trans criteria 翻译标准
译即易——精选推荐

Basic Knowledge of Translation TheoryI.Translation1.Definition1)The definition in the old days●“译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。
”——贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝●“夫翻译者,谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。
音虽似别,义则大同。
”——法云(960-1279) 宋代It means that translation is a rendering from one language (Source Language) into another (Target Language), remaining the meaning.●The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into anotherlanguage, remaining the sense.”2)The current definition●The American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida wrote in 1964: Translation consists inreproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(所谓翻译,是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是意义,其次是文体。
)1)再现原文的信息(message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(formal structure)2)对等(equivalence)不是同一(identity)3)对等是最贴近、自然的对等4)意义是优先考虑的因素5)文体很重要●The British translation theorist T ytler‟s definition in 1970 about translation: “A goodtranslation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.”●Prof. Huang Long TranslatologyTranslation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)(翻译可以作以下界定:用一种语言(目的语)的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言(源出语)的文本材料。
第二讲翻译学的基本概念

• 宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”) • 神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance • 化境(钱钟书语)sublimation(升华) • 信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style) • 三美: 音美, 形美, 意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and bea• •
选词diction 补偿compensation 视点转换shift of perspective 套译/仿译/仿拟imitation 信/忠实faithfulness/ 达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness 通顺smoothness 流畅fluency 自然naturalness /idiomaticity(语言的表达习惯) 雅/优美elegance/gracefulness
• • • • • • • • •
东方语言Oriental languages 西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra['su:trə] 梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler 奈达(Eugene A.) Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT) 人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)
注意:英译汉中长句化短即采用分译法的 依据是:英语多用长句,汉语多用中短 句。长句化短要根据翻译实际需要为转 移。
国外翻译行业标准介绍

Translation-quality standardsLike any supplier of goods or services, a translator potentially bears ethical and legal obligations toward his patron or employer. This has turned to be of enormous importance with the development of the language industry at global scale. For the protection of both parties, standards have been developed that seek to spell out their mutual duties.HistoryStandards of quality and documentation were originally developed for manufacturing businesses. Codes for all types of services are now maintained by standardization organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization. Standards of this type include those of the ISO 9000 series.As interest in quality management has grown, specific quality standards have been developed for translation services. These have included the Italian UNI 10574, the German DIN 2345, the Austrian Önorm D 1200 and Önorm D 1201, and the Canadian CAN CGSB 131.10.In 2015, EN 15038 was replaced by ISO 17100:2015.[1]EN 15038The European EN 15038 translation-services standard went into effect on August 1, 2006,[2] replacing the previous standards of the 30 individual CEN member countries. It aims to unify the terminology used in the translation field, define basic requirements for language-service providers (human and technical resources, quality control, and project management) and create a framework for the interaction of customers and service providers in terms of their rights and obligations. It also defines certain services, in addition to translation, that may be offered by language-serviceproviders.[3]A strong focus is on administrative, documentation, review and revision processes, as well as on the functions of different specialists who guide the translation project over its duration. Appendices to the standard provide information and suggestions on how best to comply with the standard.CAN CGSB 131.10-2008On May 12, 2009, the Language Industry Association of Canada, AILIA launched the latest standards certification program in the world.[4] The certification is based on CAN/CGSB-131.10-2008, Translation Services, a national standard developed by the Canadian General Standards Board and approved by the Standards Council of Canada. It involved the participation of representatives from AILIA, professional associations, government, academia, purchasers of service, and other stakeholders.The Canadian Standard for Translation Services CAN CGSB 131.10 - 2008 establishes and defines the requirements for the provision of translation services by translation service providers.This National Standard of Canada is a modified adoption of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard EN 15038 Translation Services. This document was prepared with the intent to harmonize where possible with the provisions of EN 15038 Translation Services. Variances in wording and content with EN 15038 reflect the Canadian perspective.Conformity assessment and certification based on this standard are already in place. With the recent development of national and regional standards for translation services, many translation service providers, nationally and internationally, are now in the process of either considering or seeking certification of the services they provide in meeting the demands of the marketplace.The standard specifies the requirements for the provision of translation services by the translation service provider (TSP).There are three key points common to all standards:Select your human resources with care.Come to an agreement on your project specifications before translation begins.Follow the specifications at every step of the project.The CGSB 131.10 discuss the following:ScopeDefinitionsHuman ResourcesTechnical ResourcesQuality Management SystemClient-TSP RelationshipTSP Project Management ProceduresTranslation ProcessNotesAppendixes:A. Project RecordingB. Pre-Translation ProcessingC. Additional ServicesThe standard does not apply to interpreting or terminology services.TSPs interested in getting certified can review the AILIA Certification Preparation GuideThe AILIA Translation Committee takes care of the promotion of the Canadian Translation Standard and its certification.ASTM F2575-06The American translation-services standard is the ASTM F2575-06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation.[5] It provides a framework for customers and translation-service providers desirous of agreeing on the specific requirements of a translation project. It does not provide specific criteria for translation or project quality, as these requirements may be highly individual, but states parameters that should be considered before beginning a translation project. As the document's name suggests, it is a guideline, informing stakeholders about what basic quality requirements are in need of compliance, rather than a prescriptive set of detail instructions for the translator. Criticism: over-dependence on standardsThere is, however, a view within the translation industry that, while not doing any actual harm, an over-reliance on such standards can give a false sense of security. Blindly following translation standards does not on its own provide real assurance regarding translation quality. The argument is that the path to quality in translation is by focusing more on providing on-going training and feedback to translators.。
The Standard of Translation

Zhi Qian支谦 支谦
• He put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery (因循本旨,不加文饰).
Part two
• Principles and Criteria of Translation for beginners of translation 1. faithfulness/accuracy 2. smoothness/fluency
• By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean being faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original style. • By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language.
Chongde(刘重德 刘重德) Liu Chongde(刘重德)
• faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (closeness) (刘重德修正了严复“信、达、雅”的翻 译标准,提出了“信、达、切”的观点, 所谓“切”就是:“实事求是,酌情处 理,恰如其分,切合原文风格”)
Dao An 道安
• He suggested that a translator should translate according to the original without any addition and deduction. (案本而传,不令有损言游字)
商务英语高级词汇——药品

药品 - 高级absolute rating (noun phrase) = 绝对滤效an evaluation of a filter based on the size of the largest particle that will pass through it The absolute rating of that filter is too low. We need a filter that would take out almost all particles.⇒未提供注释。
accelerated development (noun phrase) = 加速开发governmental approval of production of a drug that is faster than normal in order to get it to critically ill patients quicklyThe government has allowed accelerated development for many AIDS drugs.⇒未提供注释。
acceptance criteria (noun phrase) = 验收标准the specifications that a drug must meet to pass a test phase in development or to meet delivery requirements from a clientThe acceptance criteria for our new drug were very strict, but we were able to deliver it on time.⇒未提供注释。
acceptance criteria (noun phrase) = 验收准则the basic requirements a product must meet to be considered soundThe buyer will define the acceptance criteria before we begin production.⇒未提供注释。
下列句子的翻译需要用到增补手法的是

1.下列句子的翻译需要用到增补手法的是:( A )A.I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.B.The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton. C.I knew her before I ever met your mother.D.Mark his professions to my poor husband. Can anything be stronger?2.下列不属于西方最流行的翻译标准的是:( B ) A.equivalent valueB.identityC.functional equivalenceD.equivalent effect1. 指出下列所用到的翻译手法:You can never tell. ------很难说。
( A )A. omission.B. dictionC. negationD. conversion2. Air pressure decreases with altitude. -----气压随着海拔的增加而下降。
( C )A. conversionB. omissionC. amplificationD. negationWho said "convey as the original says"? BA. Yan FuB. Dao AnC. Fu LeiD. Lu XunWhat is the focus of both literal translation and liberal translation? B A. Culture B. Social background C. Linguistic transfer D. LinguisticenvironmentEnglish is a ___C__ language dominated by_____, whereas Chinese is a _____ language dominated by _____.A.semantic nouns morphological verbsB.semantic verbs morphological nounsC.morphological nouns semantic verbsD.morphological verbs semantic nounsEnglish syntactic features are the_B____, and English is_____ prominent language, but Chinese syntactic features are the_____.A.hypotaxis predicate parataxisB.hypotaxis subject parataxisC.parataxis subject hypotaxisD.parataxis predicate hypotaxisWhich is not one of devices of textual cohesion ? DA collocationB referenceC synonymyD ParataxisWhich is not one of the procedure of translation ? CA understandingB checkC lookingD expressionWhen translating long sentences, we should realize that the sentence structure of Chinese is---A--?A. bamboo-likeB. chain-likeC. circle-likeD. tree-like1 篇章是表达整体概念的—B—单位。
translatology术语

翻译学基本用语源语/译出语source language(SL)译语/译入语target language(TL)原作者SL author译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text译文target text, translation译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 语境context笔译translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence等效equivalent effect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/reformulation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mistranslation伪译pseudo-translation异化foreignizing /source-oriented translation归化domesticating/naturalization/target-accommodating translation 词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation还原法finding the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation/transmigration of souls信、达、雅(严复语)faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation乱译/胡译excessively- free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention 形合hypotaxis意合parataxis动态dymanic静态stative。
_文学翻译-第一讲

Translator
A musician / an actor
Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)
文学翻译
文学翻译是用另一种语言,把原作的艺 术意境传达出来,使读者在读译文的时 候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动 和美的享受。 —— 茅盾
翻译是把一种语言(源语)
的文字材料替换成另一种语言 (目标语)的对等(equivalence)的文字材料。
• 奈达Nida: 所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切 近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首 先在语义上,其次是文体上。
– Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
• 鲁迅:信和顺 “凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求 其易解,一则保存原作的风姿。” 宁信而毋顺 vs 赵景深:Milky Way=牛奶路 我的翻译向来是用直译法……我现在还是相信 直译法,因为我觉得没有更好的办法。 保留一定的洋腔洋调
• 英国 泰特勒 Tytler --《论翻译的原则》 翻译中的三项基本原则: 一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想(相当于 “信”) 二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 (相当于“雅”) 三、译文应和原作同样流畅(相当于“达”)
• 傅雷:传神论/神似说 • Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的 不在形似而在神似。” 译文同原文在内容上一致,这叫“意似”, 是翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在 形式上和精神上同时一致起来,或称“形 似”和“神似”,这是翻译的高标准。 理想的译文仿佛是原作者的(中文)写作。
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Tytler’s Three Principles
That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.
以作者和读者为取向的原则
这一原则既考虑到作者又同时考虑到读 者,比较全面。鲁迅先生认为:“凡是翻 译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解, 一则保存着原作的丰姿。”这就是说,译 文既要信又要顺。简言之,该原则就是主 张翻译既要“忠实”又要“通顺”。
以美学为取向的原则
这类翻译原则主要为文学翻译家所提倡,如 美 国 的 意 象 派 诗 人 庞 德 (Ezra Pound,1885-1975), 以及我国的傅雷、 钱钟书和许渊冲等人。傅雷认为,“以效果而 论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而 在神似(similarity in spirit)。” 许渊冲 提倡文学翻译要做到“意美、音美、形 美”。
去查找正确的答案,从哪本书中去寻找。
译者的条件 (说法二)
1)中外文水平高:外语重要,母语同样重
要。一方面是理解的需要,另一方面是表达 的需要。 (例句5) 2) 知识面广:译家应是“杂家” 。 (例句
6)
3)政治觉悟高:这一点
, 在翻译中也很重 要,决定用词褒贬时更是如此。 (例句7) 4)熟悉基本翻译技巧:熟悉了必要的翻译 技巧,就可以卓有成效地进行翻译实践,提高 翻译水平。
Practically there are two kinds of translation,namely, literal translation and free translation. In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the method of literal translation, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes both of them must be employed together.
翻译标准和原则
任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的标准或原 则,衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开 一定的标准,因此翻译标准的确立对于 指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
严复的“信、达、雅”
严复在《天演论· 译例言》里首次提出了 “信、达、雅” 的翻译标准。“信 ” 指的是“忠实” ,“达 ” 指的是“流 畅” ,“雅 ” 指的是“尔雅”。 就是 “用汉以前字法、句法 ”。
Five Types of Translation Principles
the source-language-oriented principle the target-language-oriented principle the author-and-reader-oriented principle the aesthetics-oriented principle the sociosemiotics-oriented principle
直译与意译
直译不是死译或硬译,不是生搬硬套, 不是逐字照译,它强调形似。意译不是任 意增减,曲解原意,不是胡译乱译,它强 调意似。即使同一原文,时而直译,时而 意译;有时既可以直译,也可以意译;有 时可部分直译,部分意译。只是整体上有 所倾向,有所侧重而已,并非泾渭分明。
Literal Translation and Liberal Translation
译者的条件 (说法三)
1) A good command of both the language to be translated from and the language to be translated into (TL and TL). 2) Acquaintance with the subject matter covered in the book or article.
译者的条件 (说法一)
1)扎实的语言基本功:译者应具有较强的驾驭 译出语和译入语的能力,能正确理解原文,熟练运 用本族语。
2) 丰富的文化知识:译者应该熟悉英语国家的
各种社会文化。 3)掌握一些翻译理论和常用技巧:译者应该掌握 基本翻译理论,能灵活运用各种翻译技巧。 4) 熟悉各种工具书:遇到问题就应该学会怎样
以译出语为取向的原则
这类翻译标准唯原文的形式是举,惟恐译 文失真,主张采用词对词、句对句 (wordfor-word, line-for-line)的译法,而且常 用音译法。“直译”作为一种具体翻译方 法完全有自己存在的价值,例如,它可以 引人外来语中新鲜的表达法,丰富汉语语 言文学。不过,如果把“直译” 视为指导 翻译实践的通行原则,显然是行不通的。 (附例句1)
Faithfulness: the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought expressiveness: the version being clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense elegance: referring to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty, which is unadoptable
意译的概念
意译是传达意义不拘原作形式的翻译。 Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does
not adhere strictly to the form or
word order of the original.
When there exist dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed
以译入语为取向的原则
这类翻译标准完全为了适合读者的口味而 让译文“归化”(adaptation),有时甚至不 惜曲解原作、添油加醋。“意译”作为一 种具体翻译方法同样完全有着自己存在的 价值,如所译英语在汉语中没有对应的词语 或表达法时就常用它。但如果把它视为指 导翻译实践的通行原则,同样也是行不通的。 (附例句2)
以社会符号学为取向的原则
这类翻译原则强调翻译必须充分考虑各 种语言符号所传达的意义和具有的功能。 所谓意义指的是三个方面的内容:A. 指 称意义(designative meaning);B.言 内意义(linguistic meaning);C.语用 意义 (pragmatic meaning)。
“Faithfulness” first refers to the content of the original work. It also includes the keeping of the original style. “Smoothness” requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read.
“忠实”和“通顺”
“忠实” 主要是指内容。翻译是在理解了
别人用某种语言表达的意思之后,把同样的
意思用另外一种语言表达出来。 因此,就 要力求准确地表达原作者的意思。“通顺” 指的是语言。如果原文是通顺易懂的,那么 译文也要尽量做到通顺、易懂。
“Faithfulness” and “Smoothness”
(example three)
意译与乱译的区别
意译是力求保全原作的内容不变,以内容 传达为主,以形式传达为辅。乱译则是臆译, 对原文的内容任意增删、篡改。臆译大概 有两种情况:有人读文一知半解,凭主观臆 断和想当然,胡乱猜测,有丢有漏;还有的 人抓住原文一点意思,就放开手添油加醋, 脱离原文自由发挥,越组代庖,把原文没有 的意义强加于译文. (附例句4)
直译的概念
直译是既传达原作意义又照顾形式且为译 语读者所接受的翻译。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original.
When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.