学术论文写作-Unit4ppt课件
《学术论文写作》PPT课件
科技论文
一、科技论文的涵义 二、科技论文的特征 三、科技论文的分类 四、科技论文的写作 五、例文分析
一、 科技论文的含义
科技论文是科技工作者对创造性研究成果 进行理论分析和科学总结, 并得以公开发表或 通过答辩的科技写作文体.科技论文是进行科 学技术交流的主要载体, 是获得科技信息、促 进科学技术发展的重要途径.
科技论文的基本格式
<1> 标题 科技论文的题目：要简洁、准确地反映论文的中心 内容, 使读者通过它能大致了解论文阐述的主要问题.
题目:可以看到全文的精髓 题目的长短
国内一般以不超过20个字为宜 美国、英国出版的科技期刊,要求论文题目不超
过12个词,或100个书写符号〔包括间隔在内〕 如包容不下,可加一个副标题 题目应是一个短语而不是一个句子
四、科技论文的写作
科技论文的基本格式
包括前置部分、主体部分和末尾部分. 前置部分: 标题、作者及其工作单位、摘要<中文>、
关键词 <中文>、目次页<必要时〕 主体部分：导论〔前言〕、正文、致谢、参考文献 末尾部分：标题〔英文,必要时〕、作者及工作单位
〔英文,必要时〕、摘要〔英文,必要时〕、 ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ键词〔英文,必要时〕、附录〔必要时〕
关键词 :
➢ 从论文中提炼出来 ➢ 最能反映论文的主要内容 ➢ 在同一论文中出现的次数最多 ➢ 一般在论文的题目及摘要中都出现 ➢ 可为编制主题索引和检索系统使用
编写关键词的须知 : 较定型的名词,多是单词和词组,原形而非缩略语 无检索价值的词语不能作为关键词,如"技术"、"应用"、"观察"、"调
二、科技论文的特征
4大学英语论文写作四PPT课件
Others would like to have their private cars.
I choose to travel.
ThTehseisis stsattaetmemenetnt
Foreign travel helps me to learn about cultures of different nations and make friends all over the world.
n 2. A paragraph
constructed following the
straightforward-line thought
pattern
n A. writing purpose: to express an idea
n
-- to tell sth./ idea
n
-- to make it clear
n
-- conclude to
emphasize the topic
n C. A three-set/ part/ element construction
n
-- the topic sentence
n
-- supporting
sentences
n
-- ( the concluding
sentence)
Lecture Four
Drafting the Essay
How to Construct an Essay
I. The basic structure of a paragraph
II. The basic structure of an essay
英语学术论文写作 ppt课件
unique artistic values in the novel and reinforce the theme of the novel with an
• William Faulkner (1897-1962 )
• TOPIC
• The repetition of certain nouns in the sound and the fury
• QUESTION
• What is the function of repetition in the novel?
学士论文的结构
• TITLE • ABSTRACT • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • CONTENTS • LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES (IF ANY) • INTRODUCTION • MAIN BODY • CONCLUSION • BIBLIOGRAPHY • APPENDICES ( IF ANY)
important.
• 优：because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very
important.
• B) 用“AND” 或 “OR” 时含义要明确，避免用斜线符号（/）。 • 劣：hot / cold extremes will damage the samples. • 优：hot and cold extremes will damage the samples.
• THESIS
英语学术论文写作 PPT课件
7.Bibliography
❖ Anderson, R. The power and the word—Language, Power and Change [M]. London: Praeger Publisher, 1998.
do for you; ask what you can do for your country”—derived from Kennedy’s presidential inaugural address
Thank You!
L/O/G/O
2. Literature review
Previous studies:
❖ 1、Halliday :defines the semantic system. ❖ 2、Brainslaw Malinowski：puts forward phatic communion. ❖ 3、Buhler：from a psychological perspective, distinguished three functions of
Somethings we have learned:
❖ 1 realizes the significance for the successful use of interpersonal meaning in political speech.
❖ 2 makes comparisons with each review,finds the deficiency,and trys to make good.
Candidate:xxx Supervisor: xxxxxxxx
科技论文写作-第四章-PPT课件
4.2 背景资料（步骤一）
4.2.2 时态与“先旧后新”原则
例4-2
Delaminations in composite materials result typically from impact damage or manufacturing imperfections. In general, they cause a considerable reduction in compressive strength and therefore reduce the performance advantage of composite materials[1]. One mechanism of compressive strength reduction in delaminated composites is buckling out of plane of the groups of plies above and below the delamination. This buckling subjects the remaining unbuckled plies to asymmetric loading, resulting in a reduced failure load for the laminate.
第四章 背景材料与文献回顾 4.1 基本内容及组织形式
几乎每一篇科技研究论文的导论中都会包含上述四个步骤。而 步骤五、六可有可无。 步骤五，指出本研究工作的理论价值或应用价值。 步骤六，说明本研究论文的组织结构，以便读者对作者介绍研 究结果的方式有大致的了解。
4.2 背景资料（步骤一） 4.2.1 背景资料的介绍
4.2.1 背景资料的介绍
(完整)学术论文写作ppt
再次，本文由对秘书人员意识的外在要求转向其内在，关系自身的发展问 题。提出了秘书人员如何规划自己的职业生涯，为自己创造出更美好的明天， 也是其必备的时代意识之一。
在改革开放、企业转型、知识经济全球一体化的市场环境下，企业秘书面 临着职业职能的转变和新的挑战。主体的内在意识决定其外在行为的根本， 因此，秘书人员只有发展出适应现代经济需要的时代意识，才能发挥自己的 才能。所以，当今社会秘书工作中所需要的思想和意识，非常值得我们的关 注和做出进一步的探讨。
首先，本文指出了知识经济时代的到来，其所带来的重要特征就是人力资 源成为企业竞争之间重要的核心力量，从而引出作为秘书人员工作中的重要 性。
一、论文选题
（三）学术论文选题中存在的问题
• 范围不当 • 选题随意 • 标题陈旧 • 缺少学术性
二、制定方案
• 研究什么？ • 为什么作此研究？ • 如何对此进行研究？
• 按怎样的程序进行? • 需参阅哪些文献资料? • 采用哪些分析手段和工具? • 存在哪些局限性? • 研究在理论和实践方面有何价值和意义?
六、正文
（一）撰写正文的注意事项 内容要层次分明、结构严谨、文字通顺、语言生动
。
➢ 理论研究论文，要有理论证明、有理论建树。 ➢ 算法研究论文，要提出新的或改进的算法，并给出相应的数值实
验结果，以验证算法。 ➢ 综述类论文，要有述有评有比较。
撰写学术论文是一种综合性训练
研究生英语学术论文与写作课件Unit4冯
研究生英语学术论文与写作课件Unit4冯Unit 4. Introduction （4hs）Topical HighlightsGeneral Functions of Introduction:introducing the subject, limiting the research scope, stating the general purpose, showing the writing arrangement Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions: starting with the research background, transiting to the existing problem, focusing on the present research Special Attention: sentence structureindicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, “It + be + adj./participle + that clause…”Theme Presentation1. General Functions of IntroductionEvery professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs with or without a particular subtitle. The length or the degree of formality of a paper may decide whether the introduction should be a separate-labeled section. Regarding the function of an introduction, a well-known professional writer once said that it “may be thought of as a preliminary conference in which the writer and prospective reader …go into a huddle? 1 and agree in advance on the exact limits of the subject, the terms in which to discuss it, the angle from which to approach it, and the plan of treatment that will be m ost convenient to both.” (J. Raleigh Nelson, Writing the Technical Report, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952, p. 36) This gives us a vivid illustration of the function an introduction performs.Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate thecommunication process.1.1 Introducing the SubjectWhen retrieving information, a reader always first skims the title, the abstract and the introduction of a paper to determine whether or not the document is worth reading. The author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well-informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.1.2 Limiting the Research ScopeOnly when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Since there are so many perspectives to be dealt with2 and your research could proceed in any one of them, narrowing down the scope of work and delimiting the boundary of your study3 becomes entirely necessary. The definition of scope may include such items as the range of parameters dealt with, the exact sphere of the general subject covered by the paper, and whether the work described is experimental or theoretical, etc. The readers, thus, can be directed to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:●The problem is within the scope of...●The problem under discussion is within the scope of...●Studies of these effects covered various aspects of...●Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect...●The problem described previous ly was directed to the example off.., which differsfrom...●This subject is concerned chiefly with the study of...●The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of...●The approach under study is only applied to...●The problem I have referre d to falls within the field of...●The problem we have just outlined seems to be inside of the province of...●The theory can not apply to other cases of...●The emphasis of this paper is to survey...1.3 Stating the General PurposeIf the first two functions of introduction, i. e. introducing the subject and limiting the researchscope, are to usher the reader where to start and what to talk about in the paper, then the function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader why to where to start or where to guide. Here the task of the abstract drafter is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. In doing so, he can guide his reader to avoid any misunderstanding of his inclination and make clear what the reader himself can expect to gain from the abstract drafter.1.4 Showing the Writing ArrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction. In very short papers, such information iseasy to grasp. In papers of any appreciable length or complexity, however, it has the advantage of enabling the reader to know in advance of information to expect and in what order to get it. Thus a clear arrangement of your paper will make the reader feel convenient and active in their further reading.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:●This pa per is divided into five major sections as follows...●Section one of this paper opens with...●Section three develops the second hypotheses on...●In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of...●Section four shows (introduces,reveals, treats, develops, deals with, etc.)...●The result of... is given in the last section.●The 5th section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on...●In the following, a wide range of test data is reported...Notes1. go into a huddle: discuss something privately so that others cannot hear2. so many perspectives to be dealt with: so many points of view ahead to be treated properly in the front3. delimiting the boundary of your study: defining your sphere of research2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions2.1 Starting with the Research BackgroundTo orient the reader, the pertinent literature should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The researchbackground is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question, “What have been done?” The best way to present this information depends on what the reader already knows. For example, it may or may not be necessary to include historical background, definition of certain terms, data, etc. Let us take a paper in the field of translation for example. The author starts the introduction with the following:Ex. 5-1The Behavior Translating English-to-Chinese Machine Translation System is the first of its kind in Taiwan. And it is also among the first commercialized E-to-C systems in the world. The research began as a joint effort.., in May 1985...Further examples can be seen from the sections of introduction of the two complete papers attached in the Appendixes.Here are some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction:●Over the past several decades....●Somebody reported...●The previous work on... has indicated that...●Recent experiments by... have suggested...●Several researchers have theoretically investigated...●In most studies of ....... has been emphasized with attention being given to...●Industrial use of... is becoming increasingly common.●There have been a few studies highlightin g...●It is well known that...2.2 Transiting to the Existing ProblemAuthors usually transit to the main problems to be discussedor weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question: “What ha ve not been done?” The existing problems or weak points of such nature may be something that has not yet been found before, the methods that have not been adopted so far, materials that have not yet been discovered in the past, and/or the factors that were previously ignored, and so on. Let ustake a paper published in the journal of Physics Review Letter as an example:Ex. 5- 2Research on the mobility and diffusion of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago but very accurate data on these quantities have appeared only since about 1960...Recent experiments by Grover and by V olk, Kwon, and Mark have suggested that large nuclear-spin polarization can be produced in Xe nuclei by spin polarization with optically pumped rubidium atoms. However, no direct measurements of the xenon spin polarization have been reported as yet...The following are a number of expressions used to present existing problems:●Great progress has been made in this field, but (however, nevertheless, etc.)...●Also, the consideration of... alone cannot explain the observed fact that...● A part of the explanation could lie in... However ....●The study of... gives rise to two main difficulties: one is...; the other is...●Despite the recent progress reviewed in .... there is no generally accepted theoryconcerning...●From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither.., nor.., are known.● A major problem.., is the harmful effect exerted by...●An experiment of the kind has not been made.●The kind of experimen t we have in mind has not been carried out until now.●Until now no field experiments of... have been reported.●Not any experiment in this area has suggested that...●More than one experiment must be initiated to substantiate...●The method we used differ s greatly from the one reported ten years ago.●The method of making.., was not invented till the existence of...●No clear advancement has so far been seen in...●No direct outcome was then reported in...●No such finding could be available in...●So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing...●The data available in literature failed to prove that...●The theory of... did not explain how much modifications arose.2.3 Focusing on the Present ResearchOn the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually an d naturally turn the reader?s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. That is to answer the question: “What I am going to do?” For example: Ex. 5- 3... In this paper, a simplified state selector is considered, both theoretically and experimentally, for use in a molecular beam ammonia maser system. 3Ex. 5- 4... Then, we shall focus both analytically and numerically on the following topics: (1) the influence of polarization gradients on the behavior of surface modes in the vicinity of the limiting surface; (2) the existence of a coupling between displacement components and electric-polarization components; (3) ...Sometimes, a specific study on a certain subject itself can imply the existing problem to be solved. In this case, the specific problems may not be literally mentioned. (See Introduction 3 of Exercises 1I in Reflections and Practice (1) below)Putting together the structure and content mentioned above, you must form general picture of an introduction. Now, let us look at a sample introduction of a paper entitled Innovation and the materials revolution by Felix H. A. Janszen and Marc P. F. Vloemans, published in Technovation V ol. 17 No. 10, 1997 pp.549-556.Ex. 5-5IntroductionThe present literature on strategy and innovation pays a considerable amount of attention to industrial competition within a specific industry, between several industries and even between geographical areas (Porter, 1990; Hamel and Prahalad, 1994; Kodama, 1991). Each author emphasizes the importance of technological development but quite often uses the cases taken from relatively new so-called high-tech industries, such as telecommunications, information technology and biotechnology. However, the result of this bias is a certain lack of attention to theinformation of the technological developments of more mature industries. A likely explanation could be that asubstantial amount of strategic research has been conducted by technologists themselves. Faced with less visible developments in mature industries as well as the requirements of a deeper understanding of the underlying technologies, this last group seems rather well equipped for the task. Ultimately a more technological approach would enable stakeholders to acquire a more complete picture as well as an increased understanding of the management of innovation. Those in mature industries especially could benefit from this approach.Mature industries are those products, markets and possibly-underlying technologies are more or less at the end of their life cycle. Competition is conducted mainly on price. As a result the innovative activities deal principally with process technologies to arrive at higher levels of efficiency (Abemathy and Utterback, 1975). Examples of mature industries are the construction, petrochemical, metals, car and ship building industries. From this list it can be concluded that this group consists of a wide variety of industries, more often than not characterized by an emphasis on so-called economies of scale. This is largely dependent on the characteristics of process technologies in use, existing market infrastructure 4 and market conditions. This phase of maturity can vary in length, but will often last for several decades. The relatively stable business environment of such a mature industry creates a sense of security within, with myopic tendencies and a heavy reliance on problem solving murines that proved successful in the past. Core competences have become core rigidities5 (Leonard Barton, 1992). As a result, new technological developments are discerned 6 too late, which can have disastrouseffects for the industry (Foster, 1986). The commercial battlefield is littered with companies that could not adapt quick enough--for example, the shipbuilding industry in the 19th century which ignores the electronics industry in the 1950s that was superseded 7 by the transistor (1947) and ICs (1959). The American electronics industry and the Swiss watch industry have found this out to their detriment. 8 During the second half of this century, within the basic materials industries, a new form of competition has emerged, an inter-material competition (Kaounides, 1990). Instead of companies competing within a certain material?s sector, now the whole sectors compete directly with one another. In various markets the traditional metals are under the threat from polymers, composites and ceramics. This has considerably increased the scale and scope of strategic behavior within the basic materials industries.In this article we will systematically survey and clarify several changes in the businessenvironment of these industries. On the basis of a survey of developments in materials technology we will explain the effects these changes have on intra- and inter-industrial competition. On the basis of changing materials design in the car industry we will draw a dynamic picture of the aforementioned developments in mature industries as well as explain the interaction of the various rivers behind the developments.There are also a number of expressions used to introduce the present work:●In this paper .... is investigated (studied, discussed, presented, etc.)●The present work deals mainly with...●We report here.., in the presence of...●This paper reports on...●On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to...●The present study will therefore focus on...●The primary goal of this research is...●The purpose of this paper (study, thesis, etc.) is...●In this paper, we aim at...Notes1. the mobility and diffusion of ions in neutral gases: 在中和气体中粒子的运动和扩散2. large nuclear-spin polarization: 大的核自旋极化偏振3. a molecular beam ammonia maser system: Maser (激射器) is the short form of thelong compound word microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.So the whole phrase can be translated as 激射：分子射束铵激射器4. existing market infrastructure: 市场现有的基础设施5. Core competences have become core rigidities: 关键性的能力已经变成了关键生的6. discern: to see, notice, or understand, esp. with difficulty7. supersede: (often pass.) to take place of8. detriment: (finl.) the condition of suffering harm or damage9. aforementioned: mentioned above or before. This is an academic word.3. Reflections and Practice (1)3.1. Work with your partner to discuss the answers to the following questions.3.1.1. What are the general functions of an introduction?3.1.2. What is your understanding of the structural features of an introduction?3.1.3. How do you write an introduction?3.2. Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.3.2.1. Underline the part stating the research background.3.2.2. Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.3.2.3. Draw a box around the part focusing on the present research.Introduction 1According to Hannagan (1995: 18), “Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment.” This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, which is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under differentCultures may behave in diverging ways. The human behaviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorne effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural context will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual.In this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issue. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chinese employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certainpossible procedures to tackle the task.Introduction 2In this paper I attempt to show how a number of related concepts in Cognitive Grammar (Fillmore, 1982; Lakoff, 1982, 1987; Langacker, 1987,1988, 1990, 1991) can be applied to the analyses of discourse. Cognitive Grammar (CG) is well adapted not only to addressing issues concerning the relationship between language and cognition but also to constituting a potentially powerful sociolinguistic tool. I will focus on two related concepts: “profiling” (Langacker, 1990) and “radial category structure” (Lakoff, 1987; Br ugman, 1988; Taylor, 1989).AbstractIt has been more than fifty years since its appearance of the ligand theory (配位场理论). It was initiated in 1931 when Bethe?s crystal field theory (晶体场理论) was proposed. The theory of complex spectra for atoms contributed by Racah has had an important effect on the development of the ligand field theory as it has influenced that of nuclear and elementary particle theories.In this article, the extension of the irreducible tensor method (不可约张量方法) to the ligand field theory which was originally performed by Tang Aoqing and his collaborators, is simplified by introducing the quasi-spin group (准自旋群) to give a theoretical analysis of the spectra of TbPsOl4. The theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experimental result.As an example, the energy matrix elements of ground states terms (基态谱项的能量矩阵元) of TbPsOl4 crystal are calculated by the application of this theory, a serial spectrum data published by Bai Yubai are to be fitted by the use of five crystal-field parameters and eight relativistic parameters. The fitted resultsare satisfactory with 8 cm-1 at mean square root error and 17 cm-1 at the maximum absolution error of energy levels.3.3 Revise an introduction written prior to this unit by using the skills learned so far, and then give your comparison.4. Special Attention: Sentence StructureThe linguistic features of sentence structure in professional papers, is one of the key points for successful writing. Generally speaking, sentence structure of professional papers is comparatively monotonous and grammatically rigorous, which means that only certain sentence structures are preferable. The sentence structures often used in professional writing are summarized as follows:4.1. Indicative SentencesIn professional papers, authors often have to describe experiments or investigations conducted, state the quality or property of the matter used, confirm laws or principles they have worked out. For this purpose, they prefer to use indicative sentences rather than interrogative sentences, and exclamatory sentences are seldom used. For example:4.1.1 L stands for length, while W represents weight.4.1. 2 Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.4.1.3 Computer language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be automatically accepted by a wide range of computers.4.1.4 Gathering facts, confirming them, assuming theories, testing them, and organizing findings -- this is all the work of science.4.2 Imperative SentencesLook at the examples below:(1) Now let K equal to Zero, and then we obtain the following equation.(2) Fill in a tube with cold water, and then heat the tube to 100℃.(3) See Table 4.(4) To put into full play the incubation function of the high-tech development zone, we should pay enough attention to the following: First, cultivate a number of new high-tech enterprises; Second, promote a number of new high-tech products; Third, train a group of entrepreneurs.4.3 Complex SentencesAs we know, scientific research is a kind of activity aiming to disclose the law of nature, the change of natural objects and their applications. Such processes are complicated and mutually related. In order to reflect the complicated interrelations accurately, it is necessary more often than not to use various complex sentences.Now, analyze the following examples.(1) An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated asa.c ....(2) Because nonverbal behavior is regarded as a more accurate measure of how an individual actually feels than what is said, it is reasonable to assume that the individual in conflict with the woman in the above example will respond to her gestures instead of to her words.In example (1), there are three subordinate clauses, while example (2) contains five subordinate clauses. They are bothcomplex sentences though not very complicated ones.4) “It + be + adj. / participle + that clause...”In order to keep a sentence balanced, and avoid subjective coloring, the sentence structure “It+ be + adj. / participle + that clause” can often be encou ntered in professional writing. In this structure, “it” is the formal subject, and s “that clause” the real subject. For example:(1) It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is developed, and the principle or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that will servea practical purpose.(2) It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.(3) It has been shown through the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral.5. Reflections and Practice (2)5.1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to thesentence structure of each.5.1.1. Strategy is an art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or to achieve success.5.1.2. Here the point of view is the term generally used to indicate the point from which the paper is written.5.1.3. Subordination is the technique of placing the less important thought in a subordinate position.5.1.4. This formula is developed on the basis of the previouslydiscussed theory.5.1.5. It is concluded that some of the parameters cannot be obtained by using the method shown in Section IV.5.1.6. Connect the equipment to the machine. Turn off the switch. Adjust input voltage to 10V. And note down the output current.5.1.7. Such evidence of a positive effect in the Northern Hemisphere is something that all satellite observing system experiments still lack.5.1.8. Potentially more useful data have been flowing down from weather satellites for 25 years, but only recently have researchers been able to show that such data improve forecasts made by computers, the backbone of modem weather forecasting.5.1.9. Other technologies that have made slow progress are modem windmills and photo-voltaic cells that convert sunlight directly to electricity.5.1.10. Heaviside (海维赛) was not only a wonderful electrical engineer but also a mathematical genius. Owing to deafness he had to leave the telegraph office where he first worked and retired to Paignton (牌恩顿) in Devon (丹佛), where he lived alone. He wrote a number articles which were no doubt hard enough to understand before his editors made him condense them. They are far harder now.5.2. Put the following into English.5.2.1．从上例可以看出，作者通过气侯和地理方面的比较，客观地描述了这两个试验现场。
Unit 4 Body Language Reading for Writing课件
A very interested B bored C interested D sad or worried E distracted F writing notes G serious problems H like they are asleep I daydreaming J angry, afraid, or
2. How is the passage developed? A. By making comparisons. B. By listing figures. C. By providing examples. D. By posing rhetorical questions.
Skim for details
eyes barely move, asleep
tend to look up when students are the class to end. If two friends and they always with their
and make eye really interested,
are leaning their heads together, have the same
UNIT 4
Reading for writing
Read for structure
Read the title and the picture, predict what is the passage mainly about?
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English Academic Writing for Graduate Students
东南大学外国语学院 制作
Unit Four Methodology Description
Unit Four
Learning Objectives
• To learn to describe research methodology; • To understand the importance of passive voice in
research materials;
sampling techniques;
procedure and / or process;
statistical treatment;
possible restrictions
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
3. Any differece between method and methodology?
I. Warm-up
Unit Four
4. What types of data are normally collected for research?
Unit Four
I. Warm-up 5. Any difference between qualitative data and quantitative data?
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
2. What information elements does a method section usually include?
overview of the research;
research population / subjects;
research location;
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
1. What is the function of the method section?
The method section is the most important aspect of a research paper because it provides the information by which the validity of a study is ultimately judged. Therefore, the researcher must provide a clear and precise description of how an experiment is to be carried out, and the rationale for the specific experimental procedures chosen. It must be written with enough information so that: (1) the experiment could be repeated by others to evaluate whether the results are reproducible, and (2) the readers can judge whether the results and conclusions are valid.
Quantitative Data
In-depth interview
observation
Qualitative Data
Unit Four
II. Sample Reading
1. What information elements does this method section include? Fill in the table with relevant details from the passage.
1. What is the function of the method section? 2. What information elements does a method section usually include? 3. Any differece between method and methodology? 4. What types of data are normally collected for research? 5. Any difference between qualitative data and quantitative data? 6. What methods are normally adopted for collecting data?
academic writing; • To make proper use of sequential markers in writing a
process; • To acquire the skills in designing a questionnaire.
Unit Four
I. Warm-up
I. Warm-up
6. What methods for collecting data?
Unit Four
Data Collection Methods
Secondary Data
Primary Data
Experiment Survey
Field Lab
Internet Telephone
Mail Questionnaire Personal Interview