2008年考博英语题

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2008年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionThere has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her. The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel. Why does the state permit violence against Children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod. Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful. Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control”. More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force. Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection. To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’conduct. More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.1．The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of______A．a family on welfareB．a poor uneducated familyC．an educated black familyD．a middle-class white family正确答案：D解析：细节题。

2008年北科大考博英语试卷

Ph. D Entrance Examination in English(注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，写在试题上一律无效！！)2008年4月15日Part IV ocabulary (0.5 point each)Section A （7.5 points, 0.5 point each）Directions: There are 15 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined, below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Last night we had a dinner in Nanjing restaurant and the food was superbA、exoticB、wonderfulC、superstitiousD、enormous2. His picture had been incorporated without his permission into an advertisement for a new brand of soap.A、introducedB、includedC、jumpedD、merged3. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue a slave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange4. Training colleges for men and women respectively are to be built at Leeds and Hull.A、respectfullyB、respectablyC、separatelyD、jointly5. Supported by mordentevidence, his argument seems to have a great deal of validity.A、vividnessB、truthC、valueD、opinion6. He was a man of great strength who faced many great problems with courage, The threat of war and the intolerable heat in Africa couldn’t prevent him.A、extremeB、burningC、unbearableD、humble7. Joseph is black but his color isn’t relevant to whether ho is a good lawyer.A、suitableB、appropriateC、per tinedD、associated8. It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force to rescue aslave.A、interveneB、convinceC、preventD、exchange9. The mouse is barely big enough for his family, and furthermore, it is very far from the city.A、in additionB、howeverC、besideD、much further10. In calculating the daily time of leaping for an marital, variation in age, occupation and health condition should be taken into considerationA、controlledB、numberedC、consideredD、stabilized11. In his cheerful and easy-going nature, Jim takes after his father rather than his mother.A、reservesB、retainsC、resemblesD、resume12. It’s contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.A、contractionB、conventionC、paradoxD、parody13. The blow knocked him unconscious and it was several minutes before be regained consciousness.A、come onB、came downC、came toD、came with14. The American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing to be bannedA、forbiddenB、regulatedC、studiedD、reorganized15. He had only the vaguest notion of what it was all about.A、assumptionB、conceptC、expectationD、proposalSection B (7.5 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences, Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, orD and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.16. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax__________.A、efficiencyB、revenuesC、privilegesD、validity17. There is no doubt that the _________ of these good to the others is easy to see.A、prestigeB、superiorityC、priorityD、publicity18. It look us only a few hours to ___________ the paper off all four walls.A、shearB、serapeC、strokeD、chip19. The magician made us think he out the girl into pieces but it was merely an________A、illusionB、impressionC、imageD、illumination20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people__________ and ask them questions.A、at lengthB、at randomC、in essenceD、in bulk21. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house__________ the terms of the contract.A、in the vicinity ofB、in quest ofC、in accordance withD、in collaboration with22. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olyrnpic Games had a unique Australian flavor. ______ of them multicultural communities.A、noticeableB、indicativeC、conspicuousD、implicit23. The sign set up by the road ________ drivers to a sharp turn.A、alertsB、refreshesC、pleadsD、diverts24. A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should _______ new operating procedures.A、result inB、match withC、subject toD、proceed with25. The girl was a shop assistant; she is now a manager in a large department store.A、preliminarilyB、presumablyC、formallyD、formerly26. You should ________ to one or more weekiy magazines such Time, or Newsweek.A、ascribeB、orderC、reclaimD、subscribe27. No one imagined that the apparently __________ businessman was really a criminal.A、respectiveB、respectableC、respectfulD、realistic28. when they can finessedswaying they chairmen were made to _______ all the coys they hadA、put offB、ourC、pat upD、pat away29. The changing image of the family on televisionprovides _____ into changing altitudes toward the family in society.A、insightsB、presentationsC、revelationsD、specifications30. The autocratic doors in supermarkets _______ the entry and exit of custom with shopping carts.A、furnishB、induceC、facilitateD、allocatePart II. Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered bland in the following passage there are four choices marked A、B、C and D, Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Education for development is education that is suited to a society that wants to develop. It is education that carefully 31 the materials used to teach the new 32 . Abilities and skills it helps each student to learn.In a developing society, education should be 33 people of all ages. 34 of teaching students what 35 people already know and accept, it teaches new knowledge, new skills and new ways 36 doing things. If only young people 37 this kind of education, a stroggle will develop 38 them and the older members of the society, The new ways being learned by the 39 will oppose the accepted and 40 ways of older people. There is another reason 41 education for development must be for people 42 . In a rapidly developingsociety, the 43 knowledge needed by a man who is 30 or 40 years old 44 very different from the knowledge be received 45 he was young. It is often said that progress 46 agricultural development is 47 by technicians and other workers who are 35 to 60 years old. It is not their fault that their 48 did not prepare them sufficiently for third future responsibilities. 49 of accelerating agriculturaldevelopment is to 50 such people with proper modem education during the period that they remain in active service.1. A、takes B、draws C、makes D、selects2. A、knowledge B、generation C、development D、phase3. A、on B、by C、for D、at4. A、Instead B、`Inspire C、In case D、Bacons5. A、other B、younger C、older D、any6. A、toward B、of C、in D、for7. A、gives B、are given C、are giving D、have given8. A、upon B、towards C、between D、among9. A、old B、young C、knowledge D、society10. A、respected B、interested C、holy D、contemporary11. A、how B、what C、which D、why12. A、by all means B、of all ages C、in some cases D、to a great extent13. A、old B、technical C、poor D、personal14. A、seem B、are C、is D、appear15. A、but B、even C、although D、when16. A、in B、of C、towards D、with17. A、promised B、promoted C、prevented D、preceded18. A、age B、growth C、presence D、education19. A、An important part B、A b titer resultC、A promising futureD、A delightful agentive20. A、give B、prepare C、radish D、rewindPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A、B、C or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneAbout the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit(诉讼) in Californiachaining that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They heaved, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his originalbenison.And so the argument goes on and on Does it benefit or harm children from minoritygrapes to have their intelligence rested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.Untreatably, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do vanes from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so age, for instance, white families were encouraged to abopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular. And social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.1. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A、Its validity was challenged by many communities.B、Its was considered discriminative against minority childrenC、It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D、It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.2. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to _______A、draw public attention to IQ testingB、put an end to special educationC、remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests.D、have their children enter white schools3. The author believes that intelligence testing __________A、may ease racial confrontation in the United States.B、can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC、may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States.D、can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education4.The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that__________A、no rules whatsoever can be prescribesB、white famishes should adoptblackcondemnC、adoption should be hazed on IQ rest résumés.D、cross-racial adoption is to be advocated.5. Child cooption is menaced in the passage to show that_________A、good will may sometimes complicate racial probersB、social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC、intelligence testing also applies to noon-academic areasD、American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage TwoUnlike most other people, businessmen love not only to give advice, but to take in too, There are more and more people witting and lecturing on management, Consultantsearn handsome fees. A flood of new books on management appear every year. Yet the one group of people to whom businessmen rarely trun for advice are economists. Big firms ask economists to predict the ups and downs of national economies, but when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many tanagers would sooner consult an astrologer(占星术家).In the past this was understandable. Most economists assumed all firms responded in much the same way to incentives and obstacle to any practicing manager, however, it is not the similarities between firms that matter, but the differences—specifically those that explain why some firms succeed and others fail, even though all are seeking to survive and prosper.Nevertheless, the gap between economists and managers should be closing. Over the past two decades a growing number of economists have studied precisely the kind of “microeconomic”issues the behavior at firms, employee’sconsorters and particularmarkets that most concern mangers. Some of their work has reached managers through business school classes and the publications of management writers, but much of it centimes to be ignored In a new book, Foundations of Corporate Success, John Kay a professor of economies at the London Business School, tries to correct this situation, drawing on recent economic thinking and research in order to say something useful to businessmen about why companiesthrive or die.Though Mr. Kay’s attempt is bold one, he fails, and the reason for his failure is revealing. He explains many difficult ideas with great clarity, but much at what he recommends is already known to every competent manager, or is of little use to anyone ranting a company. The fundamental problem is that Mr. Kay’s entire approach to advising business readers is flawed. year the and of the book be commerce the study on meat businessmen toearlybe from it by replanting the postmen of clacks with termersbased on verifiableexperiments. Though a doctor’s experience and fundament are still very important. Few people today would purr themselves in the hands of one without scientific training Management argues Mr. Kay. Is still in the age or quackery, The objective of his book is to make management more like modern medicine in its methods and generaltenability.A more helpful amatory to explain the proper role of the management thinker is to compare him to the coach of a sports team. Coaches acquire a large body of knowledge about the base skills needed to compete. The strategies that have succeeded in the past the strengths of opposingtents and the physical abilities of their own players Some of this knowledge employs the sciences of biology and medicine, but most of it such as the “plays” (strategies) that are cunningly most successful. And the means of countering them, will change quickly as rival teams loam to outwit each other Managers themselves know that any competitive adventure is temporary and to are constantly looking for the next bright idea. Good managers know the basic principles of management-what they sack is advice on any new measures that will help them to do barer than other managers in other firms over the next 5-15 years So long as economists like Mr. Kay concentrate on enduring principlesfarther than on innovation, they will have little to say that managers will wish to hear.6. A cording to this author, ________________A、most people like to give advice, but businessmen do notB、most people are reluctant to follow advice, and so are businessmenC、most people are reluctant to follow advice, but businessmen actually lied toD、most people are glad to give and follow advice, but businessmen are not7. At the end of paragraph 1, why dose the anther say “when it comes to finding ways to run their own companies better, many managers would sooner consult an astrologer”?A、to show how readily businessmen believe false claimsB、to show that businessmen must adopt more scientific attitudes in their workC、to show how superstitious and simple-minded businessmen tend to beD、to show unhelpful businessmen usually find advice from economists8. This writer indicates that since the early 1970s more and more economists___A、have investigated subjects of great interest to managersB、have rejected management as a proper field of studyC、have investigated at interest to managers the managementD、have decided fearer interest to managers9. A cording to this author, practicing managers want to find out_________A、how firms resemble one anotherB、how more successful firms are different from less successful onesC、how unsuccessful firms are different from one anotherD、how relatively successful firms differ from one another.10. Coaches are mentioned in this article_________A、to show how useful sports can be in the development of business skillsB、as examples of people who learn a lot about business management in the course of their work.C、as experts who know more about strategy than so called management thundersD、as experts whose approach to knowledge and experience is similar to what good management thinkers should use.Passage ThreeReruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with then children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his bands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework, the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much mort difficult than it was a generation ago.Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home , a child may have a room famished with a stereo and television. Not many young people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home , the distractions are even more alluring. Children no logger “hang out ”on a neighborhood comer within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework. Instead, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades, and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.Besides dealing with these distractions. Parents also have to shield their children from a flood (二行看不清楚)Traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young peoplecasual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily sexual content of organs on television.Most disturbing to parents today however is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their dies use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parent’s warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders, bow yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud. Away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from sexually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults it is not an easy task.11. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following EXCEPTA、drug abuseB、life-threatening situationsC、drinking too much beverageD、sexually explicit materials12. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because________A、teachers set bad examples for studentsB、bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional educationC、parents failed in educating their childrenD、the younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions13. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today_______A、must pay much more attention to their children’s behaviorB、（看不清楚）C、D、must preventtheirchildren from all kinds of14.The author develops her main idea by__________A、complaining about some social influences on childrenB、comparing denotation of yesterday with that of todayC、explaining parents’ worries todayD、stating her own points with vivid examples15. The best title for the passages ___________A、parents’ Worries TodayB、Challenges for Today’s ParentsC、Parents’ResponsibilitiesD、Confusions of parents TodayPassage FourNavigation computers, now sold by sold by most car-makers, cost $ 2,000 and up. No surprise, then that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But in is a developing. Technology-meaning prices should eventually drop-and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions-spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna(天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three ofthe 24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database, Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical, The differences come in hardware the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or dies. But the Lexis screen goes a step further. You can point to any sopt on the map screen and get directions to it.BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹)that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale )to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can.Even the voices that the defend with system offers BMW’s Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary, The instructional are email in fire ion German spaniel Dutch and Italian, as well as English, The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways(高速公路),for example.16. We learn from the passage that navigation computers________A、will greatly promote sales of automobiles.B、Nary help solve potential traffic problemsC、are likely to be accepted by more driversD、will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury17. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his definition_______________A、by inputting the exact addressB、by indicating the location of his carC、by checking his computer databaseD、by giving vocal orders to the computes18 Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars_________A、are more or less the same priceB、provide directions in much the same wayC、work on more or less the same principlesD、receive instructions from the same satellites.19. The navigation computer functions___________A、by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB、basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC、mainly through the reception turn-by-ruin directionsD、by using a screen to display satellite signals20. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Saudi are mentioned to show__________A、the immaturity of the new technologyB、the superiority of the global positioning systemC、the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD、the different ways of providing guidance to the driverSection B (10 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow.(1) The close link between social norms and Sophia principles is no accident it is not ever clear which set comes firm. It could be agued that the philosophical principles are primary and than momssum up the social practices that have manuallydeveloped as scientist have tried to apply these primacies in their research. But a sociologist might say that the institutional setting of academic science generates certain practices and that these practices determine the principles tabulating the type of knowledge that is produced. (2) The norms and principles are clearly complementary aspects of an ethos whose social and psychological parts are inseparable.It does not follow, however, that all truth is relative or that scientific knowledge is constructed entirely to suit certain social “interests”. (3) All it means is that the progressiveunveiling of nature is nor a very systematic process. How far we have got in thatprocess-that is . what counts as scientific knowledge of any given moment-is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.This comes out clearly when we consider how academic science is organized. Whatever the formal management structure, academic science is divided math disciplines. That disciplines are usually loosely organized does not make them ineffective (4) An academic discipline is a global invisible college whose members share a practicum research tradition This is where scientists acquire the theoretical frameworks. Codes of fiancéand technical methods considered to be good science.Specialization does not stop there. The subdivision of disciplines into anewresearch specialties seem to be an unavoidable feature of academic science. In practice most academic scientists can satisfy the norms of originality and skepticism only by concentrating for years on wait is known, what is hypothesized and what might be erasable in limited problem area’.(5) As unbounded by interdisciplinary oceans of ignorance. In other words, the philosophical idea unified serene is thwarted by institutional and psychological realities.Part IV Translation ( 20 points)Section A ( 10 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution fromAncestors to its present status is the acquisition and accentuation ofAbout itself the world incite universe. The potshots of this knowledge are all some on the aggregate we had tensionroughagessolacehearten are all the physical intimae’s and structures we use the physical infrastructures on which society reels. Most of as assumes that on modern societyknowledge of all kinds is communallytenderizing and egg negation of nestinformation into the doors of our social or collective knowledge is steadilyreducing the were of ignorance about the world. The universe, and ourselves But continuingremainders on the numerous are of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumed.Section B (10 points)Directions: Translator the following paragraph into English.作为教育工作者我们希望培养学生独立思考问题的能力，希望他们不要盲从。

2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In general, the______amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses.A．acceptableB．advisableC．availableD．applicable正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。

B项的意思是：advisable可取的，明智的。

其他各项的意思是：acceptable可接受的，合意的；available有空的，接受探访的；applicable 可适用的，可应用的。

2．Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______the color of his skin.A．with the exception ofB．in the light ofC．by virtue ofD．regardless of正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。

D项的意思是：regardless of不顾，不管。

其他各项的意思是：with the exception of除……以外；in the light of根据，依据；by virtue of依靠，凭借，由于。

3．Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their fullA．capacityB．strengthC．lengthD．possibility正确答案：A解析：本题答案是A。

2008年清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解

Part I V ocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite q ualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plantlife.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember e xactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peers D. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the humanbrain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they havebetter graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic toinsist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）• The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mis sion.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in Lond on Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV.Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can hav e your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect” For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group p ower, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，” says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，” Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat. D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Lar kins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot wi th larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the ma jority of the hurricane season，” Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are mor e likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flu pandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes camewithin just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it w on’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campusesB. the reason that bird flu may impossibly outbreak on college campuses is that social distancing will be tough to enforce there。

考博英语词汇历年真题试卷汇编59_真题-无答案

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1. Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird2. An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever3. He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A. hithertoB. henceforthC. whereasD. nevertheless4. I did not dare to speak aloud or even ______to Alison what was in my mind.A. murmurB. whistleC. whisperD. hum5. The new law allows you to ______ payment if you think a bill is incorrect.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)A. withholdB. withdrawC. witherD. withstand6. The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. testedB. provedC. confirmedD. witnessed7. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2007年中南大学考博试题)A. unworthyB. worthlessC. invaluableD. priceless8. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2008年北京大学考博试题)A. invaluableB. pricelessC. unworthyD. worthless9. We believe the younger generation will prove______ of our trust.(2007年财政部财政科研所考博试题)A. worthB. worthlessC. worthyD. worthwhile10. He is in bed with a bad cold, feeling pretty ______.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A. spaciousB. wideC. sufficientD. wretched11. It took years for Einstein's theory to gain ______.A. receptionB. admissionC. ownershipD. acceptance12. What sort of______ can you get for the night in a city like this?A. commissionB. treatmentC. accommodationD. recommendation13. Prof. Harkins gave his audience a vivid______ of his lecturing tour in the United States.A. taleB. newsC. accountD. plot14. Science has made great______ during the past 20 years.A. advancesB. developmentsC. movementsD. increases15. A company may______its products by means of newspapers, magazines, radio or television.A. advertiseB. sellC. propagateD. declare16. We greatly ______ your timely help, without which we could not have accomplished the task in time.A. thankB. oweC. appreciateD. admire17. In the market, the merchants______ and joked with their friends and neighbors.A. chattedB. bargainedC. discussedD. communicated18. Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ______.A. capacityB. strengthC. lengthD. possibility19. This ______ shows that John Williams **pleted the school-work of the eighth grade.A. certificateB. formC. paperD. article20. We are governed by the hormones that______ around our bodies.A. circulateB. passC. moveD. revolve21. The explanation in the footnote ______the difficult sentence.A. modifiedB. classifiedC. clarifiedD. rectified22. The negotiation______ when no agreement could be reached.A. crushedB. collapsedC. fellD. dropped23. She has a beautiful ______ of stamps from all over the world.A. collectionB. storageC. gatheringD. accumulation24. Many salesmen receive a______ of 10 per cent on all sales made.A. fundB. sumC. commissionD. reward25. Young women from every state ______ for the title of Miss America.A. competeB. scrambleC. secureD. strive。

2008年北京理工大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2008年北京理工大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of which there are four answersmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark thecorresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center.Passage 1A TIME columnist bears witness to an operation to help triplets with cerebral palsy walk like other boys.Cindy Hickman nearly bled to death the day she gave birth—three months prematurely—to her triplet sons. Weighing less than 2 lbs. each, her babies were alive, but barely. They clung so tenuously to life that her doctors recommended she name them A, B and C. Then, after a year of heroic interventions—brain shunts, tracheotomies, skull remodeling—often requiring emergency helicopter rides to the hospital nearest their rural Tennessee home, the Hickmans learned that their triplets had cerebral palsy.Fifteen years ago there wasn’t much that could be done about cerebral palsy, a disorder caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain. But pediatric medicine has come a long way since then, both in intervention before birth, with better prenatal care and various techniques to postpone delivery, and surgicalinterventions after birth to correct physical deficiencies. So although the incidence of cerebral palsy seems to be increasing (because the odds of preemies surviving are so much better), so too are the number of success stories.This is one of them. Lane, Codie and Wyatt (as the Hickman boys are called) have spastic cerebral palsy, the most common form, accounting for nearly 80% of cases. “We first noticed that they weren’t walking when they should,” Cindy recalls. “Instead they were only doing the combat crawl.” Their brains seemed to be developing age appropriately, but their muscles were unnaturally stiff, making walking difficult if not impossible.Happily, spastic cerebral palsy is also the most treatable form of CP, largely thanks to a procedure known as selective dorsal rhizotomy, in which the nerve roots that are causing the problem are isolated and severed. Among the first to champion SDR in the U.S. in the late 1980s was Dr. T.S. Park, a Korean-born pediatric neurosurgeon at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., who has performed more than 800 of these operations and hopes to do an additional 1,000 before he retires.Having performed the operation myself as a resident in neurosurgery, I was eager to see how the country’s most prolific SDR surgeon does it. Last month I got an opportunity to stand by his side as he operated on 3-year-old Lane Hickman.Peering through a microscope and guided by an electric probe, we were able to distinguish between the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cord. The ventral roots send information to the muscle; the dorsal roots send information back to the spinal cord. The dorsal roots cause spasticity, and if just the right onesare severed, the symptoms can be greatly reduced.Nearly half a million Americans suffer from cerebral palsy. Not all are candidates for SDR, but Park estimates that as many as half may be. He gets the best results with children between ages 2 and 6 who were born prematurely and have stiffness only in their legs. He is known for performing the operation very high up in the spine, right where the nerve roots exit the spinal cord. It’s riskier that way, but the recovery is faster, and in Park’s skilled hands, the succe ss rate is higher.Cindy and Jeremy Hickman will testify to that. Just a few weeks after the procedure, two of their sons are walking almost normally and the third is rapidly improving.1. When the triplets were born, ______.A. both the triplets and their mother nearly diedB. they didn’t have cerebral palsyC. doctors didn’t believe they were going to surviveD. they received medical intervention like brain shunts2. Cerebral palsy is ______.A. deadly diseaseB. a kind of brain disorderC. not treatable for children who are over 6 and have stiffness in their legsD. to be cured by isolating and cutting off the right nerve roots3. There are more and more cases of cerebral palsy ______.A. because there are more and more tripletsB. because more and more babies prematurely born are able to surviveC. so there are more cases of successful treatmentD. so there are more candidates for SDR4. Dr. T.S. Park ______.A. is a successful pioneer in adopting SDR operations in CP treatmentB. is famous because of his success with the triplets who are very difficult casesC. is ambitious by hoping to do another 1000 SDR operationsD. is not cautious enough by taking risks to perform the operation very high up the spine5. SDR is a procedure of ______.A. prenatal intervention using delivery postponing techniquesB. surgical intervention after birth to reduce spastic symptomsC. isolating and severing either of the two groups of nerve roots leaving the spinal cordD. great risk and high efficiency【答案与解析】1.C 由文章第一段第一、二句可知母亲nearly bled to death，而三胞胎were alive，从而可推知选项A不正确，并不是母亲和三胞胎都将近死亡；由第一段第三句“三胞胎非常薄弱地维持着生命，以致医生们建议她只给他们命名为A、B和C”可知医生并不认为三胞胎将存活下来，因此选项C正确。

考博英语词汇历年真题试卷汇编57_真题(含答案与解析)-交互

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编57(总分50, 做题时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1.**ing of the railways in the 1830s______our society and economic life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA transmittedB transportedC transferredD transformed分值: 2答案:D解析：transform(into)vt．改造，改善；使改观；变换，使变样(transform an old house into a showplace；transform heat into power；transform sb．into a responsible person)。

transmit vt．传送，传递，输送；播送，发射。

transport vt.运输，运送。

transfer vt.转移，转换；调动。

2.These technological advances in communication have______ the way people do business.(2006年厦门大学考博试题)SSS_SINGLE_SELA revoltedB adoptedC representedD transformed分值: 2答案:D解析：通信方面的技术进步改变了人们经商的方式。

四个选项中，revolted的意思是“反抗，起义，反叛”；adopted的意思是“采用，收养”：represented的意思是“表现，描绘，声称，象征”：transformed的意思是“转换，改变，改造，使……变形”。

根据题意，D项为正确答案。

3.Planning our vocation we must take the frequent ______ of the weather into consideration.(2008年四川大学考博试题)SSS_SINGLE_SELA transformationB transmissionC transactionD transition分值: 2答案:A解析：transaction交易，处理；transition过度，转变。

北京师范大学资源学院博士生招生专业目录考博招生专业目录考博真题考博参考书目考博资料

考试科目
方向
师
人数
备注
024资源学院
30
学院拟招收4名硕博连读生，2名本科直博生。
070501 自然地理学
01 地貌过程哈斯额
与生态效应
尔敦
①1101 英语或 1103 日语②2049自然地理学 ③3026 环境演变原理或 3096 地貌学
070503 地图学与地理信息系统
开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】
4 月 21 日至 4 月 27 日将字母 C 至 E 的词汇复习完，完成标准同上。 4 月 28 日至 5 月 4 日将字母 F 至 I 的词汇复习完，标准同上。 5 月 5 日至 5 月 11 日回顾复习的所有词汇，将没有掌握的这次要掌握牢固。 5 月 12 日至 5 月 18 日复习字母 G 至字母 N 的词汇，标准同上。 5 月 19 日至 5 月 25 日复习字母 O 至字母 T 的词汇，标准同上。 5 月 26 日至 6 月 1 日复习字母 U 至 Z 的词汇，标准同上。 6 月 1 日至 6 月 8 日将复习完的词汇重新回顾，将掌握不牢固的词汇要加强记忆。
二、学校复试基本分数线（专业学位类）
专业学位类型
政治
外语
业务一业务二总分
或综合
应用统计(0252)
50
50
90
90
310
国际商务(0254)
55
55
90
90
320
2
2 / 12
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌
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开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】

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2008年考博英语题一、vocabulary& structure1. Television commercials that sell household products have often been accused of ___ stereotypes of social roles.A. modifyingB. contrastingC. exposingD. reinforcing答案: D. reinforcing2. the United congress and state legislatures ___ thousands of laws every years.A. draftB. enactC. amendD. cancel答案: A. draft3. in 1979 Shirley Mount Hufstedler was appointed to head the ____ United States Department of Education.A. created newB. created a newC. created newlyD. newly created答案: D. newly created4. Archaeologists know ____ 35000 years ago, but it is still unclear for precisely what purpose.A. drawing being practicedB. when the practice of drawingC. that drawing was practicedD. practicing of drawing答案: C. that drawing was practiced5. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning _____ or individual states should have more power.A. whether the federal governmentB. either the federal governmentC. that the federal governmentD. the federal government答案: A. whether the federal government6. those businessmen are engaged in fierce competition, yet they remain free from strain and ____.A. pressureB. weightC. oppressionD. depression答案: A. pressure7. He is timid, modest and ____.A. expressiveB. apprehensiveC. depressiveD. impressive答案: B. apprehensive8. if you ____ at this critical moment of the experiment, the whole project will end in failure.A. give awayB. give inC. give outD. give up答案: D. give up9. when the farmers visited the city the first time, they were ____ by its complicated traffic system.A. bewilderedB. acquaintedC. divertedD. informed答案: A. bewildered10. they were ____ in their scientific research, not knowing what happened just outside their lab.A. submergedB. drownedC. dippedD. immersed答案: D. immersed11. Watch the magician and try to ____ how he makes the dove disappear.A. set outB. figure outC. catch onD. work on答案: B. figure out12. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates___ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. butB. orC. andD. as答案: A. but13.care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ____ loud continuous noise.A. associated withB. subjected toC. filled withD. attached to答案: B. subjected to14. I couldn’t help but ___ that it was a good idea to spend this summer holiday in Hawaii.A. thinkB. thoughtC. thinkingD. to think答案: C. thinking15. _____ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.A. to giveB. GivenC. GivingD. Having given答案: B. Given16. Tired ___ she was, I had to disturb her.A. forB. asC. althoughD. because答案: B. as17.the experienced driver made an ____ turn to avoid hitting another car.A. abruptB. accidentalC. urgentD. vicious答案: C. urgent18. Mr. Park’s remarks raised doubts about the ____ of his opponent’s argument.A. processionB. validityC. separationD. discrimination答案: B. validity19. sometimes ____ is used to stimulate workers to work with more efforts.A. moneyB. salaryC. bonusD. wages答案: C. bonus20. You could ____ from his appearance that he was upset.A. restrainB. destroyC. discernD. obscure答案: C. discern二、Reading comprehension21. this article _____.A. discusses how the high-tech workers participate in Recessioncamp .comB. explains why organizes a variety of activitiesC. indicates various ways that high-tech workers can refresh themselvesD. analyzes the responsibilities of Recessioncamp. Com for high-tech workers’unemployment.答案: B. explains why organizes a variety of activities22. according to the passage, what has happened to many of the high-tech workers?A. they are having partiesB. they have lost jobsC. they are celebrating for unemploymentD. they have saved much money答案: B. they have lost jobs23. The sentence “is a support group without being a support group” meansA. is a true support groupB. is not a support groupC. is playing the role of a support groupD. is has no support group答案: C. is playing the role of a support group24. We can infer from the passage that _____A. provided a sense of community support for its campersB. campers have to pay much moneyC. the company that Ms. Kowalski founded has just been defunct.D. Ms. Kowalski founded 答案: A. provided a sense of community support for its campers25. It is implied but not stated that _____.A. high-tech workers are rushing for moviesB. high-tech workers are busy changing jobs.C. many high-tech companies closed downD. high-tech and its workers are involving a hard time答案: D. high-tech and its workers are involving a hard time26. Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of _____.A. the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpointsB. the legal privileges granted to foreignersC. the excessive hospitality of the American peopleD. the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization service答案: D. the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization service27. We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S. government agencies to ____.A. limit the number of immigrants to the U.S.B. prevent the forgery of immigration papersC. ward off terrorist suspects at the borderD. refuse the renewing expire visas答案: C. ward off terrorist suspects at the border28. it can be inferred from the passage that before Sept.11, aliens with expired vias ____.A. might stay on for as log as they wishedB. would be closely watched by FB1 agentsC. would live in constant fear of deportationD. might have them extended without trouble答案: A. might stay on for as log as they wished29. It is believed by many that all these years the INS____.A. has been serving two contradictory functionsB. has ignored the pleas of the two powerful lobbiesC. has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation’ssecurityD. has been too liberal in granting visas to tourists and immigrants indiscriminately答案: C. has over-emphasized its service functions at the expense of the nation’s security30. before Spet.11, the U.S. Congress had been unable to pass stricter immigration laws because _____.A. education and business circles cared little about national securityB. resources were not available for their enforcementC. it was difficult to coordinate the efforts of the congressmenD. they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor答案: D. they might have kept away foreign students and cheap labor31. we can infer from the passage that _____.A. shallow seas remain untouched in biological resourcesB. shallow seas are being exhausted in biological resourcesC. shallow seas are still richer in biological resources than deep seasD. shallow seas are not as rich in biological recourses as deep seas答案: B. shallow seas are being exhausted in biological resources32. according to the passage, it is true that _____.A. the sea has limitless resourcesB. we cannot get more food from the seaC. the fisheries of the future will greatly decrease their productionD. the depth of the open ocean limits its biological productivity答案: D. the depth of the open ocean limits its biological productivity33. if we used sea resources more properly, ____.A. we could live all the timeB. we could fertilize the plants with more fishC. we could get more pig and cattle meatD. we could extract more protein from the sea答案: D. we could extract more protein from the sea34. the last paragraph implies that _____.A. we haven’t used our sea resources sensiblyB. we feed fish to something lower down the food chain than ourselvesC. we don’t yet understand at all the “rules” governing the transfer to energyD. we prefer pig and cattle meat to fish meat答案: A. we haven’t used our sea resources sensibly35. the best title for this passage is ____.A. human attitudes towards the seaB. sea food and energy cycleC. mismanagement of the sea resourcesD. biological productivity of the sea答案: C. mismanagement of the sea resources36. the main idea of the first paragraph is that the car____.A. can satisfy the demand for speedB. causes waste of spaceC. produces disturbance to other road usersD. is far from perfect for short range movement答案: D. is far from perfect for short range movement37. More attention should be given to the bicycle as a means of transport because it is ____.A. a very efficient and simple deviceB. much cheaper than a carC. widely used in Amsterdam and CambrigeD. still used by rich people答案: A. a very efficient and simple device38. enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would_____.A. make it easier to useB. save muscular energyC. provide protection in case of accidentsD. prevent it from colliding with other vehicles?答案: C. provide protection in case of accidents39. which of these is untrue for the present bicycle?A. it is far more efficient than the movement animalsB. it offers its rider no protectionC. it is not very suitable for carrying goodsD. it can hardly be improved on答案: D. it can hardly be improved on40. Which of the following statements does the write Not make?A. the bicycle would be safer with a plastic bubbleB. the weight of the device would be reduced by using new materialsC. it would be possible to design different types of bicyclesD. an electric motor can be fixed on the bicycle答案: B. the weight of the device would be reduced by using new materials41. according to paragraph2, what is general attitude towards bushiness on campuses dominate by purer disciplines?A. scornfulB. appreciativeC. enviousD. realistic答案:A. scornful:42. it seems that the controversy over the value of MBA degrees has been field mainly by ____.A. the complaints from various employersB. the success of many non-MBAsC. the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplinesD. the poor performance of MBA s at work答案: B. the success of many non-MBAs43.what is the major weakness of MBA holders accouding to the Harvard Business Review?A. they are usually self-centeredB. they are aggressive and greedyC. they keep complaining about their jobsD. they are not good at a dealing with people答案: D. they are not good at a dealing with people44. from the passage we know that most MBAs _____.A. can climb the corporate ladder fairly quicklyB. quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmatesC. receive salaries that do not match their professional trainingD. cherish unrealistic expectations about their future答案: D. cherish unrealistic expectations about their future45. what is the passage mainly about?A. why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programsB. the necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schoolsC. doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degreeD. a debate held recently on university campuses答案: C. doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree46. the author wants to prove with the example of Isasc Newton that_____.A. inquiring minds are more important than scientific experimentsB. science advances when fruitful researches are conducedC. scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD. unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research答案: A. inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments47. the author assets that scientists _____A. shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thoughtB. shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC. should write more concise reports for technical journalsD. should be confident about their research findings答案: B. shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things48. it seems that some young scientists_____.A. have a keen interest in predictionB. often speculate on the futureC. think highly of creative thinkingD. stick to “scientific method”答案: D. stick to “scientific method”49. the author implies that one results of scientific research_____.A. may not be as profitable as they are expectedB. can be measured in dollars and centsC. rely on conformity to a standard patternD. are mostly underestimated by management答案: A. may not be as profitable as they are expected50.what does the word “supposedly” mean?A. just imagining that something possibleB. impossibleC. surprisedlyD. unexpectedly答案: A. just imagining that something possible51. the “cut-off point for the survey ” in paragraph refers to ____.A. 146 billion----- the collective worth of the country’s richest 100 people.B. January -----the deadline for the surveyC. 31 million----- the increase of wealth in just 12 monthsD.160 billion----- the total value of the wealth of richest 1000答案: B. January -----the deadline for the survey52. how have the business attitudes changed in Britain?A. today’s economic boom cannot surpass Margaret Thatcher’s roomB. three-day week showed British people were more sluggish than they are todayC. people do not feel guilty about making moneyD. doing business in Britain is even more challenging than in America答案: C. people do not feel guilty about making money53. the millennium economic boom in Britain _____.A. benefits the richest aloneB. makes the life of the rest of the population even worse offC. has added to the Britain’s wealth by 16% since the late 1980D. is primarily due to the internet revolution答案: D. is primarily due to the internet revolution54. why does the author call the wealth of the riches “paper fortunes”?A. because their wealth is mainly generated from technology sharesB. because their wealth can be easily lostC. because their wealth is greatly influenced by start-up companiesD. because their wealth is quickly devalued with the up and down of house prices 答案: A. because their wealth is mainly generated from technology shares55.a new tendency emerged in the current boom is that ____.A. more and more people start hi-tech business to amass fortuneB. people are becoming rich at younger agesC. most of the richest make their fortune by inheritanceD. all the richest millionaires are aged 30 or above答案: B. people are becoming rich at younger ages三、translation1. During the past four decades the fishery scientists of the west have studied the dynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch.答案:西方的渔业科学家在过去的四十年里研究了鱼群的动态变化,他们的目的是弄清楚鱼的数量和可持续性捕捞之间的关系。