小说的整体格调是哀婉的。
（三）亨利·费尔丁
亨利·费尔丁是18世纪英国很有影响的 小说家，他的创作很丰富。最早的小说是 《约瑟·安德鲁斯》，是针对《帕美拉》的 感伤情调写的反讽，费尔丁把它叫做“散文 滑稽史诗”，是对当时以理查逊为代表的作 家创作的一系列感伤小说的讽刺。
（五）约拿旦·斯威夫特
约拿旦·斯威夫特（1667-1745）在文学 史上有独特的地位，代表作是《格列佛游 记》。
《格列佛游记》一共分为四部分：第一 部分叫“小人国”；第二部分叫“大人国”； 第三部分叫“飞岛”和“飞岛的地下部分”， 第四部分叫“慧马国”。
《格列佛游记》第四部分“慧马国”写 的是主人公格列佛漂流到一个孤岛，被一群 野人包围，一匹马把格列佛带到了“慧马 国”。格列佛回到人类社会后，被不相信他 的人关进疯人院。他的妻子让大夫为他做一 个诊断。结果格列佛一见到穿着严肃的医生， 就把他们称为“野人”，认为这些穿着文明 的人和岛上没穿衣服的人是一样的。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派[终稿]
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派古英语和中古英语时期古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期.最早的文学形式是诗歌, 以口头形式流传,主要的诗人是吟游诗人.到基督教传入英国之后,一些诗歌才被记录下来.这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》,用头韵体写成.古英语时期(1066?1500)从1066年诺曼人征服英国,到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语.文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇,民谣和诗歌.在几组骑士传奇中,有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事,其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就.中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣,最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣.3,最重要的诗人是被称为"英国诗歌之父"的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》,取得了很高的艺术成就.他首创了诗歌的双韵体?每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,后被许多英国诗人采用.乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.重要的诗人有Philip Sidney,他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗,还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》.Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了著名长诗《仙后》.莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人,著有两部叙事诗,两部长诗和154首十四行诗.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统.一个著名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon,他的文学著作主要有《随笔》,收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔,思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就.主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe), 莎士比亚(W. Shakespeare).17世纪的英国文学17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一,由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾,爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的"光荣革命".与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想.因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向.两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬.弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉.〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品,用"基督徒"到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程.18世纪的英国文学18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象19世纪的英国文学19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说.布来克和罗伯特?彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人.布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉.彭斯是著名的苏格兰民族诗人,写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊,爱情,自由,平等的诗歌,其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传.浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始,到瓦尔特斯各特的逝世为止,主要文学成就为诗歌,涌现了华滋华斯为代表的"湖畔派"诗人和拜伦,雪莱,济慈等富有革命理想,颂扬自由与解放的诗人.19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活,暴露和批判了资产阶级社会的罪恶,对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情.狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家,善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想,作品题材广泛,思想深刻;萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物.批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品:Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.分析简?爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想.托马斯?哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家,他称自己的作品是"性格与环境的小说".代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉.20世纪的现代派作家人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成.主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫.乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活.弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧.。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读作者及作品
英国文学史及选读作者及作品一、盎格鲁—撒克逊时期The Anglo-Saxon Period※《贝奥武甫》“The Song of Beowulf”《浪游者》“Widsith”or “The Traveller's Song"《航海家》“Seafarer”二、盎格鲁—诺曼时期The Anglo—Norman Period※《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”杰弗里《史记》Geoffrey’s “History”莱亚门《布鲁特》Laysmon’s “Brust”《罗兰之歌》“Chanson de Roland”三、乔叟时期Geoffrey Chaucer （1340?-1400）※《坎特伯雷故事集》“The Canterbury Tales”《玫瑰传奇》“Romance of the Rose”《好女人的故事》“The Legend of Good Women”《声誉殿堂》“The House of Fame"《百鸟会议》“The Parliament of Fowls"《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》“Troilus and Gressie"大众民谣Popular Ballads※《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》“Robin Hood and Allin—a—Dale””※《起来，去关门》“Get Up and Bar the Door”※《派屈克·斯宾塞爵士》“Sir Patrick Spens”托马斯·帕西《英诗辑古》Bishop Thomas Percy ”Reliques of Anciet English Poetry”兰格论《农夫皮尔期》“The Vision of Piers，the Plowman”四、文艺复兴时期The Renaissance1．威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare(1564—1616）1590《亨利六世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”《亨利六世》第三部The Third Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1591《亨利六世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1592《理查三世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ”《错误的喜剧》“The Comedy of Errors”1593《泰特斯·安德鲁尼克斯》”Titus Andronicus”《驯悍记》“The Taming of the Shrew”1594《维洛那两绅士》“The Two Gentlemen of Verona”《爱的徒劳》“Love's Labour’s Lost”《罗密欧与朱丽叶》“Romeo and Juliet”1595《理查二世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅱ"《仲夏夜之梦》“A Midsummer Night's Dream”1596《约翰王》“The Life and Death of King John”※《威尼斯商人》“The Merchant of Venice”1597《亨利四世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”《亨利四世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”1598《无事生非》“Much Ado About Nothing”《温莎的风流娘儿们》”The Merry Wives of Windsor”《亨利五世》”The Life of King Henry Ⅴ”1599《尤利乌斯·凯撒》“The Life and Death of Julius Caesar”《皆大欢喜》”As You Like It”1600《第十二夜》“Twelfth Night ,or，What You Will”※1601《哈姆雷特》“Hamlet, Prince of Denmark"1602《特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达》“Troilus and Cressida"《终成眷属》“All's Well That Ends Well”1604《一报还一报》“Measure for Measure"《奥塞罗》“Othello，the Moore of Venice”1605《李尔王》”King Lear”《麦克白》“The Tragedy of Macbeth" 1606《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》“Antony and Cleopatra”1607《科里奥拉鲁斯》”The Tragedy of Coriolanus”《雅典的泰门》“Timon of Athens”1608《佩里克利斯》“Pericles，Prince of Tyre”1609《辛白林》“Cymbeline，King of Britain”1610《冬天的故事》“The Winter’s Tale”《暴风雨》“The Tempest”《亨利八世》“The Life of King Henry Ⅷ”Poems《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》“Venus and Adonis”《露克丽丝受辱记》“Lucrece”※《十四行诗》“Sonnets"2。