复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题复习过程
医学考博英语复习攻略(1)
医学考博英语复习攻略英语是阻碍博士生入门的一个门槛，虽然随着目前考生整体英语水平的提高，些考生外语也很好。
但对相当一部分人来说，外语还是个拦路虎。
有些院校或学科初试只考一门公共外语，如复旦上海医学院;浙江大学英语听力单独划线，这无疑进-步增加考博英语的难度。
医学考博英语由卫生部组织，统一命题、统一考试，但也有些学校的医学专业博士不参加统考，而是由各招生院校自主命题，这些学校有复旦大学医学院、中南大学医学院、北大医学部、西安交大、四川大学华西医院、山西大学医学院、南京大学医学院、暨南大学医学院、大连医科大学、福建医科大学、同济医学院、浙江大学医学院等。
考生需要了解学校的考博英语的命题规律。
招生单位在博士研究生入学考试英语试题的题型设置上略有差异，考生一定要做报考学校的往年真题，熟悉该校的题目设置，并有针对性地复习;此外，多了解考博论坛中的经验交流，听取别人的-一些经验，要考博，至少你应该了解之前考过什么，怎么考的，真题就是你最好的复习资料。
用好真题、吃透真题，是快速提分、顺利通过博士考试的最快捷、最有效的途径。
考博英语考察的重点是什么?对于考生，必须明白以下三个问题:1)考什么?怎么考?是首先要解决的问题，要把精力放在最容易迅速提高的、分值高的项目上。
2)哪些是重点、难点?哪些是误区?有什么方法?这是必须十分清楚的问题。
考博英语考的是实际运用能力，听力、阅读比重比较大，其次是写部分的摘要。
医学考博英语的基础——词汇医学考博英语的重点——听、读、写医学考博英语的难点——阅读、写作3)为什么要学?如何提升自己的能力?这是是考生必须明白的问题，绝不是为了考试而考试。
态度一重视:英语无用论是一种懒惰的借口，或者是失败者的宣言。
笃信这种看法的人有必要对自己的思维进行一番脱胎换骨的改造。
改造不了，那这样的人我相信是永远不会在任何英语考试中取得好成绩的。
态度决定一切，假如有人考英语仅仅是为了考试的话，那么很难取得好成绩，即便这一-次取得好成绩，那么下次就未必。
复旦大学博士入学英语模拟试题附答案
复旦大学博士入学英语试题Part IV ocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: Three are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰwith a single line through the center.1. Although it is only a small business, its _________ is surprisingly high.A. turn-upB. turn-overC. turn-aboutD. turn-out2. Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just _________ in this life.A. demandsB. gainsC. desertsD. wins3. That contract about which we had a disagreement last month, has now gone __________.A. throughB. downC. overD. around4. The _______ of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A. upsurgeB. upshotC. upturnD. upkeep5. _________ through the attic and see if you can find anything for the jumble sale.A. LeashB. RummageC. FlutterD. Scrape6. How about a glass of orange juice to________ your thirst.A. quashB. QuellC. QuenchD. quieten7. Because the children keep interrupting her whenever she reads a book, she is always ___________ her place.A. missingB. slippingC. botheringD. losing8. She was putting on her watch when the _________ broke and it fell to the ground.A. beltB. stringC. tieD. strap9. I washed this dress and the color_________.A. flowedB. escapedC. ranD. removed10. The recent economic crisis has brought about a _________ in world trade.A. sagB. tiltC. droopD. slump11. Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already _________ because of the damp.A. crumblingB. flakingC. disintegratingD. splintering12. The false banknotes fooled many people, but they did not _________ to close examination.A. put upB. keep upC. stand upD. look up13. They were making enough noise at the party to wake the ___________.A. deadB. livingC. lunaticD. crippled14. If you would like to send a donation, you can ________a cheque to the organization Feed the Children.A. make upB. make forC. make outD. make off15. The students visited the museum and spent several hours with the________, who was very helpful.A. curatorB. bursarC. commissionerD. steward16. The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was __________.A. absolvedB. acquittedC. pardonedD. executed17. Mary was extremely lucky: when her great-uncle died, she __________ a fortune.A. came byB. came overC. came intoD. came through18. The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the utmost __________.A. decayB. contaminationC. squalorD. confinement19. Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but _________ slightly in the afternoon.A. recoveredB. recuperatedC. retrievedD. regained20. He tries to __________ himself with everyone by paying them compliments.A. pleaseB. ingratiateC. placateD. remunerate21. I was afraid to open the door lest the beggar _________ me.A. followedB. were to followC. followD. would follow22. By the end of the day the flood water which had covered most of the town had __________.A. reversedB. retiredC. returnedD. receded23. Educational policies made _________ the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.A. inB. onC. byD. along24. It was obvious that he had been drinking far too much from the way he came_________ down the street.A. toddlingB. hobblingC. lopingD. staggering25. He was a generous friend but as a businessman he __________ a hard bargain.A. dealtB. contractedC. droveD. faked26. My friend’s son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was __________ only a few miles from home.A. placedB. stationedC. deportedD. exorcized27. In a coal-mining area, the land tends to __________causing damage to roads and buildings.A. subsideB. diminishC. confiscateD. cede28. As the cat lay asleep, dreaming, whiskers __________.A. twitchedB. twistedC. jerkedD. jogged29. The total __________ from last month’s charity dance were far more than expected.A. earningsB. acquisitionsC. proceedsD. subsidies30. The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he __________them all in his stride.A. overlookedB. obtainedC. tackledD. tookPart IIReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage oneResale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers’ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special ‘image’ in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other. If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at ‘cut’ prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has been ‘cut’ fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article; but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the ‘standard’ price of the article because he feels that he is being ‘done’. This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods—prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of goingfrom shop to shop in search of lower prices. If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there. But this does not happen. A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers. And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods. How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on. It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit. As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public. The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story. Theefficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices. He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31. Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think __________.A. retailers may eventually stop selling their productsB. it may reduce customers’ confidence in their productsC. customers may feel uneasy when prices varyD. it may sometimes lead to poor service32 Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by __________.A. allowing customers time to payB. hiring assistants for long hours and low wagesC. advertising much more effectivelyD. establishing long-term relations with manufactures33. By saying “He feels that he is being ‘done’”, the author means that customer thinks__________.A. someone is despising himB. someone is maltreating himC. someone is blackmailing himD. someone is cheating him34. “Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?A. Good service other than price is important in attracting customers.B. An article without a brand name is not subject to Resale Price Maintenance.C. Manufactures attempt to influence possible purchasers by making their products easy to identify.D. Housewives prefer fixed prices because fixed prices are much less likely to fluctuate35. The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as “__________”.A. She knows her placeB. She knows her stuffC. She feels secureD. She feels intoxicatedPassage twoHe built a hut on a piece of rough land near a rock fall. In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen. The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside. In time Melio (not without some terrible mistakes) learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio. Their Chief never looked closely at Melioand said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail. The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream. It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water. They showed him how to bunt by laying traps and digging. In time Melio’s piece of land became a regular farm. He had wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season.The Parakanas were always around him. He’d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison; they were watching him. It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief. When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves. They had a delicate way of behaving. They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing’s edge. He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them. Then they had a curious but charming habit of taking a pace back from him, just one odd step backwards into their green corridors. Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio’s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away. They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here. This pleased the Parakanas. It meant that traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them. Their Melio would see to that. They were safe with this man and his hatred.36. It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves __________.A. reminded him of his house in the town far awayB. prevented the Parakanas from watching himC. helped him to forget the world he hatedD. protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town37. The Chief’s comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that __________.A. he did not trust MelioB. it was unwise to go too close to MelioC. he believed Melio hated the ParakanasD. he thought Melio was out of his mind38. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B. Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn’t escape being watched.C. Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what he had in store.D. The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels.39. To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed __________.A. odd but hatefulB. strange but attractiveC. unhealthy but friendlyD. cowardly but sociable40. It can be concluded from the passage that the place described by the author was __________.A. far removed from civilizationB. impossible to cultivateC. the home of Melio’s Indian relativesD. wet all the year roundPassage threeWhen he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay but past the stretch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother. There she was, a little yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin. He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks. Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes. They came running, their bodies bare, down to the rocks. Jerry swam towards them, and kept his distance a little way off. They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand. To be with them, of them, was a feeling that filled his whole body. He swam a little closer; they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eyes. Then one smiled and waved. It was enough. In a minute he had swum in and was on the rocks beside them, smiling with extreme nervousness. They shouted cheerful greetings at him, and then, as he preserved his nervous, puzzled smile, they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him. But he was happy. He was with them.They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough, pointed rocks. After they had dived and come up, they swam round, pulled themselves up, and waited their turn to dive again. They were big boys-men to Jerry. He dived, and they watched him, and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him. He felt he was accepted and he dived again carefully proud of himself.Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water, and did not come up. The others stood about watching. Jerry, after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear, let out a cry of warning; they looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water. After a long time, the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock, letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting, and giving a shout of satisfaction, immediately, the rest of them dived in. One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys; the next, the air and the surface of the water were empty. But through the heavy blue, dark shapes could be seen moving and searching.Jerry dived, shot past the school of underwater swimmers, saw a black wall of rocktowering over him, touched it, and shop up at once to the surface, where the rock formed a low wall he could see across. There was no one in sight; under him, in the water, the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared. Then one and then another of the boys came up on the far side of the wall of rock, and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it. He dived down again. He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock. When he came up, the boys were all on the diving rock, preparing to attempt the trick again. And now, overcome with a sense of failure, he shouted up in English: “Look at me! Look!” and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.41. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. Jerry was not a good swimmerB. Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boysC. Jerry was on holiday abroadD. Jerry was not on good terms with his mother42. The word “bare” in Paragraph 2 means__________.A. in disguiseC. in the gutterB. in the limelightD. in the raw43. At the beginning, Jerry was swimming__________.A. into the little bayB. too far out to see his motherC. near to the group of boysD. further out to see than the rock44. What happened to the biggest boy?A. He had been trying to stay under water as long as possible.B. He had swum through a hole in the rock under the water.C. He had been trying to do the highest dive.D. He had played a trick on Jerry.45. Jerry splashed and kicked in the water because_________.A. he was pretending to be drowningB. he wanted to amuse all the other boysC. he hadn’t been able to do what the other boys had doneD. he wanted the other boys to listen to what he was sayingPassage fourPeter Sellers wouldn’t be allowed his career today. All those funny racial stereotypes—the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness.His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it’s the comedy of yesteryear.Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War.Nonetheless, Sellers continue to obsess people. He’s already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush.The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers’ story. He had everything and it wasn’t enough. He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life. He was world-famous and desperately lonely. At the weight of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity. He was a basket case.This is irresistible material. Sellers’ subversive and immoderate behaviour puts him in a class of his own. Picture my disappointment with Ed Sikov’s tome, therefore. Here’s a thick book that tells us nothing new.For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr. Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man’s life and work, briskly told. Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers. His clinging whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant.The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists. To go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat.Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops. When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show. He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles.His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing. This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I’m All Right, Jack which won him a British Academy Best Actor statuette. When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him. The rest is history.Or notoriety. Sellers’ descent into madness was swift. He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later. He took drugs to enhance his potency, and this precipitated a heart attack. Having worked on Dr Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide. Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him trough the door. He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette. He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, PrincessMargaret and Liza Minnelli.His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars. Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green-colors of which he was morbidly superstitious.He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines; he pulled guns on people. He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland’s mother’s house in Sweden. Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear.Sellers was happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he’d replace or abandon with manic frequency. At one of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride’s dogs. He was also selfish in the extreme: when his relationships broke up, he’d send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.46. People are still obsessed with Peter Sellers because___________.A. he was a geniusB. he was as big as The BeatlesC. his life was full of drama and contradictionD. he led a very austere life47. By saying “He was a basket case”, the author means that Peter Sellers was___________.A. handicappedB. derangedC. impetuousD. callous48. According to the passage, Peter Sellers took drugs to improve___________.A. his theatrical performanceB. his breathtaking performanceC. his walk-on roles on the stageD. his performance sexually49. The “galore” in paragraph 4 means ___________.A. numerousB. anecdotalC. criticalD. unauthorized50. Peter Sellers can be described as__________.A. unpredictable but generousB. talented but unstableC. sane but selfishD. eccentric but reliablePaper TwoPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech. Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chimps to talk have met with51no success. Verbal language represents a truly gigantic step forward in man’s52.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information. When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks; other chimps53the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in. An attacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or a friend, either of54may hurry to his aid. A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening. A male chimpanzee, about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and other individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify55one. To our human56each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call. This is significant since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves tomaintain contact, between the separated groups of the community. Yet the chimps57can certainly recognize individuals by other calls; for instance a mother knows the scream of her offspring. Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls58serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals, they cannot for the most part be compared59a spoken language. Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas; he can benefit from the experiences of others60having to be present at the time; he can make intelligent cooperative plans.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.人类是一个不断的自然的进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。
复旦大学考博英语词汇试题及参考资料
⼀、根据复旦⼤学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共30⼩题，每⼩题0.5分，共15分。
预计测试时间（25分钟）211. The drowning child was saved by Dick's __ action.[ A ] acute [ B ] alert[ C ] profound [ D ] prompt212. We should always keep in mind that __ decisions often lead to bitter iegrets.[ A ] urgent [ B ] hasty[ C] instant [ D ] prompt213. The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from new orders with you.[ A ] placing [ B ] putting[ C ] arranging [ D ] providing214. He pointed out that the living standard of urban and __ people continued to improve.[ A ] remote [ B ] municipal[ C ] rural [ D ] provincial215. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women __ this field is climbing.[ A ] engaging [ B ] devoting[ C ] registering [ D ] pursuing216. When they had finished playing, the children were made to all the toys they had takenout.[ A ] pat off [ B ] put out[ C ] put up [ D ] put away217. Jack was about to announce our plan but I[ A ] cut him short [ B ] turned him out[ C ] gave him up [ D ] put him through218. It was felt that be lacked the __ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.[ A ] petition [ B ] engagement[ C ] commitment [ D ] qualification219. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to her umbrella.[ A ] carry [ B ] fetch[ C ] bring [ D ] reach220. An agreement was __ last Friday by the two parties.[ A ] arrived at [ B ] arrived in[ C ] occurred [ D ] realized221. if I take this medicine twice a day, it should __ my cold.[ A ] heal [ B ] cure[ C ] treat [ D ] recover222. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to __ the situation?[ A ] simplify. [ B ] modify[ C ] verify [ D ] rectify223. The lost car of the Lees was found __ in the woods off the highway.[ A ] vanished [ B ] scattered[ C ] abandoned [ D ] rejected224. The story that follows __ two famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.[ A ] concerns [ B ] states[ C ] proclaims [ D ] relates225. The government regulations that put this archeological site under protection.[ A ] published [ B ] issued[ C ] discharged [ D ] released226. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any __ on what he promises.[ A ] faith [ B ] belief[ C] credit [ D ] reliance227. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.[ A ] retain [ B ] sustain[ C ] maintain [ D ] remain228. The strong wind with sand comes from the hill in front of their house.[ A ] empty [ B ] isolated[ C ] bare [ D ] remote229. Men's never-ceasing for knowledge continues to broaden our understanding of the earth's atmosphere.[ A ] request [ B ] quest[ C ] investigation [ D ] research230. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to __ healthy.[ A ] preserve [ B ] stay[ C ] maintain [ D ] reserve231. The salesman's annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave up.[ A ] endurance [ B ] assistance[ C ] persistence [ D ] resistance232. A neat letter improves your chances of a favorable _-[ A ] circumstance [ B ] request[ C ] reception [ D ] response233. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly Oil[ A ] consciousness [ B ] impulse[ C ] instinct [ D ] response234. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary __ for reason-ing.[ A ] resource [ B ] resolution[ C ] requirement [ D ] response235. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six __ libraries specially servethe countryside.[ A ] mobile [ B ] drifting[ C ] shifting [ D ] rotating236. He does nothing that __ the interests of the collective.[ A ] runs for [ B ] runs against[ C ] runs over [ D ] runs into237. Old Americans are extremely reluctant to buy on __ and likely to save as much money as pos-sible.[ A ] debt [ B ] credit[ C ] deposit [ D ] sale238. In my opinion, you can widen the __ of these improvements through your active participation.[ A ] dimension [ B ] volume[ C ] magnitude [ D ] scope239. Have you a funny __ or unusual experience that you would like to share.'?[ A ] amusement [ B ] incident[ C ] accident [ D ] section240. No one needs to feel awkward in __ his own customs.[ A ] pursuing [ B ] following[ C ] chasing [ D ] seeking。
复旦大学考博英语试题结构和核心重点要求分析
复旦大学考博英语试题结构和核心重点要求分析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－导语：考博，英语是第一关，而英语成绩的高低主要取决于平时的复习，因此决心考博的考生一定要提前准备，每天学习英语。
全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要，能够为考生准确定位自己的英语水平提供良好的参照，也使考生对自己报考的院校试题有一个全面的了解，更加清晰地了解出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性。
下面是华慧考博的老师对复旦大学试题进行的一个全面的分析。
一．试题结构分析复旦大学考博英语的测试时间为3个小时，试卷分为词汇、阅读、完型、翻译、作文5个部分。
华慧考博研究中心老师根据近几年来的真题进行了分析，并列表如下：听力词汇与结构阅读理解完形填空翻译写作2003-2011年______15分（30题）40分（4篇，20题）10分（10题，无备选项）20分（汉译英）15分2001-2002年题型及分值分布与2003-2011年不同。
2001-2002年15分（20题）20分（20题）20（2篇，20题）15分（10题，无备选项）15分（汉译英）15分二．考核要求：除医学考博英语外，其他专业的考博英语由全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，其中复旦大学的考博英语对考生的具体要求如下：词汇方面，需要考生掌握7000~8000单词，900常用动词短语。
当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。
长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。
事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而是阅读、翻译、写作能力。
（完整word版）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（无答案）
（完整word版）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（无答案）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.1. He’s color-blind and can’t the difference between red and green easily.A. detectB. discoverC. distinguishD. determine2. As many as 100 species of fish, some to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.A. unusualB. particularC. typicalD. unique3. In her bright yellow coat, she was easily in the crowed.A. accessibleB. identifiableC. negligibleD. incredible4. Some people find that certain foods their headaches.A. introduceB. triggerC. summonD. create5. The workers chose to their dissatisfaction in a series of strikes.A. deliverB. offerC. manifestD. indicate6. Living with a roommate constraint on her ----she couldn’t play her trumpet or have parties late at night.A. imposedB. illustratedC. impressedD. left7. I don’t know how to get there either ---- perhaps we’d better a map.A. noteB. markC. consultD. draft8. In the of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their belongings.A. processB. companyC. lightD. form9. The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing toA. evidenceB. hearingD. rule10. The programme aims to make the country in food and to cut energy imports.A. self-confidentB. self-sufficientC. self-satisfiedD. self-restrained11. I think I’d like to stay home this evening going out as it is raining so heavily.A. better thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. sooner than12.The public can rest that detectives are doing everything possible to find the murderer.A. assuredB. approvedC. guaranteedD. convinced13. The child’s bad behavior is often more than a way of trying to his mother’s attention away from his sister.A. reflectB. catchC. deflectD. reduce14. The small building was marked with a modest brass , stating the name and the business of the occupiers.A. plaqueB. plateauD. plaster15. I don’t know what all the was about -----it was a dull sort of a film and there was almost no sex in it.A. controversyB. conversationC. discussionD. illumination16. I missed the last flight, and decided to stay the night at the airport.A. howeverB. thereforeC. moreoverD. meanwhile17. You could be many dangers by traveling alone in that area.A. subject toB. immune toC. sensitive toD. resistant to18. She chewed each delicious mouthful as slowly as she could, the pleasure.A. delayingB. prolongingC. insistingD. indulging19. The candidate has an impressively range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. vividD. alive20. When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had my parents .A. let…offB. let…downC. let…outD. let…alone21. He outrage by calling the TV programmes “talking wallpaper”.A. provokedB. evokedC. revokedD. invoked22. The governments is trying to the people into thinking that a war is necessary.A. enlightenB. involveC. orientD. brainwash23. All the questions around what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.A. dissolvedB. revolvedC. evolvedD. devolved24. Make sure you’re him before you start sharing a house.A. synonymous withB. compatible withC. subordinate toD. autonomous of25. She said that the treatment she had received in the hospital had completely her of her dignity.A. thrivedB. suspendedC. deprivedD. contrived26. She was unimpressed by the actor describing him as “a vain man and dull”.A. intensivelyB. intenselyC. downrightD. actual27. down than the telephone rang.A. Not until I layB. No sooner had I lainC. Hardly had I lainD. Scarcely did I lie28. I’m sorry I’m late---- I had a mental and forget that we would have a meeting today.A. aberrationB. perversionC. imbalanceD. sanity29. I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday and it’s been on my ____ ever since.A. moralityB. conscienceC. moraleD. rationale30. He saw university as a community of scholars, wherestudents were by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.A. extractedB. deductedC. inductedD. conductedPart ⅡReading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.Passage 1I am running down an alley with a stolen avocado, having climbed over a white brick fence and into the forbidden back yard of a carefully manicured estate at the corner of El Dorado and Crescent Drive in Beverly Hills, California. I have snatched a rock-hard Fuerte avocado from one of the three avocado trees near the fence. I have been told that many ferocious dogs patrol the grounds; they are killers, these dogs. I am defying them. They are nowhere to be found, except in my mind, and I’m out and gone and in the alle y with their growls directing my imagination. I am running with fear and exhilaration, beginning a period of summer.Emerging from the shield of the alley I cut out into the open. Summer is about running, and I am running, protected by distance from the dogs. At the corner of Crescent Drive and Lomitas I spot Bobby Tornitzer on a bike. I shout “T ornitzer!” He tur ns his head. His bike wobbles. An automobile moving rapidly catches Tornitzer’s back wheel. Tornitzer is thrown high into the air and onto the concrete sidewalk of Crescent Drive. Thedriver, a woman with gray hair, swirls from the car hysterically and hovers noisily over Tornitzer, who will not survive the accident. I hold the avocado to my chest and stand, frozen, across the street.I am shivering in the heat, and sink to my knees. It is approximately 3:30 in the afternoon. It is June 21, 1946. In seven days, I will be 8 years old.31. The best title for this story could beA. SummerB. Killer DogsC. My Eighth BirthdayD. The Alley32. The main image in paragraph 1 is of a young boyA. climbing a white brick fencesB. snatching avocadosC. running with fear and exhilarationD. defying ferocious dogs33. The main image in paragraph 2 is ofA. Tornitzer riding his bikeB. exhilaration turning into horrorC. the 7-year-old emerging from the alleyD. the hysteria of the woman driver34. The story start with the feeling of and ends with the feeling of .A. joyful action…horrified inactionB. running…standingC. being alone…being with othersD. being alone in the open…shivering in the heat35. The phrase “shivering in the heat” (near the end of this passage) dramatically describes shock throughA. the use of minute detailB. the unexpected combination of hot and coldC. its implied reference to the word ‘frozen’D. the contrast of death and playPassage 2Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, butwithout being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had became the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery.A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming hysterical and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit.One of the things commonly said about humorists is that they really very sad people---clown with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, bur it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy runningthroug h everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorist fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boots( or as Josh Billing wittily called them, “tite” boots). They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form that is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparkling surface of these dilemmas flows the strong tide of human woe.36. The central theme of this essay is:A. There is little humor in old newsreel.B. Humor can be dissected like a frog.C. Humor is essentially a mystery, and because humorists are more aware of melancholy, they seem sadder than most people.D. Humorists need to compensate for the pain they have suffered.37. The main idea of paragraph 2 is:A. The author once saw a picture of the largest soap bubble ever madeB. The bubble blowing performance was a repulsive sight.C. Humor is fragile.D. Laughter is not a measure of humor.38. Why does the author feel that when humor is dissected, it dies in the process?A. The fun in humor lies in examining its contentsB. Humor must tantalize the senses on impact---if it has to be explained, it loses its effect.C. Humor is best enjoyed by people with scientific minds.D. A good humorist should explain his or her joke to make sure everyone understands it.39. The word “melancholy” in paragraph 3 probably meansA. joyB. sadnessC. hysteriaD. exhilaration40. In his final sentence, the author is evoking an image ofA. the oceanB. sparkling germsC. high tideD. flowing waterPassage 3Every time an old building is torn down in this country, and a new building goes up, the ground floor becomes a bank.The reason for this is that banks are the only ones who can afford the rent for the ground floor of the new buildings going up. Besides, when bank loans someone money to build a new building, it usually takes an option for the street-floor facilities.Most people don’t think there is anything wrong with this and they accept it as part of the American free-enterprise system. But there is s small group of people in this country who are fighting for Bank Birth Control.This is how Huddlestone Hubbard, the BBC’s chairman, explained it.“whenever you see an old building torn down,” H ubbard said, “you usually see a candy store, a dry cleaner, a delicatessen, and possibly a florist torn down with it. These shops are all replaced in the new buildings with a beautiful glass, aluminum,wall-to wall-carpeted money factor.“Now from an aesth etic viewpoint, a bank looks better than a fry cleaner, a candy store, a delicatessen and a florist. But from a practical point of view, it’s a sheer disaster. If you want a newspaper, a candy bar or a chocolate milk shake, you can’t get it a bank. Nor can you run out to a bank for a pound of Swiss cheese and a six-pack of beer when have guests coming over.“A bank is great if you want to buy a car, but it’s useless if you want to have your dress cleaned.“And while a bank might buy flowers to give itself a human image, it doesn’t sell any when you want to make up with your wife.”“What you’re saying then, Mr. Hubbard, is that every time a bank goes up, something in all of us dies.”“Exactly. One of the reasons kids are getting in so much trouble these days is that there are candy stores to hang around anymore. When tear down a delicatessen, the tangy smell of potato salad, corned beef and dill pickles are lost forever. Unless you’re trying to make a loan, no one ever salivates in a bank.“It is true,” I said.“The situation is more crucial than anyone thinks,” Hubbard said. “at the rate they’re tearing down consumer stores and replacing them with banks, we estimate that in ten years it will be impossible to buy a loaf of bread in the country. What good is it to get 7 percent on your money if you starve to death?”“Then what you’re saying is that it isn’t a question of not taking it with you. It’s question of staying alive while you have it,” I said.“Something like that,” Hubbard agreed. “we’re t rying toget the public to wake up to the fact it’s better to have a store t hat sells screwdrivers than a bank that giv es away alarm clocks.”“What’s the solution?”“A government decree that a bank has to supply the same services of the stores it tore down on the sam e property. If it’s a bakery, they have to sell cake, if it’s a photography shop, they have to develop films, and if it’s a dry-goods store, they have to sell warm underwear. If they provide the services of the stores they tore down, then we’ll let them do a little money lending on the side”.41. The central theme of the essay is:A. Practically every new commercial building erected today is owned by a bank.B. Banks are attempting to drive small merchants out of service.C. New banks are not assets to a neighborhood in spite of their attractive appearance.D. By occupying ground floor space in new buildings, banks are replacing neighborhood shopping conveniences.42. This essay is written in a tone ofA. humorous exaggerationB. humorous understatementC. serious anger D serious fear of the future43. The author talks about the “Bank Birth Control” group becauseA. it is the name of a real groupB. he hopes to become its presidentC. he is being humorous to make his pointD. he is in favor of all kinds of birth control44. The attitude of the author toward small neighborhoodstores is that theyA. are dirtyB. are convenient and colorfulC. should be replaced by banksD. should become supermarkets45. The author makes his point by usingA. satireB. dramaC. romanceD. poetryPassage 4What if our society uses new-found technologies of “genetic engineering” to interfere with the biological nature of human beings? Might that not be disastrous?What about cloning, for instance?Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animal. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply into the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society? Might it not be used for destructive purposes? For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep afew in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the world.?A dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary methodof reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning do?Secondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough..But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals? There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influencefor it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two if a particular banker or governor or scientist---or three---or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the world?Before we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned? The new individual formed your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents ,but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survivein your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other’s influence. A clone of yourself , perhaps thirty or forty years younger, would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do form the start. The mere fact that you won’t be able to view it as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent.46. The central theme of the essay is:A. Genetic engineers are experimenting with cloning.B. The cloning of human could produce a privileged class.C. worries about the dangers of human cloning are ill-founded.D. Personality traits cannot be passed on though cloning.47. The author assumes that the readers isA. afraid of a nation of dictatorsB. worried about the abuses of cloningC.egger to put cloning to practical useD. ready to be cloned48. The author assumes that the reader thinks “immortality”A. frighteningB. unavoidableC. profitableD. desirable49. To hold the reader’s interest, the auth orA. used quotations by famous peopleB. asks frequent questions of the readerC. presents many research statisticsD. tells many amusing stories50. The word “hordes” as used the passage meansA. swarms of fishB. large groups of peopleC. mountain rangesD. large fields of grainPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.A considerable amount of medical research is aimed at identifying risk factors for disease. The rationale behind this work is that where people are informed of their risk, they will happily change their behavior to lower that risk. 51 this is certainly a reasonable assumption, it turns out that things are not quite that simple and straightforward. First of all, health is not necessarily a top priority in everyo ne’s life and, for these people, changing behavior in the interests of health may interfere 52 other, more important matters. Second, the benefits to be derived 53 such changes rarely are immediate or obvious. Usually, improvements in health take palace over long periods of time and are quite subtle. 54 , we are all so bombarded with information about the thousands of health hazards to which we are exposed 55 most of us “t im e out” much of this information. This latter issue iscompounded by the fact that much of new information to which we are exposed through the media is exaggerated and, as often as not, is contradicted later by even “newer” information. For these and other reasons, simply knowing about a risk does not necessarily ensure that people will take appropriate steps to 56 it.57 when people want to change their behavior, this is not easy to do. For example, the overwhelming majority of smokers in this country want to quit, but 58 great effort very few are able to do so. Most smokers acknowledge, at some level, that health hazards associated with smoking and most wish that there were a simple and painless way to stop. 59 the number of people who want to lose weight is very large, but few of these people are able to do it and even60 are able to maintain such weight losses.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.我认为没有人不喜欢到处去看看：多看看他人，多阅他乡，不但可以认识世界，亦可认识自己。
(完整word版)复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(无答案)
复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.1. He’s color-blind and can’t the difference between red and green easily.A. detectB. discoverC. distinguishD. determine2. As many as 100 species of fish, some to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.A. unusualB. particularC. typicalD. unique3. In her bright yellow coat, she was easily in the crowed.A. accessibleB. identifiableC. negligibleD. incredible4. Some people find that certain foods their headaches.A. introduceB. triggerC. summonD. create5. The workers chose to their dissatisfaction in a series of strikes.A. deliverB. offerC. manifestD. indicate6. Living with a roommate constraint on her ----she couldn’t play her trumpet or have parties late at night.A. imposedB. illustratedC. impressedD. left7. I don’t know how to get there either ---- perhaps we’d better a map.A. noteB. markC. consultD. draft8. In the of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their belongings.A. processB. companyC. lightD. form9. The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing toA. evidenceB. hearingC. justiceD. rule10. The programme aims to make the country in food and to cut energy imports.A. self-confidentB. self-sufficientC. self-satisfiedD. self-restrained11. I think I’d like to stay home this evening going out as it is raining so heavily.A. better thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. sooner than12.The public can rest that detectives are doing everything possible to find the murderer.A. assuredB. approvedC. guaranteedD. convinced13. The child’s bad behavior is often more than a way of trying to his mother’s attention away from his sister.A. reflectB. catchC. deflectD. reduce14. The small building was marked with a modest brass , stating the name and the business of the occupiers.A. plaqueB. plateauC. plagueD. plaster15. I don’t know what all the was about -----it was a dull sort of a film and there was almost no sex in it.A. controversyB. conversationC. discussionD. illumination16. I missed the last flight, and decided to stay the night at the airport.A. howeverB. thereforeC. moreoverD. meanwhile17. You could be many dangers by traveling alone in that area.A. subject toB. immune toC. sensitive toD. resistant to18. She chewed each delicious mouthful as slowly as she could, the pleasure.A. delayingB. prolongingC. insistingD. indulging19. The candidate has an impressively range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. vividC. mobileD. alive20. When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had my parents .A. let…offB. let…downC. let…outD. let…alone21. He outrage by calling the TV programmes “talking wallpaper”.A. provokedB. evokedC. revokedD. invoked22. The governments is trying to the people into thinking that a war is necessary.A. enlightenB. involveC. orientD. brainwash23. All the questions around what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.A. dissolvedB. revolvedC. evolvedD. devolved24. Make sure you’re him before you start sharing a house.A. synonymous withB. compatible withC. subordinate toD. autonomous of25. She said that the treatment she had received in the hospital had completely her of her dignity.A. thrivedB. suspendedC. deprivedD. contrived26. She was unimpressed by the actor describing him as “a vain man and dull”.A. intensivelyB. intenselyC. downrightD. actual27. down than the telephone rang.A. Not until I layB. No sooner had I lainC. Hardly had I lainD. Scarcely did I lie28. I’m sorry I’m late---- I had a mental and forget that we would have a meeting today.A. aberrationB. perversionC. imbalanceD. sanity29. I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday and it’s been on my ____ ever since.A. moralityB. conscienceC. moraleD. rationale30. He saw university as a community of scholars, where students were by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.A. extractedB. deductedC. inductedD. conductedPart ⅡReading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.Passage 1I am running down an alley with a stolen avocado, having climbed over a white brick fence and into the forbidden back yard of a carefully manicured estate at the corner of El Dorado and Crescent Drive in Beverly Hills, California. I have snatched a rock-hard Fuerte avocado from one of the three avocado trees near the fence. I have been told that many ferocious dogs patrol the grounds; they are killers, these dogs. I am defying them. They are nowhere to be found, except in my mind, and I’m out and gone and in the alle y with their growls directing my imagination. I am running with fear and exhilaration, beginning a period of summer.Emerging from the shield of the alley I cut out into the open. Summer is about running, and I am running, protected by distance from the dogs. At the corner of Crescent Drive and Lomitas I spot Bobby Tornitzer on a bike. I shout “Tornitzer!” He tur ns his head. His bike wobbles. An automobile moving rapidly catches Tornitzer’s back wheel. Tornitzer is thrown high into the air and onto the concrete sidewalk of Crescent Drive. The driver, a woman with gray hair, swirls from the car hysterically and hovers noisily over Tornitzer, who will not survive the accident. I hold the avocado to my chest and stand, frozen, across the street. I am shivering in the heat, and sink to my knees. It is approximately 3:30 in the afternoon. It is June 21, 1946. In seven days, I will be 8 years old.31. The best title for this story could beA. SummerB. Killer DogsC. My Eighth BirthdayD. The Alley32. The main image in paragraph 1 is of a young boyA. climbing a white brick fencesB. snatching avocadosC. running with fear and exhilarationD. defying ferocious dogs33. The main image in paragraph 2 is ofA. Tornitzer riding his bikeB. exhilaration turning into horrorC. the 7-year-old emerging from the alleyD. the hysteria of the woman driver34. The story start with the feeling of and ends with the feeling of .A. joyful action…horrified inactionB. running…standingC. being alone…being with othersD. being alone in the open…shivering in the heat35. The phrase “shivering in the heat” (near the end of this passage) dramatically describes shock throughA. the use of minute detailB. the unexpected combination of hot and coldC. its implied reference to the word ‘frozen’D. the contrast of death and playPassage 2Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, butwithout being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had became the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery.A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming hysterical and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit.One of the things commonly said about humorists is that they really very sad people---clown with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, bur it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorist fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boots( or as Josh Billing wittily called them, “tite” boots). They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form that is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparkling surface of these dilemmas flows the strong tide of human woe.36. The central theme of this essay is:A. There is little humor in old newsreel.B. Humor can be dissected like a frog.C. Humor is essentially a mystery, and because humorists are more aware of melancholy, they seem sadder than most people.D. Humorists need to compensate for the pain they have suffered.37. The main idea of paragraph 2 is:A. The author once saw a picture of the largest soap bubble ever madeB. The bubble blowing performance was a repulsive sight.C. Humor is fragile.D. Laughter is not a measure of humor.38. Why does the author feel that when humor is dissected, it dies in the process?A. The fun in humor lies in examining its contentsB. Humor must tantalize the senses on impact---if it has to be explained, it loses its effect.C. Humor is best enjoyed by people with scientific minds.D. A good humorist should explain his or her joke to make sure everyone understands it.39. The word “melancholy” in paragraph 3 probably meansA. joyB. sadnessC. hysteriaD. exhilaration40. In his final sentence, the author is evoking an image ofA. the oceanB. sparkling germsC. high tideD. flowing waterPassage 3Every time an old building is torn down in this country, and a new building goes up, the ground floor becomes a bank.The reason for this is that banks are the only ones who can afford the rent for the ground floor of the new buildings going up. Besides, when bank loans someone money to build a new building, it usually takes an option for the street-floor facilities.Most people don’t think there is anything wrong with this and they accept it as part of the American free-enterprise system. But there is s small group of people in this country who are fighting for Bank Birth Control.This is how Huddlestone Hubbard, the BBC’s chairman, explained it.“whenever you see an old building torn down,” Hubbard said, “you usually see a candy store, a dry cleaner, a delicatessen, and possibly a florist torn down with it. These shops are all replaced in the new buildings with a beautiful glass, aluminum, wall-to wall-carpeted money factor.“Now from an aesthetic viewpoint, a bank looks better than a fry cleaner, a candy store, a delicatessen and a florist. But from a practical point of view, it’s a sheer disaster. If you want a newspaper, a candy bar or a chocolate milk shake, you can’t get it a bank. Nor can you run out to a bank for a pound of Swiss cheese and a six-pack of beer when have guests coming over.“A bank is great if you want to buy a car, but it’s useless if you want to have your dress cleaned.“And while a bank might buy flowers to give itself a human image, it doesn’t sell any when you want to make up with your wife.”“What you’re saying then, Mr. Hubbard, is that every time a bank goes up, something in all of us dies.”“Exactly. One of the reasons kids are getting in so much trouble these days is that there are candy stores to hang around anymore. When tear down a delicatessen, the tangy smell of potato salad, corned beef and dill pickles are lost forever. Unless you’re trying to make a loan, no one ever salivates in a bank.“It is true,” I said.“The situation is more crucial than anyone thinks,” Hubbard said. “at the rate they’re tearing down consumer stores and replacing them with banks, we estimate that in ten years it will be impossible to buy a loaf of bread in the country. What good is it to get 7 percent on your money if you starve to death?”“Then what you’re saying is that it isn’t a question of not taking it with you. It’s question of staying alive while you have it,” I said.“Something like that,” Hubbard agreed. “we’re t rying to get the public to wake up to the fact it’s better to have a store t hat sells screwdrivers than a bank that giv es away alarm clocks.”“What’s the solution?”“A government decree that a bank has to supply the same services of the stores it tore down on the same property. If it’s a bakery, they have to sell cake, if it’s a photography shop, they have to develop films, and if it’s a dry-goods store, they have to sell warm underwear. If they provide the services of the stores they tore down, then we’ll let them do a little money lending on the side”.41. The central theme of the essay is:A. Practically every new commercial building erected today is owned by a bank.B. Banks are attempting to drive small merchants out of service.C. New banks are not assets to a neighborhood in spite of their attractive appearance.D. By occupying ground floor space in new buildings, banks are replacing neighborhood shopping conveniences.42. This essay is written in a tone ofA. humorous exaggerationB. humorous understatementC. serious anger D serious fear of the future43. The author talks about the “Bank Birth Control” group becauseA. it is the name of a real groupB. he hopes to become its presidentC. he is being humorous to make his pointD. he is in favor of all kinds of birth control44. The attitude of the author toward small neighborhood stores is that theyA. are dirtyB. are convenient and colorfulC. should be replaced by banksD. should become supermarkets45. The author makes his point by usingA. satireB. dramaC. romanceD. poetryPassage 4What if our society uses new-found technologies of “genetic engineering” to interfere with the biological nature of human beings? Might that not be disastrous?What about cloning, for instance?Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animal. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply into the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society? Might it not be used for destructive purposes? For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep afew in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the world.?A dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary method of reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning do?Secondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough..But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals? There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influencefor it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two if a particular banker or governor or scientist---or three---or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the world?Before we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned? The new individual formed your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents ,but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survivein your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other’s influence. A clone of yourself , perhaps thirty or forty years younger, would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do form the start. The mere fact that you won’t be able to view it as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent.46. The central theme of the essay is:A. Genetic engineers are experimenting with cloning.B. The cloning of human could produce a privileged class.C. worries about the dangers of human cloning are ill-founded.D. Personality traits cannot be passed on though cloning.47. The author assumes that the readers isA. afraid of a nation of dictatorsB. worried about the abuses of cloningC.egger to put cloning to practical useD. ready to be cloned48. The author assumes that the reader thinks “immortality”A. frighteningB. unavoidableC. profitableD. desirable49. To hold the reader’s interest, the authorA. used quotations by famous peopleB. asks frequent questions of the readerC. presents many research statisticsD. tells many amusing stories50. The word “hordes” as used the passage meansA. swarms of fishB. large groups of peopleC. mountain rangesD. large fields of grainPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.A considerable amount of medical research is aimed at identifying risk factors for disease. The rationale behind this work is that where people are informed of their risk, they will happily change their behavior to lower that risk. 51 this is certainly a reasonable assumption, it turns out that things are not quite that simple and straightforward. First of all, health is not necessarily a top priority in everyo ne’s life and, for these people, changing behavior in the interests of health may interfere 52 other, more important matters. Second, the benefits to be derived 53 such changes rarely are immediate or obvious. Usually, improvements in health take palace over long periods of time and are quite subtle. 54 , we are all so bombarded with information about the thousands of health hazards to which we are exposed 55 most of us “t im e out” much of this information. This latter issue is compounded by the fact that much of new information to which we are exposed through the media is exaggerated and, as often as not, is contradicted later by even “newer” information. For these and other reasons, simply knowing about a risk does not necessarily ensure that people will take appropriate steps to 56 it.57 when people want to change their behavior, this is not easy to do. For example, the overwhelming majority of smokers in this country want to quit, but 58 great effort very few are able to do so. Most smokers acknowledge, at some level, that health hazards associated with smoking and most wish that there were a simple and painless way to stop. 59 the number of people who want to lose weight is very large, but few of these people are able to do it and even60 are able to maintain such weight losses.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.我认为没有人不喜欢到处去看看：多看看他人，多阅他乡，不但可以认识世界，亦可认识自己。
复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试作文
复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试作文1. 引言1.1 概述复旦大学是中国一所优秀的高等学府，其博士申请英语入学考试作文是申请者进入该校攻读博士学位的重要环节之一。
本文旨在通过分析复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试作文的要点和特点，提供准备策略和建议，以及解析示例作文，并对备考和提高给出意见，帮助读者顺利通过该考试并取得成功。
1.2 相关背景在当今全球化的教育环境下，越来越多的学生选择到海外深造。
复旦大学以其优质的教育资源和声誉吸引着众多国内外学子前往攻读博士学位。
为了选拔最合适的研究人才，复旦大学设立了英语入学考试，并将作文作为其中一个重要组成部分。
1.3 研究意义复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试作文具有一定的研究意义。
首先，它可以评估申请者在英语写作能力方面的水平，这对后续在复旦大学攻读博士学位期间的学术交流和论文写作至关重要。
其次，通过对考试要点和评价标准的分析，可以帮助申请者更好地了解复旦大学对于优秀作文的要求，并针对性地进行备考和提高。
最后，本研究结果的有效实施还将为其他高校在招收博士生时建立相似英语入学考试提供参考。
这样就完成了“1. 引言”部分的内容。
2. 复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试作文要点分析2.1 题型与要求复旦大学博士申请英语入学考试的作文题型多样，可能涉及到议论文、说明文、议论说明文以及问题解决等。
要求考生能够清晰明确地表达自己的观点，结构严谨，逻辑性强。
2.2 内容构思技巧在写作内容上，考生需要理解所给题目，并能准确把握主题。
重点是在有限的篇幅内展开观点阐述，并通过具体事例或论证来支持自己的观点。
同时，还要注意整体框架和段落之间的衔接，使文章内容条理清晰，层次分明。
2.3 语言表达技巧在语言表达上，考生需要使用正确、准确的词汇和语法结构。
句子应该通顺流畅，使用恰当的连词和过渡词来实现句与句、段落与段落之间的衔接。
同时，注意避免冗长繁琐的句子结构，并尽量使用简洁明了的表达方式。
在写作过程中，还应注重掌握一些高级的语言表达技巧，如运用比喻、对比、假设等修辞手法，以及恰如其分地使用一些学术性词汇和复杂句式，以展示自身的语言能力和表达深度。
复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附参考答案和解析
复旦大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附参考答案和解析Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through center.1．Official figures show that unemployment ______ in November and then fell slowly over the next two months.A．plodded B．peeped C．plunged D．peaked2．The old lady was immediately sent to a nearby hospital when she ______ from heat stroke.A．passed away B．passed off C．passed out D．passed by 3．Her spirits ______ at the thought of all the work she had to do that morning.A．sagged B．sacked C．saddled D．scored4．Jack would rather his younger sister ______ in the same hospital as he does.A．worked B．works C．to work D．work5．Jane was badly taken in when she paid $ 300 for that second-hand bicycle; it was not worth ______.A．that all much B．all that much C．much all that D．that much all6．A patient crowd had ______ around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.A．contracted B．consulted C．contemplated D．congregated 7．UN diplomats are suspicious that the country's ______ weapons programme may be broader than reported.A．flail B．clandestine C．temperate D．fake8．Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to ______ the limitations of the film plot.A．trace B．transcend C．tranquilize D．trail9．When the report was published, various environmental groups criticized it for being too ______.A．alert B．zealous C．meek D．gregarious10．Her friends helped her ______ after her sister was killed in a car crash.A．pull off B．pull out C．pull through D．pull on11．Nell's father said to him that he was ______ dog to learn new tricks.A．so old a B．a too old C．too old a D．a so old12．The skipper was not willing to risk ______ his ship through the straits until he could see where he was going.A．taking B．to take C．having taken D．being taken13．We were running out of money and things were looking ______.A．grim B．glossy C．gorgeous D．gracious14．If law and order ______ not maintained, neither the citizens nor their properties are safe.A．were B．are C．is D．was15．He saw writers and artists as being important to the state for they could ______.credibility on the regime.A．bestow B．embrace C．disperse D．undertake16．When import taxes on goods are high, there is a greater chance that they will be ______.A．bartered B．counterfeited C．manufactured D．smuggled 17．There's been so little rain, the forest is ______ to go up in flames at any moment.A．precarious B．feeble C．convenient D．liable18．The school's development committee has deliberated the question ______ great length.A．on B．along C．at D．for19．On a Summer evening it is ______ to hear the joyful sound of the shepherd's flute floating across the valley.A．treacherous B．enchanting C．rash D．furtive20．Let's ______ the arrangements with the others before we make a decision.A．talk over B．talk into C．talk down D．talk round21．He'll have to ______ the music when his parents find out he's been missing school.A．listen to B．compose C．face D．play22．Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was suffused ______ color.A．with B．in C．by D．of23．In my opinion Elizabeth and Henry are not ______ friends as lovers.A．too much B．as much C．very much D．so much24．Yesterday my brother ______ with his girlfriend over where to go on holiday.A．fell off B．fell out C．fell away D．fell apart25．The writer ______ the newspaper readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.A．spurred B．menaced C．cautioned D．induced26．Some of his colleagues say he's loud and ______ and that everyone hates him.A．obnoxious B．straightforward C．considerate D．genial 27．She claims that the pressure on public hospitals could be ______ by combining medical resources in the public and private sectors．A．relieved B．replaced C．retrieved D．resurrected28．Please ______ it that the door is locked before you leave.A．see through B．see to C．see into D．see after29．I will ______ you personally responsible if anything goes wrong in this project.A．get B．hold C．let D．have30．The burglars ______ the house but found nothing valuable.A．ransacked B．besieged C．mortgaged D．renovatedPart ⅡReading Comprehension （40 points）Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.Passage OneNowadays, with plentiful ice and electric churning, few people recall the shared excitement of the era when making ice cream was a rarely scheduled event. Then the iceman brought to the back door, on special order, a handsome 2-foot-square cube of cold crystal and everyone in the family took a turn at the crank. The critical question among us children was, of course, who might lick the dasher. A century or so ago the novelist Stendhal knew only hand-churned ice cream and, when he first tasted it, exclaimed, “What a pity this isn't a sin!”Hand-churning is still tops for perfectionists for no power-driven machine has yet been invented that can achieve a comparable texture. Even French Pot, the very best commercial method for making ice cream, calls for finishing by hand．Ice creams are based on carefully cooked well-chilled syrups and heavy custards, added to unwhipped cream. No form of vanilla flavoring can surpass that of vanilla sugar or of the bean itself, steeped in a hot syrup. If sweetened frozen fruits are incorporated into the cream mixture instead of flesh fruits, be sure to adjust sugar content accordingly.Make up mixtures for chum-frozen ice creams the day before you freeze, to increase fill the container only 3/4 full to permit expansion. To pack the freezer, allow 3 to 6 quarts of chipped or cracked ice to 1 cup of coarse rock salt. Pack about 1/3 of the freezer with ice and add layers of salt and ice around the container until the freezer is full. Allow the pack to stand about 3 minutes before you start turning. Turn slowly at first, about 40 revolutions a minute, until a slight pull is felt. Then triple speed for 5 to 6 minutes. If any additions, such as finely cut candied or flesh fruits or nuts are to be made, do so at this point. Then repack and taper off the churning to about 80 revolutions a minute for a few minutes more. The cream should be ready in 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the quality.If the ice cream or ice is to be used at once, it should be frozen harder than if you plan to serve it later. Should the interval be 2 hours or more, packing will firm it. To pack, pour off the salt water in the freezer and wipe off the lid. Remove the dasher carefully, making sure that no salt or water gets into the cream container. Scrape the cream down from the sides of the container. Place a cork in the lid and replace the lid. Repack the container in the freezer with additional ice and salt, using the same proportions as before. Cover the freezer with newspapers, a piece of carpet or other heavy material.The cream should be smooth when served. If it proves granular, you used too much salt in the packing mixture, overfilled the inner container with the ice cream mixture or turned too rapidly. If you are making a large quantity with the idea of storing some in the deep-freeze, package in sizes you plan on serving. Should ice cream be allowed to melt even slightly and is then refrozen, it loses in volume and even more in good texture.31．In the first paragraph, “took a turn at the crank” could be paraphrased ______.A．“helped to mix the ice cream”B．“ate some ice cream”C．“helped break up the ice with a hammer”D．“protected the ice cream from children”32．According to the writer truly perfect ice cream ______.A．is now common and inexpensive at most storesB．is only possible with hand laborC．should be melted and then refrozenD．needs to be a sin33．When ice cream is being hand-churned it is surrounded by a mixture of ______.A．syrup and cream B．syrup and iceC．salt and ice D．flesh fruit and ice34．In paragraph 4, “taper off” means ______.A．cut up B．stop C．speed up D．slow down35．This passage reflects an era when ______.A．people liked a little salt in their ice creamB．making ice cream was an occasional form of family entertainmentC．ice cream was not popularD．people did not knew now to make cheese with their creamPassage TwoFood and drink play a major role in Christmas celebrations in most countries, but in few more so than in Mexico. Many families over the festive season will do little more than cook and ingest a seemingly constant cycle of tortillas, fried beans, meat both roasted and stewed, and sticky desserts for days on end．Thus does the extended family keep on extending—further and further over their collective waistlines.Lucky them, you might think. Except that Mexico's bad eating habits are leading to a health crisis that most Mexicans seem blissfully unaware of. Obesity and its related disorder, diabetes, are now major health concerns in a country where large rural regions are still concerned more with under- than with over-nourishment. In its perennial rivalry with the United States, Mexico has at last found an area in which it can match its northern neighbor—mouthful for mouthful.The statistics are impressive, and alarming. According to the OECD, Mexico is now thesecond fattest nation in that group of 30 countries A health poll in 1999 found that 35% of women were overweight, and another 24% technically obese. Juan Rivera，an official at the National Institute of Public Health, says that the combined figure for men would be about 55%, and that a similar poll to be carried out next year will show the fat quotient rising. Only the United States, with combined figures of over 60%, is a head.That situation also varies geographically. Although Mexicans populate the north of their country more sparsely than the south, they make up for it weight-wise. A study published by the Pan-American Health Organization a month ago showed that in the mostly Hispanic population that lives on either side of the American-Mexican border, fully 74%of men and 70％of women are either over weight or obese.Moreover, even experts have been surprised by how rapidly the nation has swollen. Whereas the 1999 poll showed 59％of women overweight or obese, only 11 years previously that figure was just 33 %. Nowhere is the transformation more noticeable than in the prevalence of diabetes, closely linked to over-eating and obesity. In 1968, says Joel Rodriguez of the Mexican Diabetes Federation, the disease was in 35th place as a direct cause of mortality in Mexico, but now it occupies first place, above both cancer and heart disease. With about 6.5m diabetics out of a population of 100m, Mexico now has a higher rate than any other large country in the world. Not surprisingly, Mr. Rodriguez argues that Mexi co is in the grip of an “epidemic”.Nor does it tax the brain much to work out that the causes of these explosions in obesity and diabetes are the Mexican diet and a lack of exercise. For most Mexicans, food consumption, not just at Christmas but all year round, is an unvarying combination of refried beans, tortillas, meat and refrescos, or fizzy drinks; they consume 101 liters of cola drinks per person per year, just a little less than Americans and three times as much as Brazilians.Meanwhile, the lack of exercise, Mr. Rivera argues, is a symptom of rapid urbanization over the past 30 years. Obesity and diabetes rates remain slightly lower in rural areas, indicating that manual labor endures as an effective way to stave off weight gain. In Mexico City, though, pollution and crime have progressively driven people out of the parks and the streets, so most now walk as little as possible—preferably no further than from the valet-parking service to the restaurant. To combat the fat, health professionals say that the country must first realize that it is indeed in the grip of an epidemic．Other diseases, such as AIDS and cancer, have captured mostof the publicity in recent years; obesity and diabetes have been comparatively neglected.But these are also, as in other developing countries, mainly problems of the urban poor. It is a symptom of their growing prosperity that these parts of the population have, probably for the first time, almost unlimited access to the greatest amount of calories for the smallest amount of money. But with little knowledge of nutritional values, their diets are now unbalanced and unhealthy.Low-carb products and other dietary imports from the United States have already made an appearance on the posher Mexican supermarket shelves. They may go into be shopping baskets of the rake-thin and utterly unrepresentative models who dominate the country's advertising hoardings. But they are still comparatively expensive. For the heaving mass of the population, things may have to get worse before the government, doctors and consumers realize that things have got to start getting better.36．The phrase “on end” in the first paragraph can be replaced by ______.A．until all been consumed B．uprightC．continuously D．until the last day37．Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?A．Mexicans are eating a lot because of the country's affluence.B．Mexicans can match Americans in the nourishment of their diet.C．Mexicans only overeat during festive seasons.D．Mexico is now the second fattest nation in this world.38．Judging by the context, the word “perennial” in the second paragraph most probably means ______.A．perpetual B．recurring C．transient D．perilous39．Which is the most significant cause of mortality in Mexico?A．Cancer. B．Heart disease. C．Diabetes. D．Epidemic.40．It is known from the passage that from 1988 to 1999 the figure of women overweight or obese in Mexico rose by ______.A．30% B．26% C．35% D．55%Passage ThreeWhen you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category：when I'm grown up. When I'm grown up, you say, I'll go up in space. I'm going to be an author. I'll kill them all and thenthey'll be sorry. I'll be married in a cathedral with sixteen bridesmaids in pink lace. I'll have a puppy of my own and no one will be able to take him away.None of it ever happens, of course—or dam little, but the fantasies give you the idea that there is something to grow up for. Indeed one of the saddest things about gilded adolescence is the feeling that from eighteen on, it's all downhill; I read with horror of an American hippie wedding where someone said to the groom (age twenty), “You seem so kind a grown up somehow”, and the lad had to go around seeking reassurance that he wasn't, no, really he wasn't. A determination to be better adults than the present incumbents is fine, but to refuse to grow up at all is just plain unrealism.Right, so then you get some of what you want, or something like it, or something that will do all right; and for years you are too busy to do more than live in the present and put one foot in front of the other; your goals stretching little beyond the day when the boss has a stroke or the moment when the children can bring you tea in bed—and the later moment when they actually bring you hot tea, not mostly slopped in the saucer. However, I have now discovered an even sweeter category of ambition. When my children are grown up …When my children are grown up I'll learn to fly an aer o plane. I will career round the sky, knowing that if I do “go pop” there will be no little ones to suffer shock and maladjustment; that even if the worst does come to the worst I will at least dodge the geriatric ward and all that looking for your glasses in order to see where you've left your teeth. When my children are grown up I'll have fragile, lovely things on low tables; I'll have a white carpet; I'll go to the pictures in the afternoon. When the children are grown up I'll actually be able to do a day's work in day, instead of spread over three, and go away for a weekend without planning as if for a trip to the Moon. When I'm grown up—I mean when they're grown up—I'll be free.Of course, I know it's got to get worse before it gets better. Twelve-year-olds, I'm told, don't go to tend at seven, so you don't even get your evenings; once they're past ten you have to start worrying about their friends instead of simply shooting the intruders off the doorstep, and to settle down to a steady ten years of criticism of everything you've ever thought or done or worn. Boys, it seems, may be less of a trial then girls, since they can't get pregnant and they don't borrow your clothes—if they do borrow your clothes, of course, you've got even more to worry about.The young don't respect their parents any more, that's what. Goodness, how sad,still, likeeating snails, it might be all right once you've got over the idea: it might let us off having to bother quite so much with them when the time comes. But one is simply not going to be able to drone away one’s days, toothless by the fire, brooding on the past.41．What interests the writer about young children is that they ______.A．have so many unselfish ambitions B．have such long-term ambitionsC．don't all want to be spacemen D．all long for adult pleasures42．The writer maintains that fantasies ______.A．satisfy ambition B．lessen ambitionC．stimulate ambition D．frustrate ambition43．What does the writer feel is wrong with the modern generation?A．Their wanting to grow up. B．Their not wanting to grow up.C．Their wanting to improve adults. D．Their not wanting to improve adults.44．The writer feels that as an adult one must ______.A．achieve one's ambitions at all costsB．continue to be ambitiousC．find a compromise between ambition and realityD．give up all one's earlier ambitions45．When the children leave home, the writer thinks that ______.A．there will be compensations B．she will be delightedC．she will be desolated D．there will be nothing to doPassage FourFor years, pediatricians didn't worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it's hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use? The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things, maybe they'll grow out of this too.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with high bloodpressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well,” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it's worrisome.”Who's most at risk? Boys more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow more dense. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately, the abnormal thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control—through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment—allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure? It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure for a particular child's age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn't a fake. He'll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could he the source of the trouble. Because hypertension can be hard to detect, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood pressure checks for every child over age 3．About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight. And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the US who are overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%, or 4.7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking your kids—the earlier the better—on healthy, attractive snacks like fruits (try freezing some grapes) or carrot sticks with salsa. Not only will they lower your children's blood pressure；these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their Play Station. Even if they don't shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they'll be more likely to eat right and exercise if you set a good example.46．This piece of writing is mainly addressed to ______.A．parents B．boys C．gifts D．pediatrician47．The word “unclog” in paragraph 6 can be replaced by ______.A．fix B．clear C．hinder D．dismantle48．By saying “It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”, the writer implies ______.A．hypertension is hard to detectB．children often refuse to have their blood pressure testedC．you'll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child's blood pressure checked in a groceryD．in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child's blood pressure examined49．Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A．Drug treatments. B．Weight loss.C．Exercise. D．Overwork.50．We can conclude from the passage that ______.A．children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and strokeB．parent's blood pressure decides their children's blood pressureC．besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertensionD．vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart troublePart ⅢCloze (10 points)Directions：Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.Even geologist is familiar with the erosion cycle. No sooner has an area of land been raised above sea-level than it becomes subject to the erosive forces of nature. The rain beats down on the ground and washed 51 the finer particles, sweeping them into rivulets and into rivers and out to sea. The frost freezes the rain water in cracks of the rocks and breaks 52 even the hardest of the constituents of the earth's crust. Blocks of rock dislodged at high levels are brought down by the force of gravity. Alternate heating and 53 of bare rock surfaces causes their disintegration. In the dry regions of the world the wind is a powerful force in removing materialfrom one area to another. All this is natural. But nature has also provided certain defensive forces. Bare rock surfaces are in 54 course protected by soil, itself dependent initially on the weathering of the rocks. Slowly 55 surely, different types of soil with differing “profiles” evolve the main types depending primarily on the climate. The protective soil covering, once it is formed, is hold together by the growth of vegetation. Grass and herbaceous plants, 56 long, branching tenuous roots, hold firmly together the surface particles. The 57 is true with the forest cover. The heaviest tropical downpours beating on the leaves of the giant trees reach the ground only 58 spray, gently watering the surface layers and penetrating along the long passages provided by the roots to the lower levels of the soil. The soil, thus protected by grass, herb, or trees, furnishes a quiet habitat for a myriad varied organisms—earthworms that importantly modify the soil, bacteria, active in their work of converting 59 leaves and decaying vegetation into humus and food for the growing plants. Chemical action is constantly taking 60 ; soil acids attack mineral particles and salts in solution move from one layer in the soil to another.Part ⅣTranslation (20 points)Section A (10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into Chinese.Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in his mind for a possible course of action. Not for the first time in his flying career, he felt himself in the grip of a cute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness of his responsibility for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives was tinged with a sudden icy premonition of disaster. Was this, then what it felt like? Older pilots, those who had been in combat in the war, always maintained that if you kept at the game long enough you'd buy it in the end. How was it that in the space of half an hour a normal, everyday, routing flight, carrying a crowd of happy football fans, could change into a nightmare nearly four miles above the earth, something that would shriek across the front pages of a hundred newspapers?Section B(10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into English．在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。
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复旦大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.21．The feeling of ______ that followed her victory was cut short hy her father's sudden death.A．initiation B．intricacy C．interrogation D．intoxication 22．An independent adviser has been brought in to ______ between the two sides involved in the conflict.A．conciliate B．waver C．vacillate D．linger23．Robert's enthusiasm for the program of social reform seems to have ______, for he seldom mentions it any more.A．broke through B．come up C．worn off D．fallen out24．Talented ______ he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.A．since B．as C．until D．while25．It is very ______ of Miss Bingley to refuse to give any money to the church appeal when she could so easily afford it.A．considerate B．miserly C．belligerent D．touchy26．Obviously what she did was wrong, but I don't think it ______ quite such severe punishment.A．slashed B．surmised C．warranted D．evaluated27．______ the time available to us, we will have to submit the report in draft form.A．Giving B．To give C．Having given D．Given28．On a warm sunny day the river seems ______ and benign, and it's hard to believe it can be dangerous.A．treacherous B．perilous C．placid D．turbulent29．The woman ______ the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn't put it back together again.A．dismantled B．dispensed C．dissolved D．dissipated30．Local residents claimed that the noise from the concert was causing a public ______.A．nuisance B．nuance C．novelty D．notification31．The candidate knew he could win the election when he saw the ______ with which his supporters worked.A．zeal B．innocence C．magnetism D．indifference32．______ your help, I might have failed in getting this high-paid job.A．Thanks to B．But for C．Owing to D．Apart from33．Police believe that many burglars are amateurs who would flee if an alarm sounded or lights ______.A．came out B．came to C．came on D．came in34．Even though strong evidence has proved the nicotine to be ______, the tobacco company still insists that its products are harmless.A．minute B．soluble C．communicable D．addictive35．He ______ the men’s faces closely, trying to work out who was lying.A．slashed B．smacked C．slammed D．scrutinized36．She was portrayed in the press as a ______ sort of character who was only interested in men for their money.A．lofty B．deliberate C．courteous D．grasping37．The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from ______ into the wood beneath.A．rambling B．permeating C．eroding D．chasing38．Going out for a walk when it's pouring with rain is a ______ idea.A．conducive B．ludicrous C．flashy D．transient39．The lorry was lodged in a very ______ way, with its front wheels hanging over the cliff.A．precarious B．repulsive C．fastidious D．oblivious40．Her mother taught her never to ______ if someone insulted her, as it would only make the situation worse.A．retaliate B．deport C．outdo D．foilPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.Passage OneAlways at the beginning of any particular hunt there was one solemn ceremony to perform: an earnest consultation between all the hunters as to which spoor was most worthwhile following. The Bushmen would sit on their heels like elder statesmen discussing the size, mood, sex, and direction of the animals, study the wind, the sun, the hour and the weather generally. When they had picked out one particular spoor they revealed their decision by flicking their hands over it loosely from their wrists and making a sound like the wind between their teeth. They would do that, too, whenever spoor was fresh and promising and the gesture came so clearly from a background of meaning that we never saw it without an mediate quickening of our own pulses.The decision made, they would set out at a steady trot, until there was evidence that their quarry was near. Sometimes they would stalk it, first on their knees and finally full on the stomach, until the animal came within range of their bows. Frequently, if seen, they would make no effort to hide themselves but go slowly, hands behind their backs, imitating the movements of ostriches pecking casually at the food in the veld. When hunting in a group they seemed to prefer shooting in pairs, coming up together on their knees like shadows within a bush. Without a word being spoken but by some process of wordless intercommunication of purpose, simultaneously they would let fly their arrow at the animal, the bowstrings resounding with a wild harp-like twang. That done they would stand up at leisure. They never expected the animal to drop dead at once, knowing they would have to wait until the poison began to do its deadly work.But the first thing to establish was that the arrows had found their mark. The arrows were made in three sections for this very reason. First, the poisoned head was made in one short hollowed piece which fitted into another slightly larger one which was joined to the main shaft, notched at the far end to take the bow-string without slipping or fumbling. This made certain that the wounded animal would be unable to rid itself of the arrow by rubbing its wounded placeagainst a tree, for in this way the arrow-shaft either parted from the arrow-head on impact, or else when the animal started rubbing itself against trunks and thorn bushes. If the hunters recovered the arrows intact, of course, they made no attempt to follow the alerted quarry. But if they found only the shaft they would take up the spoor at once and the real business of the hunt began. How long it took before they closed in for the kill with their spears on an animal already half paralyzed by poison, depended on the sort of poison used, the size of the animal, and the nature and place of the wound. Sometimes the chase would last only an hour or two, but with the greatest of all quarries, the eland, it sometimes took a whole day.I have never seen a killing which seemed more innocent. It was killing in order to live. On their faces there was always an expression of profound relief and gratitude when the hunter's quest had been fulfilled. There was also a desire to complete the killing as quickly as possible. I have watched their faces many times while performing this deed and I could see only the strain of the hunt, the signs of fatigue from running all day under a cloudless sky in a high temperature, together with a kind of dedicated expression, but no gloating, or killing for the sake of killing.41．According to the passage the hunters kill their prey by ______.A．following their spoor B．shooting them with spearsC．trapping them D．shooting them with poisoned arrows42．What did the writer find exciting to see?A．Animals being chased and killed.B．The hunter's hand gestures signaling a target.C．The way the arrows are made.D．The way hunters find their quarry.43．The writer considers the hunters as ______.A．sportsmen B．humane killersC．childlike savages D．cunning ostrich impersonators44．According to the passage, the hunters imitate ostriches because ______.A．they want to gain the trust of their intended preyB．they would like to entertain each other after a hard day's workC．ostriches are easier to imitate than elandsD．if seen they could hide their heads in the ground45．If the hunters found only the shaft of an arrow, it meant most importantly ______.A．there was an animal dying somewhereB．the arrow was well madeC．the arrow was badly madeD．they would never find arrow-headPassage TwoAs they turned into Upshot Rise where his parents lived, Jack let go of Ruth's hand. Upshot Rise was not a hand-holding street. When you turned into it, you wiped your feet and minded your manners. Each house was decently detached, each privet hedge crew cut and correct. Each drive sported a car or two, and the portals of most of the houses were framed by white pillars that had probably been delivered in polythene bags. Behind each set of white curtains lived people who touched each other seldom. Some had retired and moved into the suburb for the landscape and the silences. Whilst others had begun there, sprouting from the white sheets in the white beds behind the white curtains, who knew nothing of dirt except that of conception and delivery.Jack' parents fitted neither of these categories. They were refugees from Nazi Germany. Not the mattress-on-the-the-donkey-cart type of refugee, winding in tracking-shot down the interminable highway, but respectable well-heeled emigrants．The flight of the Mullers had been in the early days, without panic and with all their possessions. Jack's father's business had been an export affair to England so that there was little upheaval in their change of address. Both his father and his mother spoke English fluently, and through the business were already well connected with the upper strata of English social life. They travelled first class from Ostend to Dover, and early in the morning when only the white cliffs were looking, they made a deft spelling change to their name, and landing as the Millar family, they spoke to the customs officer in faultless English, declaring their monogrammed silver. Upshot Rise was a natural home for them. It was almost a duplicate of the Beethovenstrasse where they had lived in Hamburg, quiet, silent, and reliable. Like Upshot Rise, it lay in a dream suburb, a suburb of dream houses, a spotlessly clean nightmare.Jack and Ruth walked enjoined up the hill. They turned into the house that took in the bend of the road. Jack tried to silence the click of the gate as he opened it to let Ruth through. He knew that his mother would be waiting for the noise behind the bedroom window. It was the first timeshe would see Ruth and Jack wanted to give her no time advantage. He wanted them to meet at the door and see each other at the same time.46．It can be concluded from the passage that Upshot Rise has ______.A．a strong community spiritB．a problem with nosey neighborsC．a sterile feel and appearanceD．residents with a flair for self-expression47．The word “well-heeled” in paragraph 2 can be replaced by ______.A．stingy B．rich C．conceited D．well-intentioned48．Jack and Ruth did not hold hands as they turned into Upshot Rise because ______.A．Jack had sweaty handsB．holding hands was considered immoral behaviorC．holding hands was not correct behavior for Upshot RiseD．they were too shy49．How did Jack's parents adjust themselves to their new home?A．They began to study English.B．They invented new names for themselves.C．They rarely went out.D．They made an alteration to their name.50．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A．Jack's parents suffered much discomfort in the course of their moving to England.B．Jack's parents were persecuted for being German.C．Jack's parents hated Upshot Rise as much as their old home.D．Jack's parents fitted naturally into Upshot Rise.Passage ThreeMedicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up and relegated to different experts: an itch to the dermatologist, a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails, a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last, intangible function the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional.Abroad, the family doctor is almost extinct. In Germany, every doctor “specializes.” In Israel,you queue at one desk for a cut finger, at another for a sprain, and a third for shock—even if all three symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain, both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of G. P. s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery an overloaded sorting depot for hospital clinics. There is no room for the amateur—be it in delivering a baby or calming a neurotic.Consultants and G. P. s begin the same way, as medical students obliged to cultivate detachment. But whereas a family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his “parish”, the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavours to specialize，the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges he need not go. Consequently, in a surgical ward, there are no people at all：only an appendectomy, a tumor, two hernias, and a “terminal case” (hospitals avoid the word “dying”). To make impersonality easier, beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with a practical working code.Nurses too have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals, they could with dangerous case become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, “task assignment.” This enables one patient's needs to be split up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant, the job comes first．In her final year, a student will undertake the premedication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people.Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There has been talk of group assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nurses, as they often plead, touchingly, “are only human.” They shun responsibility for life and death. If responsibil ity is split into a kaleidoscope of routines, it weighs less on any one person.51．In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that ______.A．healthcare has become more efficientB．healthcare has become less caringC．hospitals have too many specialistsD．there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals52．According to the passage nurses are ______.A．overpaid and uncaring B．overworked and unfairly criticizedC．overwhelmed and undervalued D．uncaring but efficient53．The writer holds that hospitals abroad are ______.A．more efficient than those in BritainB．much cleaner than those in BritainC．ultimately no better than those in BritainD．ideal examples of an ideal healthcare system54．According to the writers the attempts by nursing leaders to improve the system are ______.A．a step in the fight direction B．impressiveC．few D．flawed55．The word “shun” in the last paragraph means ______.A．dodge B．claim C．appreciate D．undertakePassage FourIn the 1350s poor countrymen began to have cottages and gardens which they could call their own. Were these fourteenth-century peasants, then, the originators of the cottage garden? Not really: the making and planting of small mixed gardens had been pioneered by others, and the cottager had at least two good examples which he could follow. His garden plants might and to some extent did come from the surrounding countryside, but a great many came from the monastery gardens. As to the general plan of the small garden, in so far as it had one at all, that had its origin not in the country, but in the town．The first gardens to be developed and planted by the owners or tenants of small houses town cottages as it were, were almost certainly those of the suburbs of the free cities of Italy and Germany in the early Middle Ages. Thus the suburban garden, far from being a descendant of the country cottage garden, is its ancestor, and older, in all probability, by about two centuries. On the face of it a paradox, in fact this is really logical enough: it was in such towns that there first emerged a class of man who was free and who, without being rich, owned his own small house: a craftsman or tradesman protected by his guild from the great barons, and from the petty ones too. Moreover, it was in the towns, rather than in the country, where the countryside provided herbsand even wild vegetables, that men needed to cultivate pot-herbs and salads. It was also in the towns that there existed a demand for market-garden produce.London lagged well behind the Italian, Flemish, German and French free cities in this bourgeois progress towards the freedom of having a garden; yet, as early as the thirteenth century, well before the Black Death, Fitz Steven, biographer of Thomas a Becket, was writing that, in London: “On all sides outside the house of the citizens who dwell in the suburbs there are adjoining gardens planted with trees, both spacious and pleasing to the sight.”Then there is the monastery garden, quoted often as a “source” of the cottage garden in innumerable histories of gardening. The gardens of the great religious establishments of the eighth and ninth centuries had two origins：St. Augustine, copying the Greek academe did his teaching in a small garden presented to him for that purpose by a rich friend. Thus the idea of a garden-school, which began among the Greek philosopher-teachers, was carried on by the Christian church. In the second place, since one of the charities undertaken by most religious orders was that of healing, monasteries and nunneries needed a garden of medicinal herbs. Such physic gardens were soon supplemented by vegetable, salad and fruit gardens in those monasteries which enjoined upon their members the duty of raising their own food, or at least a part of it. They tended next to develop, willy-nilly into flower gardens simply because many of the herbaceous plants grown for medicinal purposes, or for their fragrance as strewing herbs, had pretty flowers—for example, violets, marjoram, pinks, primroses, madonna lilies and roses．In due course these flowers came to be grown for their own sakes, especially since some of them, lilies and roses notably, had a ritual or religious significance of their own. The madonna lily had been Aphrodite's symbolic flower, it became Mary's; yet its first association with horticulture was economic: a salve or ointment was made from the bulb.Much earlier than is commonly realized, certain monastic gardeners were making remarkable progress in scientific horticulture—for example, in forcing flowers and fruit out of season in cloister and courtyard gardens used as conservatories—which had lessons to teach cottagers as well as castle-dwellers.56．Small city gardens were first established in certain Italian and German cities ______.A．in the central areas, unlike the earlier English gardensB．by citizens whose forebears had obtained permission from the monksC．by citizens who had surplus land by their cottagesD．on lines that anticipated cottage gardens57．What reason is given for the development of gardens in towns?A．There were special market areas in the large towns.B．The medieval citizen could cultivate the plants he wanted.C．The town dwellers longed for the edible wild plants they knew in their youth.D．The market sellers had not enough of their own cultivated herbs for sale.58．The religious orders had gardens because they ______.A．did their healing in the gardensB．liked their food strongly spiced with herbsC．required them for their healing workD．conducted their teaching mainly out of doors59．Special interest was taken in some plants, because of their ______.A．ancient originB．fragrance when crashedC．association with special seasonsD．beauty and their spiritual associations60．What cottage gardeners could learn from the monasteries was ______.A．how to control growth by special conditionsB．the need for earlier plantingC．how to choose the best plants for that climateD．the need for sheltered conditionsPart ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions：Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.Even before he is 80, the aging person may undergo another identity crisis like that of adolescence. Perhaps there had also been a middle-aged crisis, but for the rest of adult life he had taken himself for 61 , with his capabilities and failings. Now, when he looks in the mirror, he asks himself, “Is this really me?” —or he avoids the mirror out of distress at 62 it reveals, those bags and wrinkles. In his new makeup he is 63 upon to play a new role in a play thatmust be improvised. Andre Gide, that longlived man of letters, wrote in his journal, “My heart has remained so young that I have the continual feeling of playing a part, the part of the 70-year-old that I certainly am; and the infirmities and weaknesses that remind me of my age act like a prompter reminding me of my lines when I tend to stray. Then, like the good actor I want to 64 , I go back into my role, and I pride 65 on p laying it well.”In his new role the old person will find that he is tempted by new vices, that he receives new compensations (not so widely known), and that he may possibly achieve new virtues. Chief among these is the heroic or merely obstinate refusal to surrender in the 66 of time. One admires the ships that go down with all flags 67 and the captain on the bridge.Among the vices of age are avarice, untidiness, and vanity, which last takes the form of a craving to be loved or simply admired. Avarice is the worst of those three. Why do so many old persons, men and women 68 , insist on hoarding money when they have no prospect of using it and even when they have no heirs? They eat the cheapest food, buy no clothes, and live in a single room when they could afford better lodging. It may be that they regard money as a form of power: there is a comfort in watching it accumulate while other powers are dwindling 69 . How often we read of an old person found dead in a hovel, on a mattress partly stuffed 70 bankbooks and stock certificates? The bankbook syndrome, we call it in our family, which has never succumbed.Part ⅤTranslation(10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into English．Write your English version on ANSWER SHEETⅡ．人们发现，所有在国外旅行的人都根据他们自己的风俗习惯来评价他们的所见所闻和他们所吃的东西。