上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案
上海大学网络英语答案
上海大学网络英语答案The only way to travel is on foot1、A people forget how to use his legs.2、A people’s focus on the future.3、C People can’t see anything on his way of travel.4、DThe best way to travel is on foot.5、CIt is a general view from a high position looking down.Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law1. A. not very high.2. Avicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.3. D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.4. B. Five.5. A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.Advertisers Perform a Useful Service to the Community1. C. Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.2. A. appreciative.3. A. Because advertisers often brag.4. C. Good quality products don’t need to be advertised.5. C Criticism.preface1. [C] the scientific community.2. [B] Science affects almost every aspect of our life.3. [A] are intelligent college students and lay person4. [D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.5. [B] the preface of a book.Meditation in Indonesian Business1. [C] Meditation.2. [A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings.3. [B] To show they too focused on qualifications.4. [B] to gain peace of mind to make decision.5. [B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting.Dropouts for Ph. D. s1.[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.2. [D] about one-third of those who start3. [C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.4. [A] optimism reigns in regard to5.[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.Stricter Traffic Law can Prevent Accidents1. [D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2. [D] Society condones their rude driving.3. [A] Driving can show his real self.4. [A] Build more highways.5. [B] criticalThe Development of Cities1.[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.2.[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.3. [C] It was unplanned.4. [C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.Holmes’ Knowledge1. [A]Praising.2. [C]By contrast.3. [B]Learning what was useful to you.4. [C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.Antinuclear Demonstration1.[C] The project of nuclear power construction.2.[D] Both B and C.3. [A] Public transportation.4. [B] With arrested demonstrators.5.[A] stubborn.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice1.[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.2. [B] nothing.3. [D] Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.4. [C] He gains nothing after listening.5. [A] law enforcement.The T ourist Trade Contributes Absolutely Nothing1. [A] tourism contributes nothing to increasing2. [C] critical.3. [B] noisy.4.[B] the way of touring should be changed.5. [D] everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.Pop Stars Earn Much1. [B] They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty.2.[A] Approval.3. [A] there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top.4. [D] Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.5. [D] The fourth.Examinations Exert a Pernicious Influence on Education1.[A] examinations exert a pernicious influence2. [C] critical.3. [C] examinations.4.[B] to train students to think on their own.5. [B] For comparison.Killing in the Name of God1. [A] Many of them were killed for asking2. [A] poverty.3. [C] She prophesies about the end of the world.4. [B] They reject Christian Churches as Western or non-African.5. [A] The cult acted secretly.Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century1. [A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth2.[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.3.[A] those with wealth.4. [A] money decides everything.5. [A] the rich and the poor.The Most Important of All Human Qualities is a Sense of Humor1. [A] a sense of humor.2.[C] They show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.3. [B] to redress balance.4. [A] It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.5. [A] A novelist.The Improving Economic Situation In Greece1. [B] The improving economic situation in Greece .2. [B] $2 a week.3. [A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.4. [C] a single majority party.5. [A] totaling almost $700 millionThe Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business1. [A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority2.[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations tofinance minority businesses.3.[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient4.[B] call attention to the fa ct that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to functioneffectively.5. [A] disappointing.The Importance of Independent Thinking1. [B] The need for Independent Thinking2.[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,3.[B] controversy over principles4. [C] determinded on controversy5.[B] Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflectionClinton Is Right)1.[C]. Clinton was right.2. [A]. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.3. [A]. Contradictory.4.[D]. Businessmen.5. [A]. America will make concessions.Europe ’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?1.[B]. Are They a Nation.2.[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.3.[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.4.[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other5.[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clansMethod of Scientific Inquiry1. [D]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.2.[B]. that it was an act of God.3. [A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.4. [C]. a deductive science.5.[B]. a paradox.It Is Bush1.[A]. Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.2. [B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.3.[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.4. [D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.5. [B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential electionsWomen’s Positi ons in the 17th Century1.[A]. Women’s Position in the 17th Century.2. [C]. She did little.3.[D]. Queen Elizabeth’s political activities.4.[B]. It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.The Present Is the Most Important1. [A]. admiration.2.[B]. frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.3. [B]. appraise the present for its true value.4.D]. theology and philosophy.Forecasting of Statistics1. [C]. population.2.[A]. is converting statistical study from an art to a science.3. [B]. statistics is not as yet a science.4. [A]. Christmas. [B]. The Mets.Wakefield Master’s Realism1.[C]. He write like John Steinbeck.2. [D]. pertaining to the Christian Fathers.3. [A]. introduction of mundane matters in religious plays.4. [B]. present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph.The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain 1.[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.2.[B]. Protestantism3.[D]. Religious and military ways.4. [A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain .Photography and Art1. [C]. explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers3. [A]. He wants to provide an example of artists4.[D]. It was an art comparable to painting.。
上海大学英语课后习题答案
上海大学英语课后习题答案上海大学英语课后习题答案上海大学的英语课程是学生们学习英语的重要一环。
在课堂上，老师会讲解课文，进行听力训练，提供各种学习资源。
而课后习题则是巩固学生所学知识的重要方式。
在这篇文章中，我将为大家提供一些上海大学英语课后习题的答案，希望能够帮助到正在学习英语的同学们。
第一单元：家庭与朋友1. 完成句子1) I have a lot of friends at school. (改为一般疑问句) Do you have a lot of friends at school?2) My father is a doctor. (改为否定句) My father is not a doctor.3) She is my best friend. (改为复数句) They are my best friends.4) We often play basketball together. (改为一般疑问句) Do we often play basketball together?5) My grandparents live in the countryside. (改为一般疑问句) Do your grandparents live in the countryside?2. 阅读理解1) 根据短文内容，回答问题。
答案：The girl's name is Lily. She is 12 years old. She has a brother and a sister. Her brother's name is Tom, and her sister's name is Lucy. Tom is 10 years old,and Lucy is 8 years old. They have a cat named Kitty. They live in a small house near the park. They often play in the park after school.2) 根据短文内容判断正误。
大学英语课后答案(上海外国语教育出版社)(精)
Unit1 W ays of LearningPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.They were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementaryschools in Nanjing.2.Their 18-month-old son Benjamin was fond of trying to place the key into the slot ofthe key box during their stay at the Jinling Hotel.3.They would come over to watch Benjamin and then try to teach him how to do itproperly.4.Because he realized that this anecdote was directly relevant to their assigned tasksin China: to investigate early childhood education and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity.5.Most of them displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.6.He emphasized that the most important thing is to teach the child that on can solvea problem effectively by oneself.7.He means that this incident pointed to important differences in educational andartistic practices betw een China and the USA.8.The manner in which the Chinese staff saw the need to teach the child by guidinghis hand in the characteristic of a broader attitude to education, one that stands in contrast to the W estern preference for leaving the child to explore and learn unaided.9.One example is of children at the age of 5 or 6 painting flow ers, fish and animalsskillfully and confidently; in a second example, calligraphers 9 and 10 years old were producing works; and in a third, young artists w ork on perfecting their craft for several hours a day.10.Americans think that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge,and skills can be picked up later. Chinese think that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired, and there is no hurry to promote creativity.11.This is mainly due to the difference in their way of thinking.12.The author makes the suggestion that w e should strike a better balance betw een thepoles of creativity and basic skills.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1The text begins with an anecdote.2His thoughts are mainly about different approaches to learning in China andthe W est.3He winds up the text with a suggestion in the form of a question.2.Chinese1Show a child how to do something, or tech by holding the hand2Give greater priority to developing skills at an early age, believing that creativity can be promoted over timeAmericans1T each children that they should rely on themselves for solutions to problems 2Put more emphasis on fostering creativity in young children, thinking skills can be picked up laterLanguage Sense Enhancement(1Summarizing(2value originality andindependence(3contrast between (4in terms of(5harbor(6fearful(7comparable(8promote creativity(9emerge(10picked upLanguage Focus V ocabularyI1.1insert2on occasion3investigate4In retrospect 5initial6phenomena7attached8make up for9is awaiting10not; in the least11promote12emerged2.1 a striking contrast betw een the standards of living in the north of the country and the south.2is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.3as a financial center has evolved slowly.4is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.5by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines.3.1be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating2somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to3assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superiorII1.1continual2continuous 3continual4continuous2.1principal2principal3principle 4principles5principalIII1.themselves2.himself/herself3.herself/by herself/on her own4.itself5.ourselves6.yourself/by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze 1.(1contrast(2exaggerating(3priority(4on the otherhand (5promoting(6pick up(7assist(8accomplish(9occasion(10neglecting(11worthwhile(12superior2.(1end(2perform(3facing(4competent (5equipped(6designed(7approach(8rest(9definitely(10qualityII.translation1.(1It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.(2Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.(3Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at anearly age.(4Assuming this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile tobuy it?(5If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we areinvestigating.2.To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many w ell-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as w e go along, for in so doing, w e can figure out which way of learning is more eff ective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as w e keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.Unit2 V aluesPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.The Salvation Army is a religious charitable organization. A Salvation Army bellringer is a volunteer who help it collect donations.2.The boy asked him: Are you poor? He did it simply out of confusion and curiosity.Obviously he knew nothing about the Salvation Army bell ringer.3.He said, “I have more than some people, but not as much as others.”This meansthat he was neither poor nor rich.4.The boy’s mother scolded him because the question was social inappropriate,especially to a person who looked poor.5.Y es, economically he is poor. He lives in a small bas ement apartment. He doesn’teven have a color TV. He falls into the low est income category. And so on.6.No, the writer does not f eel poor. This is because he has enjoyed good health andcreativity which he thinks are much more important than material goods.7.He f eels out of place among people who are primarily interested in material things.8.She told him that she was interested in what’s on the inside. but after he took hertohis poorly furnished apartment, she changed her mind completely.9.It only show s that to her the most important thing was still material goods ratherthan what she had claimed before.mercial can put people under pressure to purchase more than is reallynecessary.11.Because December is the time for to work for the Salvation Army as a bell ringer,which gives him a genuine sense of belonging and brings him happiness in helping others.12.The boy’s question has helped the writer realize that, despite his lack of expensivepossessions, he is rich in many other ways and should be thankful for that.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1 a.√2the essay is meant to explain something that is, the author’s view of life.3That one can live a lif e full of riches without being rich financially.2.Part One: The writer’s encounter with a boy who raised the question “are you poor?”Part Two: In search of an answ er the writer finds that not having expensive possessions doesn’t make him feel poor mainly because he enjoys life in many other ways. Part Three: In conclusion, the write r thinks he’s grown to understand more about himself because of the boy’s question.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1attain(2wear and tear(3dependable(4modest (5primarily(6minimal(7exceptionally(8illness-free(9spirited(10energizingLanguage Focus V ocabulary I1.1abrupt2emotional3bless4wear and tear 5dated6consequences7seemingly8in contrast to9Curiosity10genuine11primarily12sentiments2.1confronted with more than one problem, try to solve the easiest one first.2vital to the existence of all forms of life.3some confusion among the students about what to do after class to follow up on the subj ect.4nothing more than a job and an apartment to be happy.5tickled him to think that she’d come to ask his advice3.a a seemingly1; fabricating; sentiments2fill out; every item; vital; consequences3be denied; tangible; cherish; attainII1.It is a long trip and will take us five hours by bus.2.She arrived early and took a front row seat.3.Don’t take me for a fool.4.It takes a lot of imagination to fabricate such a story.5.My uncle will take me (along on his trip to the Arctic this summer.6.He took the dinner plate I passed to him.7.Kevin took second prize in the w eight-lifting competition.8.If you don’t take my advice, you will regret it.III1.hanging2.to give3.to return4.being praised5.not having written6.to say7.to open8.being helpedComprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1well-off/affluent(2dated(3falling into(4bracket (5deny(6tangible(7pursuit(8cherishes(9out of place (10abrupt(11focus(12donations2.(1consume(2fueled(3annual(4plain (5physically (6security(7indicates(8equally(9traditional(10followIII. Translation1.1The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.2Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parentsnever took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the bestprivate school.4Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to gothrough another difficult phase of his lif e.5In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they havealways tried to meet our minimal needs.2.With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. W e will thus be able to focus on the most important task that w e, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as w ell as material satisfaction.Unit3 The Generation GapPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.There are seven characters---Father, Mother, Heidi, Diane, Sean, Restaurant Manager, and Mrs. Higgins.2.No. Because what he does usually ends up embarrassing them.3.To buy a guitar.4.To check if Sean was going to embarrass him.5.He knew his father was going to embarrass him.6.It was unnecessary and embarrassing.7.He wanted Dan to pressure his son into asking Diane to the senior prom.8.He would speak to his son and insist that the latter give Diane a call.9.She f elt humiliated.10.Because the Thompson had just moved.11.He tried to let her know how exceptionally talented a young woman Heidi was.12.Because she couldn’t bear being embarrassed by her father.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1. A fast-food restaurant2.The Thompson family dining room3.An office at a high school2.Scene One: Father embarrassed Sean by talking too proudly to the restaurant manager. Scene Two: Father embarrassed Diane by persuading a colleague into pressing his son to ask her to the senior prom.Scene Three: Father embarrassed Heidi by boating to an official at her new school about how talented she was.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1once in a while(2for(3the problem(4he thinks (5humiliated(6class president(7have(8Actually(9stop to think(10interferenceLanguage Focus V ocabularyI 1.1typical2dumb3junior4glorious 5welfare6came over7interference8fading9narrowed down10frank11schemes12at any rate2.1consists of five generals and four police officers.2will be in a location overlooking the lake.3was humiliated by her comments about my family background in front of so many people.4have any proof that it was Henry who stole the computer?5was exhausted after the long cycle ride.3.1hysterical; was handed down by; should have known better than2twisted; over and over; talented son3patience; not to keep him in suspense; assured; repeatedly II.Collocation1.adequate2.anxious3.certain4.content5.crazy6.likely7.fortunate8.keenage1.be admitted2.live3.be postponed4.buy5.be banned6.beComprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1typical(2welfare(3constant(4frank(5talent(6dumb (7know better than that (8repeatedly(9dread(10interference(11bet(12assure2.(1despite(2really(3same(4contact (5admitted(6attempt(7not(8tend(9different(10mannerII.Translation1.(1Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?(2The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for thenuclear pow er plant to two coastal towns.(3Sam not only lost his job but also both legs; he had to live on welfare for therest of his lif e.(4 A jury consisting of 12 members voted in unison that Mary was guilty.(5Sean f elt humiliated to hear his talent being questioned.2.George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music in the evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep. Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interf erence. They called Mr. Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking. Mr. Johnson assured them that he would certainly settle the issue. As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? Y ou should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.”In the end George traded his CD’s for computer games software from his classmates.Unit4 The V irtual W orldPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.She used to be a television producer, but now she is a writer.2.She writes and edits articles online, submits them via email, and communicates withcolleagues via the Internet, too.3.She could stay computer-assisted at home for weeks, going out only t get mail,new spapers and groceries.4.They feel as if they had become one with the computer, and life seems to be unreal.5.That people who grew used to a virtual life would f eel an aversion to outside formsof socializing.6.She gets overexcited, speaks too much, and interrupts others.7.She is bad-tempered, easily angered, and attacks everyone in sight, all because shehas long become separated from others and lacks emotional face-to-face exchanges with people.8.She fights her boyfriend, misinterpreting his intentions because of the lack ofemotional cues given by their typed dialogue.9.Because w e rely on co-works for company.10.She calls people, arrangers to meet the few friends remaining in the City, gets to thegym, arranges interview s for stories, doctor’s appointments---anything to get her out of the house and connected with others.11.No, she doesn’t f eel happy. She feels being face to face is intolerable.12.She makes her excuses and flees, re-enters her apartment, runs to the computer,clicks on the modem, and disappears into the virtual world again.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1.2-32.1,4-10,133.114.122.The first paragraph describes the consequences of living a virtual life and the last tells of the author’s escape back into it. Together, they bring out the dilemma people atpresent are in: Because of modern technology, w e have a choice betw een a virtual life and real life, but find both unsatisfactory.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1routine(2for company(3unemployment(4externally (5drug abuse(6restore(7fled(8gym(9set apart(10appointmentsV ocabulary I1.1conversely2but then3symptom4spitting 5abusing6tone7took; in8editing9have arranged10in sight11stretched12data2.1smoking cigarettes jars on me.2find themselves getting sucked in.3has arranged for a technician from the computer store to check and repair it. 4fled their country to avoid military service/fled to other countries to avoid military service.5restore people’s confidence in it.3.1the virtual; on line; via2nightmare; routine; any appointment; arrange for3cue; remarks; his tuneII.Collocation1.W e came here all the way on foot.2.Private cars are not allow ed on campus.3.They are on vacation in Florida.4.Mary has been talking to her friend on the phone for an hour.5.Don’t w orry, Lucy is always on time.6.Industrial demand on fuel is on the rise.age1.hard2.difficult3.impossible4.tough5.hard6.easy Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1Internet(2click(3virtual(4routines(5arrange(6nightmare (7annoying (8connection(9crawls(10take in(11spit(12data(13sucked into(14At times(15flee(16on line2.(1companion(2deliver(3access(4enables (5customers (6delights(7provides(8small(9remote(10informationII.Translation1.1Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.2 A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.3As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.4In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completely differentangle.5Sue is a girl of great talent. Her amazing memory sets her apart from herclassmates.2.Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer. I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier. I can write, submit and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss. With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest new s. But then, communicating through the Net can be frustrating at times. The system may crash. W orse still, without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret.Unit5 Overcoming ObstaclesPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.Because the pole was set at 17 f eet which was three inches higher than his personalbest.2.Because pole-vaulting combines the grace of a gymnast with the strength of a bodybuilder.3.His childhood dream was to fly. His mother read him numerous stories about flyingwhen he was growing up.Nesting: fitting closely inside another thing or each other 镶嵌Progressively: a little at a time 渐进地;逐步地Dwarf: a person of much less than the usual size 矮子Giant: a person who is much bigger than usual 巨人;伟人Core: the basic and most important of sth 核心;中心(12fantasy(13sw eat(14congratulateFaçade: outward (especially deceptive(欺诈的 appearance 外观Cover-up: an attempt to prevent sth dishonorable from being publicly known 掩饰;掩盖Challenge: sth new and difficult that forces one to make a lot of effort Conscience: one’s own feeling about whether what one is doing right or wrong 道德;良知Enrich: improve the quality of 使丰富;使充实Succumb: give in 屈服;屈从Seductive: hard to refuse 有诱惑力的;诱人的Win the day: be successful 获胜;取得成功Unit12Clutter: cover or fill a space or room with too many things, so that it looks very untidy 杂乱;混乱(1engineer的;疏远的;遥远的Spot: a particular place or area, especially a pleasant place where you spend time 地点;现场(4how (5build(6accident(7thought(8only(9sharp(10touched(11instructions(12finallyII.Translation1.Tip: a helpful piece of advice 贴士Transition: the act or process of changing from one form or state to another 过渡;转变Goody: sth that is nice to eat 糖果Stroke: move your hand gently over sth 抚摸;轻抚Bolt: run away suddenly 逃跑;冲出Sway: move slowly from one side to another 摇摆Smear: spread a liquid or soft substance over a surface, especially carelessly or untidily 弄脏;污点Let go of: stop holding sth or sb 放手;释放Unit13Observer: sb who sees or notices sth 观察者To date: up to now 迄今为止Narcissistic: having a tendency to admire your own physical appearance or abilities 自恋的;自我陶醉的Converse: engage in(从事conversation 交谈;谈话Enunciate:pronounce words clearly and carefully 清晰地发音Conversely: if turned the other way around 相反地Invariably: almost always 不变地;总是2.To convert a gas-guzzling SUV into a hybrid electric vehicle.3.Because she didn’t know anything about cars and was afraid of being cheated bythe mechanic.4.She was craving independence and wanted to live away from home for some time.Orderly: sb who does unskilled jobs in a hospital 护理员Intone: say sth, especially in a slow and serious or solemn way 吟诵Approximately: not exactly, but nearly or roughly 大约Disposition: a particular type of character which makes sb more likely to behave or react in a certain way 性情;性格;气质Desert: be absent when needed 遗弃;抛弃Blurt out: say sth suddenly and without thinking, usually because you are nervous or excited 脱口而出Ridiculous: silly or unreasonable 可笑的;荒谬的Misconception: a mistake idea or view resulting from a misunderstanding of sth 误解;错觉;错误的想法Turn down: refuse an offer, request, or invitation 拒绝Qualification: an examination that you have passed, especially at school or university 资格证书Frustration: the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve sth 挫折;挫败Disillusioning: making sb realize that sth which they thought was true or good is not really true or good 醒悟Exclusion: a situation in which sb or sth is not allowed to take part in an activity 排除;排斥she had studied more.9.No, she wasn’t always confident. She had moments of panic, worried that as awoman she would be unable to understand thermodynamics.10.She considers it wrong because it is based on a faulty premise.Come upon: find or discover sth or sb by chance 偶然发现Unit14Access: the possibility or means of entering or approaching a place 进入Remote: far away in space or time 遥远的;偏僻的Mockingly: in a way to laugh at sb or sth 取笑地;愚弄地judgment.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.Part One: The author describes how she stumbled into engineering.Part Two: The author writes about how she has overcome obstacles, including the bias against w omen, on her way to success.Part Three: The author draws the conclusion that women can do anything men can so long as they believe in their own abilities.2.1she was not a tomboy.not to an engineering department.she didn’t know the first thing about engineering.because she craved independence from her parents.already earned her six credits in engineering.2math and design.she participated in a national competition to convert an SUV into a hybrid electric vehicle.work harder at it.that she should study more.had to work hard at courses she found difficult, which encouraged her to keep going.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1limit(2denying(3favor(4others(5relevant (6translating(7hard and fast conclusions(8focus(9incredibly flexible(10consider the possibilityV ocabulary I1.1cultural/culture2indication3miniature4ironic 5stumbled into6decent7buzzing8abnormal9mechanical10Shuddering11implied12leap2.1convert RMB into US dollars in the foreign exchange office at the airport. 2didn’t know the first thing about cooking as she looked puzzled a s to how to cook rice with the rice cooker.3their faulty equipment the team had accomplished some very useful work. 4allowing me to work flexible hours as long as I work eight hours a day.5couldn’t help thinking the book must be quite fascinating.3.1wi ll not panic/feel panic; ’ll be at a disadvantage2hybrid; transmissions3crave; One indication; to distinguishII.Synonyms in Context1.also2.as w ell/too3.too4.also5.as w ell/too6.too7.also8.Alsoage1.I’ve had enough2.When I was old enough to work and earn money3.can’t got enough sleep at night4.has so far collected enough of them5.have strong enough arms6.have just enough money to live on Comprehensive ExercisesI.cloze1.(1stumbled into(2not know the first thing about(3mechanical(4when it comes to(5hybrid(6gritted her teeth (7premise(8at a disadvantage(9panic(10cultural(11flexible(12imply2.(1chair(2force(3secrets(4painstaking (5recognized(6steered(7essentially(8observations(9women(10tutor(11inspired(12unlessII.Translation1.1He is a man of few words, but when it comes to playing computer games, he is far too clever for his classmates.2Children who don’t know any better may think these animals are pretty cute and start playing with them.3There is no way to obta in a loan, so to buy the new equipment, I’ll just have to grit my teeth and sell my hybrid car.4The hunter would not have fired the shots if he had not seen a herd of elephants coming towards his campsite.5I find it ironic that Tom has a selective memory---he does not seem toremember painful experiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing. 2.Nancy Hopkins is a biology prof essor at MIT. She craves knowledge and works hard. How ever, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of genderinequality on campus. Men and women prof essors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators w ere rather selective. It was ironic that after so much cultural progress, women w ere still at a disadvantage in institution of higher education. When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight. So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President. The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equity advocate.Unit7 Learning about EnglishPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.It has borrowed and is still borrowing massively from other languages. T oday it hasan estimated vocabulary of over one million words.2.They don’t like borrowing foreign w ords. They try to ban words from English.3.Old English or Anglo-Saxon English.4.The Germanic tribes brought it to the British Isles in the 5th century.5.They are usually short and direct.6.They use w ords derived from Old English.7.An English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembledsome words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study later revealed the Indo-European parent language.8.Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, English, etc.9.There w ere three languages competing for use in England.10.W ords from Greek and Roman classics came into the English language.11.The great principles of freedom and rights of man were born in England, then theAmericans carried them forward.12.No. English is and has always been the tongue of the common people. There shouldnot be any fence around it to protect its so-called purity.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.Part One: Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language.Part Two: the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.。
上海财经大学浙江学院《热动专业英语A》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future.A．that; what B．what; / C．which; that D．/; that2、--- I’ll take the blue one. This is twenty dollars.--- Here’s the change. .A．Best wishes B．My pleasureC．Have a nice day D．Let’s call it a day3、一"Peter, have you got your new flat furnished?—Yes. I ______ some used furniture and it was a real bargain.A．will buy B．have bought C．bought D．had bought4、The infrastructure project has consumed so much money that we can't find any financialsupport and have to ______.A．pull out B．pull throughC．catch up D．catch on5、The new means of transport ________ in this city, so whether it will work out remains tobe seen.A．have never tried B．has never tried C．have never been tried D．has never been tried6、He doesn't spend any more money on clothing than I do,but________he manages to look so stylish.A．therefore B．somehowC．furthermore D．otherwise—Oh, no．That old lady sitting next to us ______ have taken ours by mistake.A．must B．could C．should D．would8、—Would you please wait for a moment while I telephone the reception desk to check?—________.A．I wouldn't mind that B．Sound like funC．I mean it D．Y ou wish9、—I know it is really a lot to ask, but can I use your apartment during the summer?— ________. I happen to be out of town. It is all for your taking.A．Behave yourself B．Be my guestC．Have fun D．Take care10、The influence of this book might not have been reaching so far, ________for Mr. William, who dared to publish it.A. if had it not been B．is it not being C．had it not been D. its only having been第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
高分子专业英语试卷
上海大学2018 ～2019学年秋季学期试卷课程名：高分子专业英语课程号：2XS103001 学分：应试人声明：我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。
应试人吴兆辉应试人学号18722389应试人所在院系材料科学与工程学院题一: Write a speech about “pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses”. Please follow the 7 steps in a speech. The words of the speech are at least 300 words. (50 points)Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, I am Wu Zhaohui, the speaker of this report. I am from the School of Materials Science and Engineering. My theme is pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses. Of course, I think pure science and applied science are very suitable for the development of Shanghai University, but if you choose one, I More inclined to choose application science, I will tell from the following aspects.1. As far as the current development of China is concerned, there is still a certain gap with the world's first echelon. Therefore, there is inevitably a gap in the field of basic scientific research. For the country's prosperity, the most fundamental thing is that Some people, especially most capable people, should apply their talents to solve the industrial problems of the country. In the "Made in China 2025" issued by the State Council in 2015, and our "two hundred years" plan in the 19th report of 2017, China's development focus is still the industrial modernization and manufacturing of the country for some time. The construction of a strong country. Obviously, the task of supporting this beautiful blueprint will inevitably fall on colleges and universities and corporate units. From an industrial point of view, there is no doubt that our applied science is more convincing.2. Of course, this is not to say that pure science is not important. In 1921, British physicist N. Norman Campbell writes that pure science and applied science are the roots and branches of the tree of empirical knowledge; theory and reality are inseparable entities. If they do not cause great damage to both sides, they cannot It is separate. However, the development of our university cannot be out of touch with the times, nor can it run counter to the development strategy of the country.3. In terms of the development of China and the development strategy, in the context of the need for comprehensive industrialization and the construction of a strong country, the tasks of the university naturally have a primary and secondary distinction, so I think that application science should be chosen.题二: Read the article: Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors for high temperature non-oxide ceramics and ceramic fibers—syntheses, pyrolyses and properties, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY卷: 22期: 14-15页: 2577-2585出版年: 2002作者: Tsirlin, AM; Shcherbakova, GI; Florina, EK, et al.Write an abstract of it. (50 points)One of the different directions for further development in the field of polymer-derived ceramics is the application of metal-containing precursors, which include polymers containing nanostructured metals.Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors have great potential in polymer-derived ceramics. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of nano-metallopolycarbosilanes (nMPCS) and their transformation into ceramic materials are reported. The formation of metal nano-particles via fast thermolysis of metal- containing compounds in polymer solution or melt previously developed by the authors was applied to preceramic polymers.Tetrabenzyltitanium,tetrabenzylzirconium,bis(cyclopentadienil)dichloride-ti tanium and zirconium as well as tetrachlorides of these metals and tetrakis(diethylamino)zirconium were used for the introduction of metal nano-particles. The products were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential-thermal analysis (DTA), gel-penetration (GP)-chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other special analyses. The results of this study reveal new data for the nMPC manufacturing process. These nMPC contain nanoparticles or metal clusters of 2-4nm diameter. The detailed study of the thermal decomposition of MCC is very important. Cp2ZrCl2 and Zr [N(C2H5)2]4 for the ceramic matrix of CMC, the most suitable additive in nMPCS. The coreless fibers are obtained from nZrPCS and contain up to 3 mass% metal.And future research directions will concentrate on the optimization of oligocarbosilane as raw material and the development of Polycarbosilane (PCS) - metal containing compounds (MCC) system with low reactivity.。
上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案
上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案1 Intelligent flight controllers for helicopter control1)A methodology for design of an intelligent helicopter flight controller is presented in this paper. 2)The methodology combines artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, conventional PID-controllers, and fuzzy logic algorithms in the design procedure.3) In this approach, the design of an intelligent controller is based on experimental data collected from actual helicopter flight and not based on analytical models.4) A neural network is trained to learn the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter. 5)Based on the neural model, the coefficients of a PID-controller used for blade angle control are searched for using genetic algorithms. 6)The main rotor speed controller is designed using fuzzy logic algorithm based on knowledge generated from understanding the aerodynamic theory and analyzing the helicopter experimental flight data. 7)The intelligent helicopter flight controller is formed by combining the blade angle PID-controller and the rotor speed fuzzy controller. 8)Simulation results showed that for desired altitude input H d, the intelligent controller was able to generate proper control signals for both the blade angle control and the rotor speed control. 9）The helicopter model altitude output H t follows the desired altitude input H d. 10）The design procedures, theoretical background, results and conclusions are presented in this paper2. EDFA gain modeling using Pspice and neural networks1）A new methodology in modeling the performance of an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Gain is presented in this dissertation. 2）It is based on the gain characteristics of an EDFA under different input signal power spectra and pump levels. 3）The novelty of this dissertation is based on the training and use of a neural network applied to the performance characteristics of an EDFA.;The modeling is divided in two sections. 4）The first model is an electrical equivalent circuit of an EDFA that can be simulated and analyzed by Pspice, a commercial electrical simulation program from OrCad. 5）The second section is the development and implementation of a Neural Network to model the gain response of the EDFA for a given number of input power spectra.;6）In order to provide data and verify the performance of both models, a simulation program was developed. 7）The simulation program's output performance was verified using an EDFA analysis program called Oasix.;8）The results from both models were accurate with respect to the theoretical and experimental data. 9）The electrical equivalent model's output spectrum was proven to match the output of the simulation program. 10）The neural network was trained successfully to identify the EDFA gain spectra to its correspondent input spectrum and pump power level with an accuracy of 98%.4、Characterization and Modeling of the Power Insulated Gate Bipolar T ransistor.The power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a new switching device designed to overcome the high on-state loss of the power MOSFET. The IGBT behaves as a bipolar transistor which is supplied base current by a MOSFET. The bipolar transistor of the IGBT has a wide base with the base contact at the collector edge of the base and is operated with its base in high-level injection. Because of this, the traditional bipolar transistor models are not adequate for the IGBT and the new model developed in this dissertation must be used. The new model is developedusing ambipolar transport and does not assume the quasi-static condition for the transient analysis.;The new IGBT model is used to describe measurements for extracting the essential physical device parameters of the model. With these extracted parameters, the new IGBT model consistently describes the measured electrical characteristics of IGBTs with different base lifetimes. The important electrical characteristics of the IGBT are the on-state I-V characteristics, the steady-state saturation current, and the switching transient current and voltage waveforms. The transient waveforms are examined in detail for constant anode voltage switching, clamped inductive load switching, and series resistor, inductor load switching.;The disadvantage of the IGBT is its slow turn-off speed relative to that of the power MOSFET. The two methods which have been proposed to reduce the turn-off time of the IGBT are base lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. Both methods have the disadvantage, though, of also increasing the on-state voltage. The buffer layer is a high-doped portion of the bipolar transistor base at the base-emitter junction. The new IGBT model discussed above is extended to include the buffer layer. Using the extended model, it is shown that the buffer layer IGBT can be made to have a faster switching time for a given on-state voltage than that of the nonbuffer layer (lifetime reduction) IGBT.;In summary, a new model is developed for the IGBT. It is shown that the new model must be used to accurately describe the steady-state and transient characteristics of the IGBT. The model is used to compare the effects of lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. The results of the comparison show that a better on-state voltage, switching speed trade-off is obtained using the buffer layer than is obtained using lifetime reduction.5、Developing modeling and simulation methodology for virtual prototype power supply systemThis dissertation develops a modeling and simulation methodology for design, verification, and testing (DVT) power supply system using a virtual prototype. The virtual prototype is implemented before the hardware prototyping to detect most of the design errors and circuit deficiencies that occur in the later stage of a standard hardware design verification and testing procedure. The design iterations and product cost are reduced significantly by using this approach. ^ The proposed modeling and simulation methodology consists of four major parts: system partitioning, multi-level modeling of device/function block, hierarchical test sequence, and multi-level simulation. By applying the proposed methodology, the designer can use the virtual prototype effectively by keeping a short simulation CPU time as well as catching most of the design problems. ^ The proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure is demonstrated by simulating a 5 V power supply system with a main power supply, a bias power supply, and other protection, monitoring circuitry. The total CPU time is about 8 hours for 780 tests that include the basic function test, steady stage analysis, small-signal stability analysis, large-signal transient analysis, subsystem interaction test, and system interaction test. By comparing the simulation results with the measurements, it shows that the virtual prototype can represent the important behavior of the power supply system accurately. Since the proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure verifies the circuit design with different types of the tests over different line and load conditions, many circuit problems that are not obvious in the original circuit design can be detected by the simulation. ^ The developed virtual prototypeDVT procedure is not only capable of detecting most of the design errors, but also plays an important role in design modifications. This dissertation also demonstrates how to analyze the anomalies of the forward converter with active-clamp reset circuit extensively and facilitate the design and improve the circuitperformances by utilizing the virtual prototype. With the help of the virtual prototype, it is the first time that the designer is able to analyze the dynamic behavior of the active-clamp forward converter during large-signal transient and optimize the design correspondingly.7、Adaptive nonlinear control of spacecraftThe problem of spacecraft attitude control and momentum management is addressed using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization. A chief limitation of the feedback linearization technique is that it requires an exact cancellation of nonlinear terms in order to obtain linear input-output behavior. Adaptive nonlinear controllers for linearizable systems are investigated to overcome this restriction and to achieve asymptotic linear behavior.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement model is characterized by having uncertain parameters appearing linearly on both sides of the dynamicl equation. Therefore，two adaptive controf laws are developed forgeneral models in which the parameters appear linearly on both sides of the dynamical equations.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement problem is then addressed with the adaptive nonlineu control laws utilized and uncertainties in the spacecraft principal intertias assumed. The adaptive nonlinear approach is shown to effectively control the Space Station attitude and effector momentum, while providingaccurate estimates of inertias. The combined tracking prediction-error based tracking is shown to have improvement over the performance of the tracking-error based adaptive controller.8、Discrete-Time Control of A Spacecraft with Retargetable Flexible Antennas.This dissertation considers the discrete-time control of a spacecraft consisting of a rigid-platform. with retargetable flexible antennas. The mission consists of independent minimum-time maneuvers of each antenna to coincide with predetermined lines of sight, while the platform. is stabilized in an inertial space and elastic vibration of the antennas is suppressed. The system is governed by a set of linearized, time-varying equations of motion. A discrete-time approach permits consideration of the time-varying nature of the system in designing the control law.;Both global and decentralized controls are proposed for a noise-free system with full-state feedback. Initially, a time-varying linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is implemented, followed by two types of decentralized controllers. First, a collocated control law is devised in which actuator forces are based on the position and velocity at the actuator locations. Next, a new metho d called Substructure-Decentralized Control is proposed, where each flexible substructure is controlled based on state measurements associated with the substructure modes of the separately modeled appendages.;In both global and decentralized cases, a linear control law is first implemented coupled with an open-loop disturbance-accommodating control based on the known inertial disturbances caused by the maneuver. Elastic motion is next controlled using nonlinear (on-off) antenna controllers for each decentralized case. For Substructure-Decentralized Control, the controls translate intoquantized actual controls. Lastly, nonlinear (on-off) control laws are also used to control the rigid-body motion for each case.;Next, the problem of controlling the time-varying system in the presence of noisy actuators and sensors is examined. It is assumed that only displacements, not velocities, are sensed for both rigid-body and elastic motion, making state reconstruction also necessary. A discrete-time, full-order Kalman filter is constructed for the time-varying system. A pseudo-decentralized control is proposed whereby feedback controls are based on system state estimates. As before, both linear and nonlinear controls are implemented. For each case mentioned, a numerical example is presented involving a spacecraft with a single flexible maneuvering antenna.。
上海大学《管理英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
上海大学《管理英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷院(系)_______ 班级_______ 学号_______ 姓名_______1、They don’t feel safe in our town at night because it so dangerous. There’s a robbery every week now.A．becomes B．became C．has become D．had become2、The Games are known as the friendly games because of their ________ on kindness and mutual respect.A．lacks B．focusesC．challenges D．researches3、You look frozen．Sit down by the fire and I you some hot tea．A．make B．was making C．made D．will make4、Mr. Smart is believed to be a capable person, who is equal_____ charge of the company very well.A．to take B．to taking C．to be taken D．taking5、I need to be more mature and ready to ______ my mistakes.A．hold on to B．cut off C．make up for D．take up6、I ______ for Shanghai this Saturday, so I want to know when the earliest plane ______. A．leave; takes off B．am leaving; takes offC．leave; is taking off D．am leaving; is taking off7、---What do you do, Susan?---I am a clerk in a foreign company now. But I __________English in a high school for 8years.A．teach B．had taughtC．have taught D．taught8、Hopefully，the new method will be effective，helping students to get their career plans ________.A．at hand B．at willC．on trial D．on track9、________Wuhu with Shanghai, to be frank, and you'll find it's more convenient to live in the former.A．To compare B．ComparingC．Compare D．Compared10、Considered to be a less dangerous to tobacco, "e-cigs" are taking over the West as more and more people switch over when trying to kick the habit.A．adjustment B．alternativeC．advertisement D．amusement第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
上海体育大学《港航工程专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
上海体育大学《港航工程专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷院(系)_______ 班级_______ 学号_______ 姓名_______1、Although Jane agrees with me on most points, there was one on which she was unwilling to ______.A．give out B．give inC．give away D．give off2、---What’s wrong with your cell phone? I can’t get through.--- Oh, my line was cut off because I ________ my bill.A．haven’t paid B．hadn’t paid C．wasn’t paying D．don’t pay3、The church which is easily ________ from my home is being rebuilt.A．accessible B．availableC．acceptable D．responsible4、Paula waited until all the luggage was cleared, __________ hers never appeared.A．or B．so C．as D．but5、______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to see films so often.A．If it is not B．Had it not beenC．Were it not D．If they were not6、The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A．had known B．knewC．have known D．know7、She is quite________to office work. You had better offer her some suggestions whennecessary.A．familiar B．similarC．fresh D．sensitive8、---May I help you？You seem to be having some trouble.----____________，thanks. I think I can manage.A．No problem B．It's all rightC．ok D．No way9、____ up early in the morning to have a walk, I am sure, you are likely to feel active all day．A．Get B．Having got C．Getting D．To get10、Maria is constantly making efforts, she deserves the goal of entering the key university.A．achieving B．to achieve C．being achieved D．to be achieve第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
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1 Intelligent flight controllers for helicopter control1)A methodology for design of an intelligent helicopter flight controller is presented in this paper. 2)The methodology combines artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, conventional PID-controllers, and fuzzy logic algorithms in the design procedure.3) In this approach, the design of an intelligent controller is based on experimental data collected from actual helicopter flight and not based on analytical models.4) A neural network is trained to learn the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter. 5)Based on the neural model, the coefficients of a PID-controller used for blade angle control are searched for using genetic algorithms. 6)The main rotor speed controller is designed using fuzzy logic algorithm based on knowledge generated from understanding the aerodynamic theory and analyzing the helicopter experimental flight data. 7)The intelligent helicopter flight controller is formed by combining the blade angle PID-controller and the rotor speed fuzzy controller. 8)Simulation results showed that for desired altitude input H d, the intelligent controller was able to generate proper control signals for both the blade angle control and the rotor speed control. 9）The helicopter model altitude output H t follows the desired altitude input H d. 10）The design procedures, theoretical background, results and conclusions are presented in this paper2. EDFA gain modeling using Pspice and neural networks1）A new methodology in modeling the performance of an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Gain is presented in this dissertation. 2）It is based on the gain characteristics of an EDFA under different input signal power spectra and pump levels. 3）The novelty of this dissertation is based on the training and use of a neural network applied to the performance characteristics of an EDFA.;The modeling is divided in two sections. 4）The first model is an electrical equivalent circuit of an EDFA that can be simulated and analyzed by Pspice, a commercial electrical simulation program from OrCad. 5）The second section is the development and implementation of a Neural Network to model the gain response of the EDFA for a given number of input power spectra.;6）In order to provide data and verify the performance of both models, a simulation program was developed. 7）The simulation program's output performance was verified using an EDFA analysis program called Oasix.;8）The results from both models were accurate with respect to the theoretical and experimental data. 9）The electrical equivalent model's output spectrum was proven to match the output of the simulation program. 10）The neural network was trained successfully to identify the EDFA gain spectra to its correspondent input spectrum and pump power level with an accuracy of 98%.4、Characterization and Modeling of the Power Insulated Gate Bipolar T ransistor.The power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a new switching device designed to overcome the high on-state loss of the power MOSFET. The IGBT behaves as a bipolar transistor which is supplied base current by a MOSFET. The bipolar transistor of the IGBT has a wide base with the base contact at the collector edge of the base and is operated with its base in high-level injection. Because of this, the traditional bipolar transistor models are not adequate for the IGBT and the new model developed in this dissertation must be used. The new model is developedusing ambipolar transport and does not assume the quasi-static condition for the transient analysis.;The new IGBT model is used to describe measurements for extracting the essential physical device parameters of the model. With these extracted parameters, the new IGBT model consistently describes the measured electrical characteristics of IGBTs with different base lifetimes. The important electrical characteristics of the IGBT are the on-state I-V characteristics, the steady-state saturation current, and the switching transient current and voltage waveforms. The transient waveforms are examined in detail for constant anode voltage switching, clamped inductive load switching, and series resistor, inductor load switching.;The disadvantage of the IGBT is its slow turn-off speed relative to that of the power MOSFET. The two methods which have been proposed to reduce the turn-off time of the IGBT are base lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. Both methods have the disadvantage, though, of also increasing the on-state voltage. The buffer layer is a high-doped portion of the bipolar transistor base at the base-emitter junction. The new IGBT model discussed above is extended to include the buffer layer. Using the extended model, it is shown that the buffer layer IGBT can be made to have a faster switching time for a given on-state voltage than that of the nonbuffer layer (lifetime reduction) IGBT.;In summary, a new model is developed for the IGBT. It is shown that the new model must be used to accurately describe the steady-state and transient characteristics of the IGBT. The model is used to compare the effects of lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. The results of the comparison show that a better on-state voltage, switching speed trade-off is obtained using the buffer layer than is obtained using lifetime reduction.5、Developing modeling and simulation methodology for virtual prototype power supply systemThis dissertation develops a modeling and simulation methodology for design, verification, and testing (DVT) power supply system using a virtual prototype. The virtual prototype is implemented before the hardware prototyping to detect most of the design errors and circuit deficiencies that occur in the later stage of a standard hardware design verification and testing procedure. The design iterations and product cost are reduced significantly by using this approach. ^ The proposed modeling and simulation methodology consists of four major parts: system partitioning, multi-level modeling of device/function block, hierarchical test sequence, and multi-level simulation. By applying the proposed methodology, the designer can use the virtual prototype effectively by keeping a short simulation CPU time as well as catching most of the design problems. ^ The proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure is demonstrated by simulating a 5 V power supply system with a main power supply, a bias power supply, and other protection, monitoring circuitry. The total CPU time is about 8 hours for 780 tests that include the basic function test, steady stage analysis, small-signal stability analysis, large-signal transient analysis, subsystem interaction test, and system interaction test. By comparing the simulation results with the measurements, it shows that the virtual prototype can represent the important behavior of the power supply system accurately. Since the proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure verifies the circuit design with different types of the tests over different line and load conditions, many circuit problems that are not obvious in the original circuit design can be detected by the simulation. ^ The developed virtual prototype DVT procedure is not only capable of detecting most of the design errors, but also plays an important role in design modifications. This dissertation also demonstrates how to analyze the anomalies of the forward converter with active-clamp reset circuit extensively and facilitate the design and improve the circuitperformances by utilizing the virtual prototype. With the help of the virtual prototype, it is the first time that the designer is able to analyze the dynamic behavior of the active-clamp forward converter during large-signal transient and optimize the design correspondingly.7、Adaptive nonlinear control of spacecraftThe problem of spacecraft attitude control and momentum management is addressed using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization. A chief limitation of the feedback linearization technique is that it requires an exact cancellation of nonlinear terms in order to obtain linear input-output behavior. Adaptive nonlinear controllers for linearizable systems are investigated to overcome this restriction and to achieve asymptotic linear behavior.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement model is characterized by having uncertain parameters appearing linearly on both sides of the dynamicl equation. Therefore，two adaptive controf laws are developed forgeneral models in which the parameters appear linearly on both sides of the dynamical equations.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement problem is then addressed with the adaptive nonlineu control laws utilized and uncertainties in the spacecraft principal intertias assumed. The adaptive nonlinear approach is shown to effectively control the Space Station attitude and effector momentum, while providing accurate estimates of inertias. The combined tracking prediction-error based tracking is shown to have improvement over the performance of the tracking-error based adaptive controller.8、Discrete-Time Control of A Spacecraft with Retargetable Flexible Antennas.This dissertation considers the discrete-time control of a spacecraft consisting of a rigid-platform. with retargetable flexible antennas. The mission consists of independent minimum-time maneuvers of each antenna to coincide with predetermined lines of sight, while the platform. is stabilized in an inertial space and elastic vibration of the antennas is suppressed. The system is governed by a set of linearized, time-varying equations of motion. A discrete-time approach permits consideration of the time-varying nature of the system in designing the control law.;Both global and decentralized controls are proposed for a noise-free system with full-state feedback. Initially, a time-varying linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is implemented, followed by two types of decentralized controllers. First, a collocated control law is devised in which actuator forces are based on the position and velocity at the actuator locations. Next, a new metho d called Substructure-Decentralized Control is proposed, where each flexible substructure is controlled based on state measurements associated with the substructure modes of the separately modeled appendages.;In both global and decentralized cases, a linear control law is first implemented coupled with an open-loop disturbance-accommodating control based on the known inertial disturbances caused by the maneuver. Elastic motion is next controlled using nonlinear (on-off) antenna controllers for each decentralized case. For Substructure-Decentralized Control, the controls translate into quantized actual controls. Lastly, nonlinear (on-off) control laws are also used to control the rigid-body motion for each case.;Next, the problem of controlling the time-varying system in the presence of noisy actuators and sensors is examined. It is assumed that only displacements, not velocities, are sensed for both rigid-body and elastic motion, making state reconstruction also necessary. A discrete-time, full-order Kalman filter is constructed for the time-varying system. A pseudo-decentralized control is proposed whereby feedback controls are based on system state estimates. As before, both linear and nonlinear controls are implemented. For each case mentioned, a numerical example is presented involving a spacecraft with a singleflexible maneuvering antenna.。