英语高考高效备考之非谓语动词解题原则与技巧
【高考复习】高考英语单词：非谓语动词十大实用解题原则
【高考复习】高考英语单词：非谓语动词十大实用解题原则非谓语动词主要包括todo,-ing和-ed三种形式，可是其用法非常广泛，它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点，而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。
为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法，笔者在教学实践中总结出十条实用的解题原则，并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。
根据这些原则，相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一：两句话必须用连词连接。
如果没有连词，你需要使用非限定动词例1._________manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.a、我已经死了。
havingtoldc。
他已经死了。
虽然他已经死了例2._________manytimes,hestillcouldn’tunderstandit.a、我已经死了。
havingtoldc。
他已经死了。
虽然他告诉过我解析：例1中有连词but连接，表明前后都是句子，所以答案为c。
例2后面是一个没有连词的句子，所以前面不是一个句子，应该使用非限定动词。
根据句子的意思，它是被动的，所以答案是a。
原则二：不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式例3 _________________________。
a.havinglostb.lostc.beinglostd.losing分析：lose是一个及物动词。
现在它后面没有物体，所以它使用-ed的形式，答案是B。
例4.__________,ireallybelievethati’dprefernot tomakeanychangenow.a、考虑到可能性B。
考虑到所有的可能性c.takenallthepossibilitiesintoconsiderationd.givingallthepossibilities分析：把。
认为结构是值得考虑的。
现在有一个对象，所有的可能性都在后面，所以使用-ing的形式，答案是B。
高中英语真题-巧用口诀和图表学习非谓语动词
高中英语真题:巧用口诀和图表学习非谓语动词英语中的动词分谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类，谓语动词在句子中可以作谓语，非谓语动词在句子中不能作谓语。
非谓语动词是中学生学习英语的一个重点，也是难点，规则很多，容易混淆和出错。
以下介绍利用口诀和图表学习非谓语动词的方法，供同学们参考。
一、非谓语动词的形式“非谓”形式记忆口诀“非谓”形式1、2、3，过去分词最简单；现在分词和动名词，两种形式记心间；不定式形式有三种，“完成”“进行”和“一般”。
非谓语动词的形式共分三种，即过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词有两种形式，动词不定式有三种形式，简称“非谓形式1、2、3”。
见下表（以动词do为例，下同）。
非谓语动词形式1、2、3 （图1）从从上表格中可以看出过去分词最简单，只有一种形式，即一般式done,现在分词分一般和完成两种形式，动词不定式有一般式、进行式和完成式三种形式。
熟记这些形式，是学好和用好非谓语动词的必要前提，必须在“熟”字上下功夫。
当我们在学习和使用非谓语动词时，大脑中首先浮现出“非谓语动词形式1、2、3”这幅图表，答题就有了较好的基础。
二、非谓语动词的功能非谓语动词总共有10种形式，每种形式用法均不同，不仅如此，有些非谓语动词的不同形式在句子中还可以充当同一功能（比如过去分词、现在分词和不定式均可在句中做定语），但存在区别。
以下表格（图2）仅介绍非谓语动词10种形式的主要功能及特点，详细用法可参看有关语法书籍。
非谓语动词各种形式功能表（图2）说明：1.doing和to do 都可以作主语、宾语和表语，但to do 表示将要进行的“某一次”动作，doing则表示经常的动作（例１）；它们都可以用作状语，但doing表示伴随或行为方式，而to do常表示目的（例2）；2.doing/being done 和having done/having been done都可以在句中作状语，但dong/being done表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生，而having done/having been done表示的动作则发生在谓语动作之前（例3、例4）；3.done,being done, to be done 这三个被动形式都可以在句子中作定语，但它们的时间概念有明显不同（例4－6）；4.动词不定式的进行式和完成式常与一些动词搭配（例8、例9）。
非谓语动词的做题技巧
非谓语动词的做题技巧一、非谓语动词是啥呢？宝子们，非谓语动词就像是英语语法里的一群小机灵鬼。
它呢，不能单独作谓语，但又有着各种各样的作用。
比如说，它可以表示动作的先后顺序，就像在排队一样，谁先谁后可讲究了呢。
它还能表达一些比较复杂的意思，就像我们想描述一个动作正在进行，同时还有其他动作发生的时候，它就派上用场啦。
二、做题小技巧来咯1. 看句子里有没有and，but这些连接词。
要是有呢，前后的动词形式可能要保持一致哦。
就像两个小伙伴手拉手，要穿一样风格的衣服呢。
比如说，I like to read and write. 这里read和write都是用的非谓语动词形式，而且都是to do的形式，是不是很有趣呀？2. 注意句子里的主语哦。
主语就像是老大，非谓语动词要听它的指挥。
如果主语是主动做某个动作，那非谓语动词可能就是现在分词形式。
比如The boy standing there is my brother. 这里的boy是主动站（stand）在那里的，所以stand就变成了standing这种现在分词形式啦。
要是主语是被做某个动作，那非谓语动词可能就是过去分词形式。
像The book written by him isvery popular. 书是被他写（write）的，所以write就变成了written这种过去分词形式呢。
3. 还有哦，有些固定搭配一定要记住。
就像look forward to doing sth，这里的to后面一定要接动名词形式（doing），这是人家规定好的，就像游戏规则一样，可不能乱改哦。
再比如，have trouble in doing sth，也是要接动名词形式的。
要是记不住这些搭配，做题的时候就很容易出错啦。
4. 当我们看到句子里有表示目的的时候，非谓语动词经常会用不定式形式。
比如说，I come here to see you. 我来这里（come here）的目的是看你（to see you），这里的to see就是不定式形式，表示目的呢。
高中英语非谓语动词考查重点和解题方法归纳
高中英语非谓语动词考查重点和解题方法归纳非谓语动词属于英语语法的三座大山之一，无论在考试中还是平时的英语阅读中所起的作用都举足轻重。
但是，对于这么重要的语法内容，很多同学们却怎么学都学不透，要么完全不懂、做题时全靠“感觉”；要么一知半解，能跳过则跳过。
其实，只要方法正确，遇到有关非谓语动词的题目时就会迎刃而解，更令人开心的是，在平时的英语阅读中再也不需要绕道而行了！一、非谓语动词的含义非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语，综合这两点，我们将其叫做非谓语动词。
二、非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。
其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。
具体如下：1、不定式①基本形式：to do（表示主动，并且一般表示将来）②被动式：to be done（表示被动，并且一般表示将来）③进行式：to be doing （表示主动和进行）④完成时：to have done（表示主动和完成）⑤完成被动式：to have been done（表示被动和完成）⑥完成进行式：to have been doing （表示主动和完成进行）例如：The teacher told us to do morning exercises .老师让我们做早操。
The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。
She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.老师进来时，她假装正在读书。
The thief is said to have escaped.据说小偷已经逃跑了。
The thief is said to have been arrested.据说小偷已经被抓住了。
She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.据说在过去的20年里，她一直在这家工厂工作。
非谓语动词解题五要素
非谓语动词解题五要素非谓语动词解题“五要素”非谓语动词内容繁多，使用复杂，是学生们在英语学习过程中的最大难点，也是高考中的必考项目。
同学们要想能轻松迎战高考，快速准确地解题，不妨牢记非谓语动词解题“五要素”：“作用——逻辑主语——主被动——时间关系——特殊情况”。
在做题过程中通过分析以上五要素而逐步排除干扰项，很快就可以找准答案。
此“五要素”的具体内容如下：1、确定是非谓语动词，判断非谓语动词在句中所起的作用；2、判断非谓语动词的逻辑主语：作主语补足语，逻辑主语为句子的主语；作宾语补足语，逻辑主语为宾语；作定语，逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词；作表语，逻辑主语是句子的主语；作状语，逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
复合结构自带逻辑主语。
3、判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主被动关系。
如果是主动关系，非谓语动词是主动式，如果是被动关系，则用被动式。
4、判断非谓语动词与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作所发生的时间关系。
如果与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用一般式；如果发生在之前，则用完成式，如果强调正在进行，则用进行时；如果动作在将来发生，则用不定式。
5、特殊情况（包括固定搭配、习语或例外）典型高考题例：①The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ____ in Beijing in 2008. 【06四川】A. holdB. holdingC. heldD. to be held【五要素分析】非谓语动词短语作定语；逻辑主语是“the Olympic Games”；与动词“hold”为被动关系，排除A、B两项；时间关系为将来（2008），排除C项（已经完成），因此正确答案为D，（将举办）。
②Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ____ in your mind instead of before your eyes. 【04全国卷Ⅲ】A. to formB. formC. formingD. having formed【五要素分析】非谓语动词作定语，修饰pictures，排除B项；逻辑主语是“pictures”；与动词“form”为主动关系；“form”的动作与“watch TV”同时发生，排除A和D项，正确答案C。
非谓语动词习题答题技巧
非谓语动词习题答题技巧非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重要概念。
它指的是在句子中作动词、形容词或副词的非谓语形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
掌握非谓语动词的用法和运用技巧，对于提高英语写作和阅读能力非常重要。
本文将为大家介绍非谓语动词习题的答题技巧，希望能够对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、理解非谓语动词的分类和用法在开始解答非谓语动词习题前，首先要对非谓语动词的分类和用法有一定的了解。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词，它们在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
在学习时，要了解每种非谓语动词的特点和用法，以便在答题过程中能够正确运用。
二、注意非谓语动词的形式和变化1. 不定式的形式一般为"to + 动词原形"，在句子中充当名词、形容词或副词。
不定式的否定形式是在"to"前加"not"，也可以简写为"n't"。
不定式的时态没有变化，不受主语和谓语动词的影响。
2. 动名词的形式一般是在动词原形后加上"-ing"，在句子中充当名词。
动名词的时态和数与主语保持一致，但没有单三人称的区别。
3. 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词的形式一般是在动词原形后加上"-ing"，过去分词则根据动词的不规则变化形式而定。
分词可以用作形容词、副词或短语动词。
三、掌握非谓语动词的常见搭配和用法在答题过程中，要注意掌握非谓语动词的常见搭配和用法。
下面列举一些常见的搭配和用法：1. 不定式常与短语动词搭配，如"agree to"、"decide to"、"plan to"等。
2. 动名词常与介词搭配，如"be interested in"、"look forward to"、"depend on"等。
「透析」高考英语复习：非谓语动词考点透析及解题技巧
「透析」高考英语复习：非谓语动词考点透析及解题技巧非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三种形式。
非谓语动词既是高中英语学习的重点和难点，又是每年高考英语考查的热点。
非谓语动词在句中不能作谓语，无人称和数的变化，但仍然具有动词的特征，如有时态和语态的变化，其后可接宾语和状语。
就非谓语动词而言，高考侧重考查其基本用法、句法功能和非谓语动词所表达的含义等。
下面，笔者结合近几年高考英语试题对非谓语动词的常见考点进行分析、探究，以期对考生有所帮助。
考点一、考查动名词与动词不定式作主语动名词做主语表示抽象的、经常性的动作；而动词不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的动作，且常用it 充当形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）后置。
【典例1】（2021年全国甲卷语法填空) It is possible 43 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.【解析】考查动词不定式作主语。
句意：可以步行或骑自行车走14公里。
分析句子可知，此处考查句型“It + be + adj. + to do sth.”，it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。
故答案填to walk。
【典例2】（2019年全国III卷语法填空) On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 62 (get) there.【解析】考查动词不定式作主语。
分析句子结构，在“It takes some time to do sth.”句型中，it 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。
故此处应填to get。
【典例3】（2018年北京卷单项填空改编) ______ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.【解析】考查动名词作主语。
2024年高考二轮复习-语法填空非谓语动词(答题模版与解题技巧)(原卷版)
题型12 语法填空非谓语动词考点解读非谓语动词是语法填空的必考点，重点考查其在句中所充当的句子成分和其对应形式。
非谓语不能单独作谓语，但同时保留动词的某些特征。
没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。
判断技巧如果句中已经有谓语动词，且设空处与其不构成并列关系，则考虑设空处使用非谓语动词。
【典例1】with or if it’s something we develop based on our experiences.【典例2】【典例1】（广东省佛山市南海区2023-2024学年高三测试题）Shandong is willing to work with Italianchapter in the cultural and tourism cooperation and exchanges between the two places, said a senior official from the Shandong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism.【典例2】（湖南省永州一中2023-2024学年高三试题）We often exchange views on style and production skills,” said Shu,__________ (add) that young consumers make up a big part of her customers.【典例3】（广东省佛山市南海区2023-2024学年高三测试题）(host) by the Shandong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, the event’s opening ceremony was attended by more than 100 guests, including government officials from both sides, as well as representatives from Italy.【典例1】（广东省新高考高中联合质量测评省级联考试题）“Walking has taught me that everything and everyone has a story (share); we just have to be willing to listen,” she said.【典例2】（江苏省东台中学2023-2024学年高三10月试题）There being many choices of (package) Luosifen these days ,people can easily prepare their favorite version at home.【典例1】（广东省深圳市红岭中学2023-2024学年高三统考试题）After the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Palace Museum was established in 1925, allowing tourists at home and abroad (visit) the architecture and appreciate the artistic treasures.【典例2】（河北省高碑店市崇德实验中学2023年高三试题）Around 9,000 years ago, this ice melted, with about 100 glaciers (leave) behind.【典例1】（2023年山东高三模拟）Creating a brand-new organism by __________（combine）the gene s of existing, unrelated organisms is known as genetic engineering.【典例2】There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which ________(buy).【典例1】（广东省广东省四校联考2023-2024学年高三9月试题）The study, which appeared in the journal PLOS Medicine,indicates that individuals who take in higher-than-average amounts of artificial sweetener are 13% more likely (suffer) from cancer.【典例2】（湖南省部分校2023-2024学年高三试题）The sociologists state that naked marriage is worth _____ (advocate) strongly among young people because it demonstrates civilization and progress.1.（广东省六校2023-2024学年高三第一次联考试题）Dr. Wang began to question the umbrella species narrative and carried out research, only (find) that panda conservation had not helped large carnivores in China.2.（湖南省常德市临澧一中2023-2024学年高三试题）But with cheaper, machine-produced trinkets (小首饰)_______ (rule) the market, they couldn’t rely on the old technique to survive.for growing tea, since 2018, we have improved the management of the tea plantation, introducedadvanced planting techniques and provided training for villagers,” Huang said.4.（湖北省黄冈市2023-2024学年高三调研试题）Seemingly, (mention) his name gives people joy even after a thousand years.5.（湖北省腾云联盟2023-2024年高三联考试题）The volunteers not only take care of the aged and look after children but also resolve conflicts, Wang noted, (add) that if disagreements, quarrels, or any other fights occur, “Taiping Women” will be there to help.6.（湖北省宜荆荆恩2023-2024学年高三起点试题）Since Liuzhou is a city full of Luosifen restaurants, with many near one another, you can even smell it (walk) down the street!7.（福建省厦门双十中学2023-2024学年高三10月试题）The butter-plum flavour, characteristic of China, was also among the new flavours (add) through the years.8.（河北省保定市重点高中2023-2024学年高三试题）The Prints-A Riot of Colors, an exhibition (feature) some 130 prints created by generations of Chinese artists, the oldest one of which dates back to the 1930s, opened on Monday at the Guardian Art Center in Beijing. An online auction (拍卖) of most of the showpieces held by China Guardian Auctions is running with the exhibition.9.(福建省永春第五中学2023年高三试题)Shenzhou XⅢ crew members Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu _______（conduct）a science lecture 400 kilometers above Earth on December 9th.10.(福建省永春第五中学2023年高三试题)Wang Yihan, a fifth-grade student said that he was ______ （interest）in watching the astronauts' experiments.11.（江苏省2023-2024学年高三名校联考检测试题）“There is a touch of Stranger Things” to thisand tsunami”;12.（广东省2023-2024学年普通高三调研试题）When the dog days just come, people tend (lose) their appetites.13.（2024届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测）It was first introduced to the USA in 1971 by a New York Times reporter, James Reston, in an article (title) “Now, about my operation in Peking”.14.（2023年广东省佛山市顺德区均安中学高三拉练试题）There are many ways (enjoy) spring bamboo shoots, from nutritious soups to fun snacks.15.（广东省江门市新会一中2023-2024学年高三试题）The study focused on a group of people who sang in a professional choir and discovered that the amount of proteins in the blood thatfunction as antibodies(抗体) was obviously higher after singing, so people involved in music could be less likely (get) sick.16.（湖南师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三试题）He implemented new laws to ease farmers’ burdens, loaned grain to farmers and allowed them to repay their debts after the autumn harvest. He17.(湖南师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三摸底考试)Since the summer of 2022, a 26-year-old Shanghai resident ( name) Chen Jiaorong has been walking along Julu Road in Shanghai’s downtown area once or twice a week, looking around and picking up“garbage”.factory“, Dafen impressed visitors with its many workshops, in which painters created mock masterpieces by Van Gogh, Monet and Warhol.19.（湖南省常德市第一中学2023-2024学年高三试题）From the late 13th until 19th century, with the highest section built and the overall length (shorten), the Canal was turned into a main passage between northern and southern China as well as the economic lifeline of the country.flavorful and clear soup, shaved beef, deep red chili oil and lots of characteristic ingredients, Lanzhou Beef Noodles has received a large number of votes from Chinese citizens.21.（2024届广东省四校高三第一次联考试题）So far, Shandong has launched many cultural tourism projects, making great progress in digging into the culture and value of the Yellow River _______(boost）the high-quality development of the region.22.（广东省执信中学2023-2024学年高三开学试题）What you have to remember is (put) the glass down.23.（广东省七校联合体2023-2024学年高三联考试题）The ministry will make continuous efforts_____ (increase)the proportion of green buildings, raise building energy efficiency standards and popularize buildings with extra-low energy consumption in regions with suitable climate conditions.24.（湖南省常德市第一中学2023-2024学年高三试题）Huawei, which has endured years of US sanctions, surprised the world on Aug 29, with an unadvertised announcement -the launch of its latest high-end smartphone, the Mate 60 Pro, (price) at 6,999 yuan ($964). This strategic move, devoid of pre-release marketing, triggered an instant sensation, especially within China.25.（湖南省常德市第一中学2023-2024学年高三试题）Characters and images are carved to produce _____ (raise) areas or lines that will eventually apply ink to paper.26.（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）One should be clear about what (love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it can be seen from a person’s appearance.27.（浙江省名校协作体2023-2024学年高三适应性试题）Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy_____ (let) a particular school become a front-runner early on in your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice28.（2024届福建省三明市等5地高三一模试题）Though Lin Qiaozhi never married, she was29.（辽宁省六校2023-2024学年高三联考试卷）Shyness is a force which prevents us from realizing our potential and (enjoy) the company of other people.30.（2024届辽宁省沈阳市浑南区东北育才学校一模试题）The Getty Center sits on a hilltop in the。
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sitting
原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与 主句主语保持一致.
12. Faced with a bill for $10,000，_____. （2006陕西卷） faced with A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John
7.He hurried to the station, only ______ that the train had left. (2005广东卷) A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的结果。
(be) faced with…
13. While watching television，_____. （2005全国卷III） A. the door bell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 【解析】因为 watching 的逻辑主语一定是人，排除选项 A 和 B ；又因在hear后作宾补的是省略了 to 的不定式， 所以选项 D 中的 rings 是错误的。
8. He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets had been sold out. （2006陕西卷） A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。 但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动 式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing的被动式. 9.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____. （2007浙江卷） A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
【解析】根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被 动式，因此 可排除 B 和 C。另外，由于“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作在 当时尚未发生，故用不定式，即选 A。
10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ______ could be heard outside the classroom. A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed seat vt. C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
I seated myself. 【解析】of 后应接-ing，desks 与open and close 之间存在逻辑 fix one’s eyes =d be heard，所以选-ing 的被动式表正
在被进行的动作。
=I sat down
upon…
2. _____ this cake， you’ll need 2 eggs， 175 g sugar and 175 g flour.（2006广东卷） A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
原则二： 用作伴随状语，原则上要用-ing.
3.As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _____， and asked myself what I was going to do. (2007湖南卷) A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved
原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式
1. When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight. （2007江西卷） A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained 【解析】由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以 要用不定式，因此可排除 A 和 B。另外，由于“他”与“训练” 为被动关系，故选 D。 to catch up the first bus. 如：She got up very early to catch up the first bus.
【解析】由于与句子主语之间为主动关系，且表示当 时持续了一会 listen to … do/doing … 儿，故用-ing。句意为：当信号灯变绿时，我站在那儿一会儿没动， 心想自己该怎么办。 4. He sat _____ to her ______ the stairs. A. to listen; to climb B. listening; to climb C. listening; climb D. listening; to climbing 【解析】listen是伴随sat而同时由主语he发出的，所以用-ing 作伴随状语；listen to 后跟不带to的不定式/-ing作宾补。
－ing形式作伴随状语与 to do作目的状语的区别： 作伴随状语的－ing形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且 前面常常带一逗号;而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比 谓语动词的动作后发生前面不能用逗号。
用括号里的词的适当形式填空
1. Write to the editor, ________ hoping that the editor would be able to help her．（ hope ） 2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped there _________ on a big rock．( rest ) to rest
原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式 （根据情况可用不定式的完成式或—ing的完成式） 14._____ from other continents for millions of years， Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. （2005湖北卷） A. Being separated B. Having separated C.Having been separated D. to be separated 【解析】因为 Australia 与 separate 是被动关系，且 separate 发生在谓语动词 has 之前，所以用-ing的完成被动式作原因状语。 15. The manager，_____ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us， left left the meeting room. （2005江西卷） A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making 【解析】因为 The manager 与 make 是主动关系，且 make 发生在谓语 left 之前，所以用-ing的完成式作状语， having made ... 相当于 who had made... 的意思。
1. to do 2.-ing 3.done
找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）
1. Tom returned from the manager’s office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters. 3. Having reached the very peak of the Everest, the climbers cheered against the fierce north wind. 4. He keeps buying expensive maps. He must have more than 200 by now. 5. I heard the girl singing in the classroom. 6. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang. 7. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers bought by her mother. 8. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。)
11. When she came in, she was surprised to find a stranger _______ at the back of the classroom with his eyes eyes_____upon her. A. seating; fixing B. to seat; fixing C.having seated; fixed D. seated; fixed
3.The secretary worked late into night , preparing ______ a long speech. ( prepare ) To keep 4. ___________ warm, we shut all the windows. ( keep )
原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式，其原则区别是， 一般用-ing，表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中。 不定式用作结果状语表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。 5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day. （2007天津卷） A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let 【解析] 此处用-ing 表示自然而然的结果。 如：It rained heavily， causing severe flooding in that place. 大雨滂沱，造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。 6. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，_____ a record US$ 57. 65 a barrel on April 4. （2005山东卷） A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching