生态学的基本内容英文版
生态学专业英语词汇
《生态学专业英语词汇》一、生态学基础词汇1. 生态系统（Ecosystem）2. 生物多样性（Biodiversity）3. 生态位（Niche）4. 食物链（Food Chain）5. 食物网（Food Web）6. 生物量（Biomass）7. 生产者（Producer）8. 消费者（Consumer）10. 环境因子（Environmental Factor）二、生态学过程与现象1. 竞争（Competition）2. 捕食（Predation）3. 共生（Symbiosis）4. 生物入侵（Biological Invasion）5. 生物放大（Biological Magnification）6. 生态演替（Ecological Succession）7. 生物地球化学循环（Biogeochemical Cycle）8. 碳循环（Carbon Cycle）9. 氮循环（Nitrogen Cycle）10. 水循环（Water Cycle）三、生态学分支与研究方向1. 景观生态学（Landscape Ecology）2. 生态系统生态学（Ecosystem Ecology）3. 行为生态学（Behavioral Ecology）4. 进化生态学（Evolutionary Ecology）5. 环境生态学（Environmental Ecology）6. 应用生态学（Applied Ecology）7. 恢复生态学（Restoration Ecology）8. 城市生态学（Urban Ecology）9. 乡村生态学（Rural Ecology）10. 海洋生态学（Marine Ecology）四、生态学实验与技术研究1. 生态调查（Ecological Survey）2. 样方调查（Quadrat Sampling）3. 实验设计（Experimental Design）4. 遥感技术（Remote Sensing）5. 地理信息系统（GIS）6. 生态模型（Ecological Model）7. 生态模拟（Ecological Simulation）8. 环境监测（Environmental Monitoring）9. 生态修复（Ecological Restoration）10. 生物指示物（Bioindicator）五、生态学政策与管理1. 生态保护（Ecological Conservation）2. 生态红线（Ecological Red Line）3. 生态补偿（Ecological Compensation）4. 生态规划（Ecological Planning）5. 生态风险评估（Ecological Risk Assessment）6. 可持续发展（Sustainable Development）7. 生态文明建设（Ecological Civilization Construction）8. 环境影响评价（Environmental Impact Assessment）9. 生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services）10. 自然保护区（Nature Reserve）六、生态学理论与概念深化1. 生态效率（Ecological Efficiency）描述能量或物质在生态系统中从一个营养级传递到下一个营养级的效率。
生态学的一些概念英文版
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules. 2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
Ecology:
• the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their physical environment
Ecological Organization:
1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location 2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area 3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system
• Since practically all organisms may be consumed by more than one species, many interactions occur along the food chains of any community.
生态学的一些概念英文版
2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
• In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with each other for resources, including food, space, water, air, and shelter.
M acintosh PICT im age form at
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the
is not supported
following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules.
Abiotic factors:
• those physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce
生态学的基本内容英文版
• Sp. B does well in ‘normal’ soils that have been autoclaved
• bacterial toxins from bacteria that live only in the ‘normal’ soils inhibit Sp. B
• PARAPHRASED: the weakest link determines the strength of the chain
WEAKNESSES IN LIEBIG’S LAW
• he was only interested in nutrients
• interested only in the effects from nutrient deficiency
LIEBIG’S LAW OF THE MINIMUM
• Justus Liebig (1830’s-1840’s, agronomist)
• From his work we get what some call Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
• The size of a crop is determined by the essential nutrient that is present in minimal amount.
• a particular organism may have narrow ranges of tolerance for some factors, medium for others and wide for yet others
生态学英语_Ecology English
生态学词汇生态学ecologyhigher education press 高等教育出版社textbook series for 21st century 面向21世纪课程教材biosphere 生物圈economics 经济学the economy of Nature 自然经济molecular ecology 分子生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学autecology 个体生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学population ecology 种群生态学community ecology 群落生态学ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学landscape ecology 景观生态学global ecology 全球生态学terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学marine ecology 海洋生态学freshwater ecology 淡水生态学island ecology 岛屿生态学urban ecology 城市生态学restoration ecology 恢复生态学engineering ecology 生态工程学human ecology 人类生态学ecological ethics 生态伦理学ecology of plants 植物生态学environment 环境space environment 宇宙环境global environment 地球环境geoenvironment 地理环境regional environment 区域环境microenvironment 微环境inner environment 内环境ecological factors 生态因子ecological environment 生态环境habitat 生境fitness 适合度homeostasis 内稳态homeostatic organisms 内稳态生物non-homeostatic organisms 非内稳态生物eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象mytilus 贻贝macrosiphum 蚜虫thertnoperiodism 温周期现象phenology 物候学torpor 冬眠dispause 滞育population 种群population genetics 群体遗传学density 密度number 数目unitary organism 单体生物modular organism 构件生物module 构件natality 出生率mortality 死亡率sex ratio 性比age distribution 年龄分布life table 生命表survivorship curve 存活曲线cohort 同生群innate rate of increase 内禀增长率density-independent growth 与密度无关的增长per capita growth rate 每员增长率instantaneous rate of increase 瞬时增长率Logistic equation 逻辑斯谛方程maximum sustained yield 最大持续产量ecological invasion 生态入侵spatial pattern 空间格局internal distribution pattern 内分布型uniform 均匀型random 随机型clumped 成群型two dimentional net function interpolation method 二维网函数插值法threeterm local variance analysis 三项轨迹方差法hierarchical analysis of variance 等级方差分析法enigration 迁出immigration 迁入migration 迁移architecture 建筑学结构life history 生活史life cycle 生活周期traits 遗传特性development 发育growth 生长vegetative propagation 营养繁殖spore reproduction 孢子生殖sexual reproduction 有性生殖asexual reproduction 无性生殖exogenous migration 外因性迁移endogenous migration 内因性迁移reproductive effort 繁殖成效present reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值parental investment 亲本投资principle of allocation 分配原理reproductive costs 繁殖成本reproductive patterns 繁殖格局semelparity 一次繁殖生物iteroparity 多次繁殖生物lifespan 生命年限lifetime 寿命r-strategistis r-策略者opportunist 机会主义者conservatism 保守主义ruderal 杂草competition 竞争stress 胁迫selective fertilization 选择受精sexual selection 性选择ornamentation 修饰coloration 色泽courtship behavior 求偶行为sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形the descent of man selection in relation to sex 人类的由来及性选择intraspecific relationship 种内关系interspecific relationship 种间关系positive interaction 正相互作用negative interaction 负相互作用density effect 密度效应the effect of neighbours 邻接效应density independent 非密度制约density dependent 密度制约self-thinning 自疏现象faculative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖polygyny threshold 多配偶阈值monogamy 单配偶制polygamy 多配偶制polygany 一雄多雌制polyandry 一雌多雄制territory 领域social group 社群territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性social hierachy 社会等级dominant-submissive 支配-从属ferulic acid 阿魏酸vanillic acid 香草酸niche 生态位spatial niche 空间生态位trophic niche 营养生态位fundamental niche 基础生态位realized niche 实际生态位hypervolume 超体积habitat 生境predation 捕食作用prey 被捕食者predator 捕食者community 群落biocoenosis 生物群落ecotone 群落交错区phytocoenology 植物群落学geobotany 地植物学phytosociology 植物社会学pioneer stage 先锋阶段climax stage 顶极阶段individualistic concept 个体论概念constructive species 建群种subdominant 亚优势种companion species 伴生种rare species 偶见种abundance 多度dominant 优势abundant 丰盛frequent 常见occasional 偶见rare 稀少very rare 很少relative density 相对密度density ratio 密度比coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比frequency 频度frequency diagram 频度图解law of frequency 频度定律height 高度weight 重量biomass 生物量standing crop 现存量volume 体积conspicuousness 显著度summed dominance ratio 综合优势比association coefficients 关联系数constellation diagrams 星系图obligate association 必然的关联biological spectrum 生活型谱phytoclimate 植物气候physiognomy 群落外貌leaf area index 叶面积指数synusia 层片guild 同资源种团layer 层mosaic 镶嵌性edge effect 边缘效应monoculture 单种养殖keystone species 关键种disturbance 干扰gaps 缺口competive lottery 抽彩竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说spacial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchiness 斑块性connectedness 连通性succession 演替fluctuation 波动climatic climax 气候顶极preclimax 前顶极subclimax 亚顶极disclimax 偏途顶极postclimax 超顶极progressive succession 进展演替regressive succession 逆行演替edaphic climax 土壤顶极topographic climax 地形顶极fire climax 火烧顶极zootic climax 动物顶极topo-edaphic climax 地形-土壤顶极population pattern climax theory 种群格局顶极理论continuouity climax types 连续的顶极类型prevailing climax 优势顶极net primary production 净第一性生产shifting-mosaic steady state 波动斑块稳态stability-resilience 稳定性-恢复力association unit theory 群丛单位理论ordination 排序vegetation type 植被型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation subtype 植被亚型formation 群系formation group 群系组association 群丛association group 群丛组floristic-structural classification 植物区系-结构分类系统agglomerative method 群落分类中的归并法differential species 区别种association table 群丛表releve 样方dynamic classification 动态分类系统panclimax 泛顶极subassociation 亚群丛federal geographic data committee 美国国家地理数据委员会entity 实体attribute 属性information gain 信息增量group-average 组平均similarity 相似度indirect ordination 间接排序indirect gradiant analysis 间接梯度分析compositional analysis 组成分析normal analysis 正分析inverse analysis 逆分析principal components analysis,PCA 主成分分析ecosystem 生态系统biogeocoenosis 生物地理群落autotrophs 自养生物heterotrophs 异养生物herbivores 食草动物primary consumers 一级消费者carnivores 食肉动物top carnivores 顶极食肉动物tertiary consumers 三级消费者biotic components 生物成分abiotic components 非生物成分primary production 初级生产primary productivity 初级生产力food chain 食物链food web 食物网biological magnification 生物扩大作用grazing food chain 捕食食物链trophic levels 营养级pyramid of energy 能量金字塔ecological pyramid 生态金字塔ecological efficencies 生态效率transfer efficiency 传递效率feedback mechanism 反馈机制gross primary production 总初级生产量potential evapotranspiration 潜在蒸发蒸腾normalized difference vegetation index 标准化植被差异指数decomposition 分解作用humus 腐殖质humin 胡敏素microfauna 小型土壤动物mesofauna 中型土壤动物macrofauna 大型土壤动物megafauna 巨型土壤动物cycle of material 物质循环biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环macronutrient 大量元素micronutrient 微量元素turnover rate 周转率turnover time 周转时间water cycle 水循环gaseous cycle 气体型循环sedimentary cycle 沉积型循环average continent 均衡大陆steppe 欧亚大陆草原prairie 北美大陆草原pampas 南美草原meadow steppe 欧亚大陆草甸草原tall savanna 非洲高稀树草原tall grass prairie 北美高草草原desert 荒漠scale 尺度wetland 湿地mangrove plants 红树植物flushing time 冲洗时间ecosystemology 生态系统学holism 整体论biocybemetics 生物控制论total human ecosystem science 整体人类生态系统科学organizational scale 组织尺度grain 粒度pixel 像元extent 幅度coarse scale 粗尺度fine scale 细尺度scaling 尺度推绎scaling up 尺度上推scaling down 尺度下推spatial heterogeneity 空间异质性patchness 缀块性gradient 梯度extinction 绝灭patch 缀块，斑块corridor 廊道matrix 基底network 网络edge effect 边缘效应interior species 内部种edge species 边缘种geographical region scale 地理区域尺度patch-occupancy model 缀块占有率模型landscape connectivity 景观连接度structural connectivity 结构连接度functional connectivity 功能连接度characteristic scale 特征尺度critical threshole characteristics 临界阈限特征percolation theory 渗透理论critical density 临界密度habitat fragmentation 生境破碎化neutral models 中性模型hierarchy theory 等级理论constraint 制约作用emergent property 整合特征decomposability 可分解性pattern-process hypothesis 格局与过程学说incorporation 兼容机制metastability 复合稳定性thermal imagery 热红外图像relative richness index 相对丰富度指数diversity index 多样性指数dominance index 优势度指数evenness index 均匀度指数contagion index 聚集度指数spatial autocorrelation index 空间自相关指数predictability 可预测性dispersion 分布boundary form 边界形态patch orientation 缀块的取向area ratio 面积比geostatistics 地统计学semivariance analysis 半方差分析spectral analysis 波谱分析scale variance 尺度方差wavelet analysis 小波分析trend surface analysis 趋势面分析blocked quadrat variance analysis 聚块样方方差分析self-similarity 自相似性sustainability 持续性global change 全球变化homeostasis 自调节稳态general circulation model 环流模型global warming 全球变暖inter-governmental panel on climate change 跨政府气候变化委员会land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用world resource institute 世界资源研究所biodiversity 生物多样性boreal forest 北方针叶林reorganization 重组international geosphere-biosphere program 国际地圈生物圈计划global change and terrestrial ecosystem 全球变化与陆地生态系统biome 生物群落vulnerability 脆弱性adaptability 适应性ecotone 生态过渡区desertification 荒漠化biogeochemistry 生物地球化学ecophysiology 生态生理学sink 汇aerosol 大气颗粒物variety 多样化variability 变异性genetic diversity 遗传多样性species diversity 物种多样性ecosystem diversity 生态系统多样性landscape diversity 景观多样性resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应abundant species 优势种affinity analysis 类似性分析rapid ecological assessment 快速生态学评估the natural conservancy 国际自然保护协会international conservation union 国际保护联盟red date book 红皮书single large or several small fragmentation 单独大整体或多数破碎化the world commission on environment and development 联合国环境与发展世界委员会our common future 我们共同的未来fairness 公平性原则substainable 持续性原则common 共同性原则ecological restoration 生态恢复the recovery process in damaged ecosystem 受损生态系统的恢复过程restoration ecology 恢复生态学displacement 位移rehabilitation 改建enhancement 重建restoration 恢复degradation 恶化self-maintenance 自我维持ecological engineering 生态工程self-optimum 自我优化self-regeneration 自我重生self-reproduction 自我繁殖self-resiliency 自生原理self-organization 自我组织exposure assessment 风险源评估effect assessment 效应评估mechanistic model 灾变模型model valiotation 模型的证实sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析response surface analysis 反应表面分析error uncertainty analysis 误差分析ecological planning 生态规划report on the lands of the arid region of the united states.。
General Ecology 10-3——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
普通生态学
GENERAL ECOLOGY
段舜山 2009-12-8
1
第10章
生态系统 Ecosystems
段舜山 2009-12-8
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第3节 水循环(复习)
段舜山 2009-12-8
Concepts:
• Process of hydrologic cycle 水循环的过程 • Characters of hydrologic cycle 水循环特征 • Water is vital fge and runoff of water 渗流和径
段舜山 2009-12-8
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2. Characteristics of N-cycle 氮循环的特征
Only certain bacteria, lightning, and volcanic action can convert N2 into forms that enter food webs. 某些细菌、闪电和火山作用可转化氮气为进入食物网
•Gaseous nitrogen (N2) makes up about 80 percent of the atmosphere, the largest nitrogen reservoir.
•But triple covalent bonds (N≡N) hold the two atoms in gaseous nitrogen together, and few organisms can break them.
碳循环的定义 碳循环的过程
• Characteristics of carbon cycle 碳循环的特征
• Decomposition and accumulation 分解与积累
自然科学——生态学基本内容英文
What are the Characteristics of Living Things?
All living organisms share five basic properties:
1. Cellular Organization – cell is basic unit of life 2. Metabolism – use energy 3. Homeostasis - maintain stable internal conditions 4. Growth and reproduction 5. Heredity living things come from living things Information for traits coded in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Populations – single organisms – basic unit in ecology - fill a niche (‘job’ or function) communities - populations of many types of organisms
ecosystems: All organisms living in an area, and the physical environment (habitat) with which these organisms interact.
• Populations • All the members of one species that live in the same area make up a population.
• Community • The population of organisms that inhabit a particular area and interact with one another form a community. • Thus a community can be comprised of hundreds of different types of life forms. The study of how organisms of a community relate to one another and with their non-living environment is called "ecology".
生态学专业英语词汇总结
生态学专业英语词汇总结摘要生态学是研究生物与其所处环境之间的相互关系和作用的科学。
生态学专业是培养具有生态学基础理论和方法，能够从事生态系统管理、保护和恢复等工作的高级人才的专业。
生态学专业的本科核心课程包括基础生态学、代谢生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学、保护生物学、进化生物学、生态系统生态学和生态学研究技术等。
本文旨在为生态学专业的学习和教学提供参考。
1. 基础生态学基础生态学是介绍生态学基本概念、原理和方法的课程，主要内容包括生态系统结构和功能、能量流动和物质循环、环境因子对生物分布和适应的影响、种间关系和群落动态等。
该课程涉及的专业英语词汇如下表所示：中文英文生态学ecology生物organism种species种群population群落community生境habitat生态位niche生物多样性biodiversity物种多样性species diversity物种丰富度species richness物种均匀度species evenness物种相似性species similarity物种区系flora and fauna物种地理分布biogeography生物圈biosphere生态系统ecosystem生产者producer消费者consumer分解者decomposer能量流动energy flow物质循环nutrient cycling碳循环carbon cycle氮循环nitrogen cycle磷循环phosphorus cycle环境因子environmental factor光照light温度temperature水分moisture土壤soilpH值pH value盐度salinity适应性adaptation突变mutation自然选择natural selection遗传漂变genetic drift基因流gene flow物种形成speciation物种灭绝extinction种间关系interspecific interaction共生关系symbiosis寄生关系parasitism共利关系mutualism共栖关系commensalism捕食关系predation2. 代谢生态学代谢生态学是研究生物体在不同环境条件下的能量代谢和物质转化过程及其规律的课程，主要内容包括代谢类型、代谢率、代谢平衡、代谢效率、代谢策略等。
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STENO ORGANISMS
• They are specialists. • Advantage ??? • Disadvantage ???
EURY ORGANISMS
• They are generalists (“jack of all trades”) • Advantage ??? • Disadvantage ???
• Virtually anything can be Limiting / Regulating .
• Nutrients (or other minerals), Temperature, Light, Water, Atmospheric Gases, Currents and Pressures, Soil, Fire, Biotic Factors (just to name some)
• Temp. varies with altitude and latitude; it is temp. rather than these factors which is REALLY regulating
• Temp. decreases 5.5oC for every 1,000 m (3oF for every 1,000 ft.)
• a particular organism may have narrow ranges of tolerance for some factors, medium for others and wide for yet others
• these ranges / limits may vary seasonally, geographically (ecotypes), and/or with the stage of the life cycle (age)
• Pedicularis groenlandica (Colorado rockies) not above 10,000 ft. not altitude directly temp. --- but not directly on the plant obligate outcrosser --- temp. on its pollinator (bee)
• Some spores can tolerate these conditions (and even worse in laboratory studies)
• Some living organisms can be active at the upper natural extremes but few anywhere near the lower
• Maritime equatorial area may be as little as 0.5o
TEMPERATURE (III)
• Regulating temp. may vary depending on other abiotic environmental factors or with the stage in the life cycle
• Sp. B doesn’t need (as such) the unusual nutrient conditions in the serpentine soils
• Sp. B does well in ‘normal’ soils that have been autoclaved
• bacterial toxins from bacteria that live only in the ‘normal’ soils inhibit Sp. B
LIEBIG’S LAW OF THE MINIMUM
• Justus Liebig (1830’s-1840’s, agronomist)
• From his work we get what some call Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
• The size of a crop is determined by the essential nutrient that is present in minimal amount.
TEMPERATURE (IV)
(Is it altitude and latitude?)
TEMPERATURE (V)
• North / South temp. cline similar to the Altitudinal temp. cline
• Limiting effect of temp. --- Sequoia sempervirens (the coast redwood) pacific coast fogbelt to s. Oregon (temp.) --- freezing of seedlings c. coastal California (moisture)
• High or low temp. may be regulating but seasonal fluctuations are often regulating; Midcontinental areas (Minnesota) may have 35o (some areas of Tibet reported to be 80o)
• transplant them to the other’s habitat and they die?
• Why ?????
WHICH REGUALTORY FACTOR IS HAVING THE EFFECT ????
• Sp. A cannot tolerate the unusual nutrient conditions in the serpentine soils
• Steno • (narrow range)
• Meso • (middle or a bit wider range)
• Eury • (wide range)
SOME IMPORTANT SUFFIXES
• thermal • hydric • haline • phagic • oecious or ecious
• when conditions are not optimal for one factor this may influence other factors (? domino effect ?)
MORE RIDERS / AFTERTHOUGHTS
• organisms rarely (IF EVER!) live under optimal conditions for all (or even most) factors
NUTRIENTS
• most material covered previously
• too much of a nutrient as well as too little can be harmful
• Too little (???)
• Too much (???)
• Synergisms and extrapolation (fertilizer experiment) • + NaNO3 --- 10% increase in yield • + K2SO4 --- 10% increase in yield • + both --- doubled the yield
• Majority are found active between 0 o and 40o. WHY?
TEMPERATURE (II)
• Highest temp. in some ecosystems
• 36o in normal seawater
• Land shade temp. often reaches 46o for a month or more; sometimes 55o
SHELFORD’S LAW OF TOLERANCE
• the absence or poor performance of a species may be controlled by the qualitative or quantitative deficiency or excess of any factor that approaches the limit of tolerance
• did not take into account Biblioteka and – synergisms
• SYNERGISM –-- result of an interaction of two or more factors so that the combined effect is greater (+ or -) than the sum of their separate effects
WATER (I)
BIOLOGY 403: PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY
(Regulatory / Limiting Factors)
LIMITING / REGULATING FACTORS
• Limiting Factor ??? Is Regulatory Factor a better term?
TEMPERATURE (I)
• Sometimes difficult to determine if this is the major factor --- WHY?
• Often interacts with moisture
• Temps on the earth (oC): -70 to +100 or more
• in ‘real’ systems it is often difficult (and unrealistic) to single out ONE thing as the major regulatory factor (WHY ?????)