国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。
国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)
Harvard Referencing – a quick guideLearning and InformationServicesWhen writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formalreferencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference?To avoid plagiarismAcknowledge the work of othersVerify quotesFollow-up reading – easier for academics to trace informationAbide by Copyright LawHelp a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions.Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are:Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text.Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text.Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further readingReference List - List of resources referred to in your work.Some examples:1) Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.2) Electronic Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.Available from: [Accessed 10 April, 2005]4) Chapter from a Book.MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead.In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-1825) Secondary Reference (work you haven’t read which is mentioned in another work)SMITH, D. (1993) Change good or bad?cited in: JONES, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. Routledge. pp.24 Within the body of the text:Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003) argued that social change…6) Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. COSGROVE, D. and JACKSON, P. (2001) “New directions in sport science.” American Scientist and Sport Vol.8, pp.103-167N.B. List up to three authors. When more, list first author only and add et al or and others7) Electronic Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. MARTIN, E.W. (2000) “The legislative history of special education.” The future of children Vol.6 (4), pp.49-63 [online]Available from: [Accessed 29th October, 2002]8) Journal Article from electronic journal service (database)COLQUHOUN, M.C. (2002) Defibrillation by general practitioners. Resuscitation [online] v.52 (2), February, pp.143-148Available at: /[Accessed 24th July 2002]9) Official Publications.ActChildren Act 1989, (c.41). [online] HMSO1989Available from: [Accessed: 29th January, 2005]Government ReportDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (1996) Special needs. HMSO.Command PapersHOME OFFICE, (1978) Reform for the Official Secrets Act 1911. (Cmnd.7285)H.M.S.O.Statistical SeriesOFFICE OF POPULATION, (1990) General Survey for 1988 No.19. HMSO.Ofsted ReportBURKE,B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: Bedford High School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TYAvailable at:/[Accessed 26th November 2002]10) Video/DVD/Film/CD.Meetings bloody meetings. (1992) Video. Miramax.Some like it hot. (1959). Film, directed by Billy Wilder. USA, United Artists. SHOSTAKOVICH, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg & Polish National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. CD. Sony.11) TV Programme.The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear. UK, ITV 26th October, 1988.12) Live Performance – Dance.CHOREOGRAPHER. (date of premier) Title. [Date seen and where].ALSTON. R. (22nd June, 1990) Soda Lake [19th September, 2003 Covent Garden]13) Web page.LEARNING AND INFORMATION SERVICES (2002) Guide to the Harvard Referencing System.Available from: /lea/78127.htm[Accessed: 10th July, 2004]Nursing theory 2000.Available from: /academics/nursing/theory/[Accessed: 18th July 2004]12) Electronic Images.In your reference list:The lunar interior [image] 1999. PlanetScapes, USA.Available from: /browse/moon/moonint.jpg[Accessed on: 31st January, 2003]In the body of a paragraph:When looking at the image “The lunar interior” (1999) it is obvious that…… etc, etc. If you have inserted the image into your essay then under the image:(The lunar interior, 1999)Quotations.A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. However, before including a quotation, stop to consider is it relevant? It is important that:It is easily identifiableProduced exactly as in the original including spelling/grammar errorsUse square brackets [ ] around any words you addUse 3 dots … to indicate omissions (see examples)Three lines or less should be in quotation marks and included in the body of the essay followed by the author and page number (see example 1) Longer quotes should be an indented paragraph without quotation marks around (see example 2)Some examples:1. “…their pay, including those referred to as fringe…” Titmuss (1958, p.51)2. Titmuss (1958) said controversially that:their pay, including those referred to as fringe…pensions foremployees, wives and dependants: child allowances; death duties; travel;entertainment; health…and an incalculable variety if benefits of kind ranging from the most tangible. (p.51)Finally…. r eferences to books, journal articles, etc. are presented in:a single sequence arranged alphabetically by author.References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of publication.Book titles or journal titles (not article) are normally underlined or in italicsPage numbers are included in reference list and bibliography entries for journal articles and essays only.To add a note insert number in text - (1) [1] ¹ etc at the appropriate point and use footnote for reference or include the note before the Reference List.Make sure any resource referred to in your work is in the Reference List Do not include everything consulted in your Bibliography– discriminate between important & less significant sources.Make a note of resources as you use them to save time.BE CONSISTENT!!This guide is not a definitive document on Harvard References and some lecturers have particular preferences regarding presentation - always seek guidance and clarification from your lecturer.For further details of the Harvard system, please refer to the full Harvard referencing system is available from: /lea/78127.htmJackie Feale. yMarch 2008。
harvard文献引用格式
harvard文献引用格式Harvard文献引用格式是一种常见的文献引用格式，通常用于学术写作和出版物中。
以下是Harvard文献引用格式的常见形式和示例：1、书籍引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），书名（出版地: 出版社）。
示例：1、Smith, John (2010), The Future of the Book (New York: Columbia University Press).2、Johnson, Laura (2005), Writing a Thesis (London: Routledge).3、Lewis, Michael (2013), The End of the Rainbow (London: Penguin).2、期刊文章引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），文章标题，期刊名（卷号：页码）。
示例：1、Brown, Peter (2017), 'The Rise and Fall of Christianity in China', Journal of Religion (88:3), pp. 281-302.2、Lee, K.K., & Chang, Y.K. (2020), 'The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism', Journal of Travel Research (59:7), pp. 1053-1064.3、Swift, A., & Johnson, L. (2019), 'Evaluating the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education', Distance Education (40:4), pp. 573-588.3、学位论文引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），学位论文标题（类型，学校，页码）。
英文论文参考文献哈佛格式
Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。
harvard reference中文格式
Harvard引文格式是学术写作中广泛使用的一种引文格式，它是在文章中标注引用来源的一种标准化方式。
在学术论文、期刊文章和其他学术著作中，引用来源是十分重要的，它可以帮助读者追溯论据和数据的来源，同时也可以确保作者对他人成果的尊重和承认。
正确使用Harvard引文格式是学术写作中的重要技能，本文将介绍Harvard引文格式的基本要求和使用方法。
一、Harvard引文格式的基本要求Harvard引文格式要求在正文中直接标注引用来源，包括作者姓氏、出版年份和引文页码（如果有）。
对于不同类型的引文来源，Harvard 格式有不同的要求。
一般来说，书籍、期刊文章、网页和报纸文章都有相应的引文格式要求，作者在引用这些来源时需要按照要求进行标注。
二、Harvard引文格式的使用方法1. 书籍引用书籍引用格式一般为“作者姓氏，出版年份，书名，出版地：出版社”，例如：（Smith, 2010, The Art of Writing, New York: HarperCollins）。
2. 期刊文章引用期刊文章引用格式一般为“作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，期刊名，卷号（期号），页码”，例如：（Jones, 2005, The Power of Language, Journal of Linguistics, 35(2), 123-136）。
3. 网页引用网页引用格式要求标注作者姓氏、出版年份（或更新日期）、文章标题、网页名称和全球信息站，例如：（Brown, 2019, The Impact of Climate Change, National Geographic, xxx）。
4. 报纸文章引用报纸文章引用格式一般为“作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，报纸名，日期”，例如：（Taylor, 2011, Global Economic Trends, The New York Times, August 3）。
三、Harvard引文格式的注意事项在使用Harvard引文格式时，需要注意以下几点：1. 引文格式的一致性：在文章中使用Harvard引文格式时，应保持引文格式的一致性，不同的引用来源需要按照相应的格式要求进行标注，以确保引文的规范和统一。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。
其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问，请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。
例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。
例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
harvard会议文献引用格式
哈佛大学（Harvard University）的论文引用格式为一种著名的文献引用格式，广泛应用于学术研究、论文写作和期刊发表等领域。
它是一种著录引用法，用于标注论文中所引用的外部文献来源，并在文末列出完整的引用文献列表，以便读者查证原始资料。
哈佛大学论文引用格式严格规范，注重细节和准确性，因而受到学术界的高度重视。
现代科研和学术写作中，引用他人的成果和观点是非常普遍的行为。
这有助于强调作者的学术严谨性和文献立论的可信度；另也可以使读者在阅读原著资料时，更容易找到相关引用部分，方便追溯原始资料。
由于哈佛大学论文引用格式的灵活性和易用性，它已经成为了许多高等教育机构和期刊编辑所推荐的引用格式之一。
关于哈佛大学论文引用格式的具体要求和标准，主要包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等。
在引用的需要在文中作出相应的标注，并且在文末列出详细的文献引用列表。
通过这样的规范引用方式，可以清晰地展示出作者引用他人观点和成果的真实性和透明度，同时也给读者提供了充分的查找和验证引用来源的便利。
在学术写作中，准确并规范的引用格式是至关重要的。
它不仅体现了作者的学术诚信和严谨态度，也是对他人智慧和劳动成果的尊重和致谢。
而哈佛大学论文引用格式恰恰满足了这些要求，为科研工作者和学术界提供了一个权威且易用的引用标准。
哈佛大学论文引用格式是一种学术界公认的引用标准，在学术写作和期刊发表中广泛使用。
它的颁布和实施，对于规范学术研究、保障学术诚信和促进学术交流都起到了积极的作用。
我们在学术写作中应该严格遵守哈佛大学论文引用格式，并且要深入理解其背后的学术道德和知识交流的重要性。
哈佛大学论文引用格式作为学术界公认的引用标准，具有其独特的特点和优势。
它要求在引用他人观点和成果时，注重作者尊称、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名、卷号、页码等细节信息，这样可以确保引用的准确性和完整性。
与此哈佛大学论文引用格式还要求在文中进行相应的标注，并在文末列出详细的文献引用列表，这样读者可以方便地查找和验证引用来源，保证论文的可信度和权威性。
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Harvard Referencing – a quick guideLearning and InformationServicesWhen writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formalreferencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference?To avoid plagiarismAcknowledge the work of othersVerify quotesFollow-up reading – easier for academics to trace informationAbide by Copyright LawHelp a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions.Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are:Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text.Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text.Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further readingReference List - List of resources referred to in your work.Some examples:1) Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.2) Electronic Book.HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science.Available from: [Accessed 10 April, 2005]4) Chapter from a Book.MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead.In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-1825) Secondary Reference (work you haven’t read which is mentioned in another work)SMITH, D. (1993) Change good or bad?cited in: JONES, R. (2003) Social Change and Educational Reform. Routledge. pp.24 Within the body of the text:Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003) argued that social change…6) Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. COSGROVE, D. and JACKSON, P. (2001) “New directions in sport science.” American Scientist and Sport Vol.8, pp.103-167N.B. List up to three authors. When more, list first author only and add et al or and others7) Electronic Journal Article/Newspaper Article.Some Lecturers prefer the title of the article to be enclosed in inverted commas. MARTIN, E.W. (2000) “The legislative history of special education.” The future of children Vol.6 (4), pp.49-63 [online]Available from: [Accessed 29th October, 2002]8) Journal Article from electronic journal service (database)COLQUHOUN, M.C. (2002) Defibrillation by general practitioners. Resuscitation [online] v.52 (2), February, pp.143-148Available at: /[Accessed 24th July 2002]9) Official Publications.ActChildren Act 1989, (c.41). [online] HMSO1989Available from: [Accessed: 29th January, 2005]Government ReportDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (1996) Special needs. HMSO.Command PapersHOME OFFICE, (1978) Reform for the Official Secrets Act 1911. (Cmnd.7285)H.M.S.O.Statistical SeriesOFFICE OF POPULATION, (1990) General Survey for 1988 No.19. HMSO.Ofsted ReportBURKE,B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: Bedford High School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TYAvailable at:/[Accessed 26th November 2002]10) Video/DVD/Film/CD.Meetings bloody meetings. (1992) Video. Miramax.Some like it hot. (1959). Film, directed by Billy Wilder. USA, United Artists. SHOSTAKOVICH, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg & Polish National Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. CD. Sony.11) TV Programme.The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear. UK, ITV 26th October, 1988.12) Live Performance – Dance.CHOREOGRAPHER. (date of premier) Title. [Date seen and where].ALSTON. R. (22nd June, 1990) Soda Lake [19th September, 2003 Covent Garden]13) Web page.LEARNING AND INFORMATION SERVICES (2002) Guide to the Harvard Referencing System.Available from: /lea/78127.htm[Accessed: 10th July, 2004]Nursing theory 2000.Available from: /academics/nursing/theory/[Accessed: 18th July 2004]12) Electronic Images.In your reference list:The lunar interior [image] 1999. PlanetScapes, USA.Available from: /browse/moon/moonint.jpg[Accessed on: 31st January, 2003]In the body of a paragraph:When looking at the image “The lunar interior” (1999) it is obvious that…… etc, etc. If you have inserted the image into your essay then under the image:(The lunar interior, 1999)Quotations.A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. However, before including a quotation, stop to consider is it relevant? It is important that:It is easily identifiableProduced exactly as in the original including spelling/grammar errorsUse square brackets [ ] around any words you addUse 3 dots … to indicate omissions (see examples)Three lines or less should be in quotation marks and included in the body of the essay followed by the author and page number (see example 1) Longer quotes should be an indented paragraph without quotation marks around (see example 2)Some examples:1. “…their pay, including those referred to as fringe…” Titmuss (1958, p.51)2. Titmuss (1958) said controversially that:their pay, including those referred to as fringe…pensions foremployees, wives and dependants: child allowances; death duties; travel;entertainment; health…and an incalculable variety if benefits of kind ranging from the most tangible. (p.51)Finally…. r eferences to books, journal articles, etc. are presented in:a single sequence arranged alphabetically by author.References to materials by the same author are arranged by their date of publication.Book titles or journal titles (not article) are normally underlined or in italicsPage numbers are included in reference list and bibliography entries for journal articles and essays only.To add a note insert number in text - (1) [1] ¹ etc at the appropriate point and use footnote for reference or include the note before the Reference List.Make sure any resource referred to in your work is in the Reference List Do not include everything consulted in your Bibliography– discriminate between important & less significant sources.Make a note of resources as you use them to save time.BE CONSISTENT!!This guide is not a definitive document on Harvard References and some lecturers have particular preferences regarding presentation - always seek guidance and clarification from your lecturer.For further details of the Harvard system, please refer to the full Harvard referencing system is available from: /lea/78127.htmJackie Feale. yMarch 2008。