哈佛reference 格式
哈佛模式下的引证规范
哈佛模式下的引证规范什么是哈佛引用？哈佛引用是一种著名的文献引用格式，也叫作标号引用、脚注引用或作者——日期引用。
它比较常见于人文学科，即所谓“哈佛参考文献”系统。
哈佛引用也常常被科学家采用。
其格式要求如下：1）对非出版文献(实验数据库或网络文献)：非出版文献使用“文献名称/说明，取得日期，（访问日期）”。
2）对书籍：书籍使用“作者，书名（出版地：出版社，出版年 e版）”，或使用缩写“作者，书名，出版年”。
3）对期刊文章：“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，卷（期）号：起始页-结束页”或“作者，文章名，期刊名称，出版年，发布第几版（或发布季节），起始页-结束页”。
4）对会议记录：“作者，文章名，会议及出版物总揽（出版地：出版社，出版年），起始页-结束页”。
对于上述引用类型，本地大学图书馆及计算机中心一般有以下细节说明：一、缩写：*出版社的缩写必须符合标准的缩写规则（包括统一的缩写日期）；*期刊文章的发布第几版/季节只有大写英文字母（A、B、C等）；*期刊文章发布季节写出来也可以是有意义的词汇，比如Winter、Spring等。
二、标点符号：*如果不是最后一个引用，一律加“逗号”；*文章名及后面出版信息中间夹着一个“冒号”；*不同作者名时，使用“分号”连接；*期刊文章起始及结束页码中，起始页码与结束页码中间使用短横线“-”，有多个页码的用逗号隔开；*卷号，季节号，起始及结束页码后面使用句号“ .”来结束；*双引号使用“02”而不是“22”。
三、年份：*书籍引用中，需要把末尾的“年”字加上，书籍出版社及出版年份中间用逗号隔开；*期刊文章引用中，出版集、期刊或会议名称后直接跟上4位数的出版年份；*数据库/网络文献最后一个“取得日期”要写4位数的全数字出版年份。
四、大小写字母：本格式系统指定标题全部用大写字母，文章/图书作者及期刊/会议名称全部用小写字母。
例如：*文章/图书作者：James Smith*期刊/会议名称：journal of medical sciences五、分句标记：所有引用记录都要按照规定的格式进行协调，且以句号“ .”结束。
最规范Harvard Reference
Example:
'Royal Dogfight' 2004,People, 61, 1, p. 28, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.
Online Newspaper Article
Pattern:
[Author last name], [Author first initial] [Year], ‘[Title of article]’ [Newspaper Name], [Day month of publication], [URL or Database Name], [EBSCOhost], viewed [day month year].
Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.
Journal or Magazine Article
Pattern:
Example:
'Metro Briefing | Connecticut: Hartford: Domestic Violence Proposal', 2005,New York Times, 10 January, Newspaper Source Select, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 December 2010.
哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
英国reference格式
英国reference格式【原创实用版】目录1.英国 reference 格式简介2.英国 reference 格式的特点3.英国 reference 格式的常见类型4.如何正确使用英国 reference 格式5.英国 reference 格式的注意事项正文1.英国 reference 格式简介英国 reference 格式，即英国引用格式，是英国学术界在撰写论文、报告和学术著作时所遵循的一种引用规范。
这种格式主要体现在对文献的引用和参考文献的列表上，目的是为了确保学术作品的严谨性和规范性，便于读者查找和了解相关文献。
2.英国 reference 格式的特点英国 reference 格式具有以下特点：（1）注重作者的姓名和著作年份。
在引用文献时，通常将作者的姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的后面，用括号括起。
（2）引用内容和参考文献列表分开。
在英国 reference 格式中，引用内容和参考文献列表是分开的。
引用内容主要放在正文中，以括号和作者姓名及著作年份的形式呈现。
参考文献列表则放在文章末尾，列出所有引用过的文献。
（3）字母表顺序排列。
英国 reference 格式采用字母表顺序排列参考文献，即按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
如果作者相同，则按照著作年份排序。
3.英国 reference 格式的常见类型英国 reference 格式有多种类型，其中较为常见的有：（1）哈佛格式（Harvard Style）：在正文中引用文献时，将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的括号内。
参考文献列表放在文章末尾，按照字母表顺序排列。
（2）牛津格式（Oxford Style）：在正文中引用文献时，将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的后面，用逗号分隔。
参考文献列表放在文章末尾，按照字母表顺序排列。
4.如何正确使用英国 reference 格式（1）在正文中引用文献在正文中引用文献时，将作者姓名和著作年份放在引用内容的括号内。
书的reference哈佛格式
书的reference哈佛格式引言在学术写作中，参考文献是非常重要的一部分。
准确的引用和格式规范是保证学术研究的可信度和准确性的基础。
本文将介绍哈佛格式的书目引用方式，帮助读者正确引用书籍，并提供相关示例。
引用格式在哈佛格式中，书籍的引用通常包含以下要素：作者姓名、出版年份、书名、出版地点和出版商。
引用格式一般为：作者姓，作者名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
下面是具体的引用示例：1.单个作者：-格式：姓,名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：S m it h,J.(2005).Th e Po we ro fH ab it.Ne w Yo rk:R an do mH ous e.2.多个作者：-格式：姓,名.,姓,名.,&姓,名.(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：J o hn so n,M.,S mi th,J.,&W il li am s,L.(2009).T he Ar to fNe g ot ia ti o n.Lo nd on:P en gu inB o ok s.3.编者作为作者：-格式：编者姓,编者名(E d.).(年份).书名.出版地点:出版商。
-示例：B r ow n,S.(E d.).(2013).C on te mp or ary A rt:A Cr it ic al Per s pe ct iv e.P ar is:A rt Pr es s.4.无作者：-格式：书名.(年份).出版地点:出版商。
-示例：E n cy cl op ed ia Br ita n ni ca.(2010).Chi c ag o:En cy cl op aed i aB ri ta n n i ca.5.多卷书籍：-格式：姓,名.(年份).书名(卷号).出版地点:出版商。
-示例：S m it h,J.(2005).Th e Hi st or yo fS ci enc e(V ol.3).Lo nd on:S pr in ge r.请注意，在每个示例中，书名使用斜体表示。
三种常见与非常见参考文献引用格式介绍
三种常见与非常见参考文献引用格式介绍在大家了解引文格式的时候，可能最先发现的是三种常见格式，分别名为Harvard，APA，和MLA。
Harvard：Harvard格式，全名Harvard reference system（哈佛参考文献注释体系），是上世纪50年代源于美国的一种引用格式，最初广泛使用于物理学与自然科学论文，后推广用于社科类研究论文。
该体系是采用“作者-日期”的引用形式进行引用的。
不过，由于Harvard格式已经有15年未更新，所以在现在的论文写作中，大多人都选择使用Harvard的替代格式——APA。
APA:APA，全名American Psychological Association（美国心理协会刊物准则），是一个被广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，目前已经更新至第七版。
APA格式特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式，所以该格式可以说是极为全面和细致的对这些方面进行了详细的规范。
MLA：MLA，全名Modern Language Association，是由美国现代语言协会指定的论文引用格式，目前在美国的英文论文中很常用。
在具体规范上来说，MLA在行距、段落等格式上会相比APA等形式上来讲更加严谨些，引用格式上也是与APA等格式有着一定差别的，小总结：Harvard和APA格式相似度比较大，但目前只有APA在不断更新版本，而MLA与这两者差别偏大。
除了这三种常见引文格式以外，大家还需要了解下面三种非常见引用格式：Chicago：Chicago Style由芝加哥大学于1906年首次发行，截止到2010年已经发行了16版，它主要用于科学类学科文章中，也被书籍、杂志、新闻等媒体广泛使用。
Chicago格式有两种形式，一种是要用Footnote（脚注）进行引注，另一种则是用“作者+年份”的方式进行引注。
Vancouver：Vancouver格式，全名为Vancouver reference style（温哥华注释体系），它诞生于1978年的一个医学杂志编辑会上，主要也是应用于医学，以及物理科学方面的文章内。
哈弗文献格式
哈佛文献标注方法（Harvard referencing system）外国的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用，这个也是占分数的。
很多欧洲和澳洲的大学一般要求哈佛大学文献参考系统。
操作方法如下：一、正文中国外的文献引用方法和中文有很大的差异性，中文引用喜欢照搬别人的原话，但英文一般不这样，要自己归纳别人的观点，或者说别人做了什么研究，结论如何，总之最好不要原文照搬。
（一）文中不出现作者姓名如果引用作者的某句话或者某个观点，就在这句话的末尾加（），（）内要标注作者的姓名和该文章出版的年份，如(Author2005)。
反是有引用的，不管是从报纸上来的、还是书本、论文都要标。
如：Makingreference to published work appears to be characteristic ofwriting for aprofessional audience (Cormack1994).如：(Jones1946;Smith 1948)如：Recentresearch has found that the majority of……(Green et al 1995)Meeloun微信公众号（二）文中出现作者姓名如果正文中出现了作者的姓名，如xxx said/ concluded/ suggests….则在姓名后面加（），（）内只要标注年份即可，如（2005）。
如：Cormack(1994, p.32-33) statesthat 'whenwriting for a professional readership, writers invariably makereference toalready published works'.如：Jones (1946)and Smith (1948)have both shown……如：Green et al(1995) found that themajority ……(三) 其他情况如果一个作者同年出版了两本书，如2005年，要这样标：(Author 2005a) 或(Author2005b)；如果在一篇文章中引用多篇报纸文章，要表明这篇报纸文章的具体日期，如(TheGuardian, October 18, 2005)。
reference哈佛格式
reference哈佛格式
哈佛格式是一种常用的学术引用格式，它要求在论文中对引用
的来源进行详细的标注，以便读者可以查证。
在哈佛格式中，引用
的来源包括作者的姓名、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号、
页码等信息，具体格式如下：
书籍引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，书名，出版地点，出版社。
期刊文章引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，文章标题，期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
网页引用格式：
作者姓氏，作者名字年份，文章标题，网页名称，网页地址，（访问日期）。
在哈佛格式中，每个引用都需要在论文的引用部分列出，并按照字母顺序排列。
此外，引文中的作者姓名和出版年份需要在引用部分的列表中以及正文中进行标注。
总体来说，哈佛格式要求对引用的来源进行详细的标注，并且要求标注的信息能够帮助读者准确地找到引用的原始来源。
这种格式的引用方法可以帮助提高论文的学术可信度，同时也是学术界广泛接受的引用格式之一。
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哈佛reference 格式
在学术研究中，参考文献是一种合理、系统地表明文献整合活动的重要书写形式。
全世界学术界普遍认可哈佛参考文献格式（Harvard Reference Style），它是在国际学术出版行业19世纪80年代由哈佛大学出版社首次推出的参考文献格式，目前已被广泛用于出版物的整理格式，特别是英语国家的学术出版物。
首先，哈佛参考文献格式中的参考文献要求内容完整、准确、系统，因此会有较为详细的标题、著者、出版者、出版发行、出版日期等要求。
另外，它还有一个独特的标记功能，即在文中内容引用外部文献时，可以在括号内写上对应文献的标号，从而实现对文中引用外部文献的直接索引。
在哈佛参考文献格式中，文献分类又分为三类：书籍、期刊文献和网络文献。
其中，书籍参考文献要求给出书籍的作者、书名、出版日期以及出版信息等；期刊文献要求给出文章的发表者、文章的题目、期刊名称及出版日期、页码等；而网络文献要求给出网页地址、发布者、发布日期、出版日期、可用性等。
同时，哈佛参考文献格式还规定了文献书写格式：引用文献所有信息的排列方式以及之间的空格和括号的使用。
书籍中，必须提及作者、书名、出版商；期刊文献中，必须提及作者、文献标题、期刊名称等；网络文献中，必须提及发布者、文献题目、网址等。
以上就是哈佛参考文献格式的基本内容，这是一种完善的学术参考文献书写形式，它结构完整、内容丰富，不仅可以反映文献整
合活动，还可以更好地反映书写人对文献的研究角度，使文献更具著作价值和学术价值。
哈佛参考文献格式将使学术书写更加完善，为研究者提供更加方便的参考依据。