园林景观外文文献翻译

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生态景观设计相关 中英对照

生态景观设计相关 中英对照

本科毕业论文外文文献翻译Agriculture Ecosystems and EnvironmentThe landscape as an ecosystem作为生态系统的景观H. DoingDepartment of Vegetation Ecology Plant Ecology and Weed Science,AgriculturalUniversity Wageningen The Netherlands植被生态学,植物生态学与杂草科学学院荷兰瓦赫宁根农业大学。

Abstract 摘要Landscape in this paper is defined as quota complex of geographically functionallyand historically interrelated ecosystemsquot also: quotorganised landquot.风景,在本文中,被定义为“历史性与功能性相互关联的生态系统地理的结合”(也定义为:“有组织的土地”)。

For its planning and management mapping of geomorphological hydrological andclimatic conditions is crucial to understand the ecological patterns.规划管理,地貌,水文,气候条件对于了解它的生态格局是非常重要的。

To warrant the landscapes sustainability its ecosystems multiple andinterdependent functions should be carefully identified on macro- meso- andmicro-level.为了保证景观的可持续发展,其生态系统的多元化和相互依存的作用在宏观,中观和微观几个层面应仔细确定。

园林景观外文文献翻译

园林景观外文文献翻译

景观设计风格和园林价值保护之间的关系:德国魏玛历史公园的案例研究üüllerMartin Kmmerling, Norbert M景观管理与生态恢复部门以及URBIO总公司,德国埃尔福特应用技术大学关键词:生物多样性;历史公园;园艺;城市公园;植被;摘要:城市公园可以通过被引入植物的种植成为入侵源。

另一方面,城市公园作为生物多样性的热点地区,可以支持保护濒危和罕见的分类单元。

即使历史城市公园首先被评估为遗产,但它们依然为生态系统和积极的审美以及社会价值服务。

虽然在欧洲有许多研究是关于设计的,公园的哲学和历史背景就像生物多样性的研究一样,几乎没有研究提出景观设计原则如何影响了公园的生物保护价值。

因为在欧洲,公园的景观风格是一个最具影响力的历史景观设计风格,我们将我们的研究集中在德国魏玛的“伊尔姆河畔公园”。

它创建于世纪晚期,并且在年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产1998 18的一部分。

我们的研究问题是:哪些设计原则、植物原料和技术实施被使用在创建和管理公园的过程中?1.对于公园的生物保护尤其是濒危植物物种和栖息地的保护来说,当前什2.么才是具有价值的?设计原则和现代公园的价值之间是什么关系? 3.我们将我们的结果与类似的公园景观做一对比,并对未来可持续的公园设计和公园恢复管理给出建议。

1.引言园艺是植物物种入侵的一个主要来源(Dehnen-Schmutz,Touza,Perrings, & Williamson, 2007; Mack & Erneberg, 2002; Reichard & White,。

城市公园可以被入侵源通过种植引入分类单元而入侵()2001Saumel。

另一方面,在城市地区公园可以作为生物多)Kowarik,& Butenschon,2010样性的热点地区(),可以支持保护濒临灭绝的稀有Cornelis & Hermy,2004类群(Kowarik, 1998; Kunick, 1978; Li, Ouyang, Meng, & Wang, 2006; Reidl,。

园林专业外文翻译

园林专业外文翻译

河北工程大学农学院本科毕业论文外文翻译题目:Clean Indoor Air, Perrennial Flower To Help学生姓名:王昆明专业:园林班级学号: 080480127指导教师:张喜焕指导教师职称:副教授2011年12月15日Clean Indoor Air, Perrennial Flower To HelpAppropriate planting perennial flowers in the room, not only to beautify the indoor environment, but also a clean indoor air, an effective way to regulate the indoor climate. But in the indoor cultivation of perennial flowers is very particular. To understand how to choose perennial flowers, perennial flowers should start talking about the purification.There are four perennial flowers purification:1, bactericidal antimicrobial. Some perennial flowers can kill certain bacteria can secrete bactericidal factor, inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dysentery and typhoid bacillus bacteria growth, help keep indoor air clean.2, the absorption of carbon dioxide. Most perennial flowers in the daytime for photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen at night to breathe, absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.3, the absorption of toxic gases. Some perennial flowers in the air through the leaves to absorb a certain concentration of toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, etc., through oxidation to convert it into non-toxic or low toxic substances such as sulfate.4, air quality alert plant. With animals, perennial flowers are a class of continuously exchange activities with the external environment of the organism. Any external factors, including changes in harmful gases will have an impact on plants and in all parts of the plant is reflected. When the indoor perennial flowers unusual circumstances, it prompts people to timely detect the indoor concentration of harmful substances, which play a role in monitoring and alarming.Therefore, we can keep some of the perennial flowers in the room to absorb harmful substances, clean room environment. For example, the raising of some anthurium can absorb benzene,and can absorb TCE daisy, spider plants, aloe vera, Sansevieria can absorb formaldehyde ... ... by raising both flowers and the way pesticides, but also beautify the room, described as clean indoor air, the best policy.Rich bright green color, shape and beautiful as interior decorative furnishings, and many works of art compared to the more expensive full of vigor and vitality, dynamism and charm. Hanbaoyufang bud, lush green foliage, to the bedroom into the vitality of nature. Green not only make people pleasing interior, eliminating fatigue, but also pleasant emotions, affect and change people's mentality, in the beautiful green atmosphere, it is easy to maintain a calm happy mood, reducing anxiety and worry.Therefore, when your home renovation has been completed, do not forget to add a little green room.净化室内空气宿根花卉来帮忙在室内适当种植宿根花卉,不仅能美化室内环境,更是一种净化室内空气、调节室内气候的有效途径。

景观设计中英文对照

景观设计中英文对照

2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学 environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学 ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学 garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物 ornamental plant2.0012 盆景 miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林 garden and park2.0014 园林学史 history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划 garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计 garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理 garden management2.0019 园林生态 landscape ecology2.0020 绿化 greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化 environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积 green area2.0023 绿地率 ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化 street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化 mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化 suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化 highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化 railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植 bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化 balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化 window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化 roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化 vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化 climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化 bridgehead greening2.0041 花园 garden2.0042 专类花园 specified flower garden2.0043 花园村 garden village2.0044 园林城市 landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园 rose garden2.0046 松柏园 conifer garden2.0047 球根园 bulb garden2.0048 宿根园 perennial garden2.0049 假山园 rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场 hunting ground2.0051 街心花园 street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园 petty street garden2.0053 水景园 water garden2.0054 铺地园 paved garden2.0055 野趣园 wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园 rustic garden2.0058 盆景园 penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园 zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园 cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园 bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园 school garden2.0064 室内花园 indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园 fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园 garden for the blind2.0067 公园 park, public park2.0068 城市公园 city park, urban park2.0069 区公园 regional park2.0070 儿童公园 children park2.0071 体育公园 sports park2.0072 森林公园 forest park2.0073 纪念公园 memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园 comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园 cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园 central park2.0079 天然公园 natural park2.0080 海滨公园 seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园 historic site park2.0082 河滨公园 riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园 lakeside park2.0084 路边公园 roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园 amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园 sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园 recreation park2.0088 疗养公园 sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园 national park2.0090 邻里公园 neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园 special park2.0092 植物园 botanical garden2.0093 植物公园 abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地 green space2.0098 公共绿地 public green space2.0099 单位绿地 unit green area2.0100 城市绿地 urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地 residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地 green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地 suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地 residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地 attached green space2.0107 生产绿地 productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃 nursery2.0109 风景 landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观 natural landscape2.0111 人文景观 human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观 prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观 mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观 geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观 lake view2.0116 郊区景观 suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观 geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观 karst landscape2.0119 植物景观 plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林 royal garden2.0126 私家园林 private garden2.0127 江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林 western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林 English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林 Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林 Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林 French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园 manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园 peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊 xystus2.0141 迷阵 maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫 E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园 Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑 Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园 Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景 view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景 distant view2.0161 近景 nearby view2.0162 障景 obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景 borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景 opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景 miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景 leaking through scenery2.0167 框景 enframed scenery2.0168 尾景 terminal feature2.0169 主景 main feature2.0170 副景 secondary feature2.0171 配景 objective view2.0172 夹景 vista line, vista2.0173 前景 front view2.0174 背景 background2.0175 景序 order of sceneries2.0176 景点 feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观 upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观 downward landscape2.0179 季相景观 seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观 meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野 visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间 garden space2.0184 开敞空间 wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间 enclosure space2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古 antiquity2.0188 空灵 spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观 in-motion viewing2.0190 静观 in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉 visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡 symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称 bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称 radial symmetry2.0197 透景线 perspective line2.0198 轴线 axis, axial line2.0199 主轴 main axis2.0200 副轴 auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴 hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线 skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术 art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调 monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调 compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出 contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调 approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色 warm color2.0209 冷色 cool color2.0210 色感 color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划 urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统 green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额 public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标 public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局 green space layout2.0216 吸引圈 attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离 attractive distance2.0218 有效半径 effective radius2.0219 绿地资源 green space resource2.0220 绿地效果 green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序 planning procedure of the green space2.0222 空间规划 space planning2.0223 形象规划 image plan2.0224 实施规划 implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间 necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间 leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度 usage frequency2.0228 树种规划 planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型 type of green space2.0230 环状绿型 annular green space2.0231 块状绿地 green plot2.0232 点状绿地 green spot2.0233 放射状绿地 radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地 buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地 noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论 scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地 reserve garden2.0239 公园规划 park planning2.0240 园林总体规划 garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划 site planning2.0242 园林分区 garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区 tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区 children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场 children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区 sports activities area2.0247 野餐区 picnic place2.0248 散步区 pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区 lawn space2.0253 绿荫区 shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区 historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区 youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区 bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区 fishing center2.0258 野营区 camp site2.0259 游人中心 visitors center2.0260 服务中心 service center2.0261 探险游乐场 adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区 cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统 approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统 circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统 latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统 radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统 informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统 formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统 mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图 garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书 garden planning direction 2.0272 城市公园系统 urban park system2.0273 公园分布 distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型 park type, park category2.0275 公园间距 distance between parks2.0276 公园形式 park styles2.0277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游览区 no-admittance area2.0279 办公区 administrative area2.0280 服务区 service center2.0281 动休息区 dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区 static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区 entertaining performance place 2.0284 主要入口 main entrance2.0285 次要入口 secondary entrance2.0286 人流量 visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量 vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路 park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量 visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource uation2.0292 风景学 scenicology2.0293 风景规划 landscape plan2.0294 风景设计 landscape design2.0295 游览路线 touring route2.0296 旅游资源 tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理 tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质 tourism geology2.0299 历史名城 famous historical city2.0300 文化名城 famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址 ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆 natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌 natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区 scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区 alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区 seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区 forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区 valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区 river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区 lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区 hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区 waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区 region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区 region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区 crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区 nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区 protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物 natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区 biosphere protection area。

园林常用词汇中英文对照表

园林常用词汇中英文对照表

园林常用词汇中英文对照表园林中英文对比1.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture 2.0004 观赏园艺学orn amental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art 2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture 2.0008 园林建筑garden buildin g2.0009 园林工程garden engineering 2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant 2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, pen jing2.0013 园林garden and park 2.0014 园林学史history of garden archi tecture 2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计garden design 2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine 2.0018 园林治理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology 2.0020 绿化greening, planting 2.0 021 环境绿化environmental greening 2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space 2.0024 都市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage 2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting 2.0027 车行道绿化drive way greening 2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening 2.0030 群众绿化mass planting mo vement 2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening 2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, ra ilway planting 2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening 2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening 2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening 2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden 2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden 2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林都市landscape garden city 2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden 2.0048 宿根园perennial garden 2.0049假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground 2.0051 街心花园street crossing center gar den 2.0052 小游园petty street garden 2.0053 水景园water garden 2.0054 铺地园paved garden 2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden 2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden 2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden 2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden 2.0062 水生植物园aquatic pl ants garden 2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden 2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park 2.0068 都市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park 2.0071 体育公园sports park 2.0072森林公园forest park 2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park 2.0075 综合公园comprehens ive park 2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园cent ral park 2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海边公园seaside park, seabeach park 2.0081 古迹公园historic site park 2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park 2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park 2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park 2.0087 休憩公园recreation park 2.0088疗养公园sanatorium park 2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park 2.0091 特种公园special park 2.00 92 植物园botanical garden 2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden 2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants gar den 2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden2.0097 绿地green space 2.0098 公共绿地public green space 2.0099 单位绿地unit green area 2.0100 都市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area 2.0102 居住区绿地r esidential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt 2.0106 附属绿地attached g reen space 2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery 2.0109 风景landscape, scenery 2.0110 自然景观n atural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape 2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape 2.0115 湖泊景观lake view 2. 0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape 2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape 2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史 2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden 2.0 121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden 2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden 2.0126 私家园林private garden 2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta 02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden 2.0129 英国式园林English style garden 2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden 2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish sty le garden 2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Re naissance style villa 2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden 2.0138 庄园manor, villa garde n 2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio 2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林 2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 2.01 43 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Y uan 2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace 2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace 2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 2.0 151 圆明园Y uan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden 2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden 2. 0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park 2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebl eau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术 2.0159 景view, scenery, feature 2.0160 远景dista nt view 2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view 2.0163 借景borrowed scen ery, view borrowing 2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景leaking thr ough scenery 2.0167 框景enframed scenery 2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature 2.0170 副景secondary feature 2.0171 配景object ive view 2.0172 夹景vista line, vista 2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background 2.0175 景序order of sceneries 2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot 2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape 2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena 2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery2.0181 视野visual field 2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color 2.0183 园林空间garden space 2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space 2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic i magery 2.0187 苍古antiquity 2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing 2.0190 静观in-position viewing 2.0191 视错觉visual illusion 2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平稳symmetrical balance 2.0194 不对称平稳asymmetrical bal ance 2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry 2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line 2.0198 轴线axis, axial line 2.0199 主轴ma in axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis 2.0202 树冠线skyline 2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors 2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony 2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony 2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent 2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color 2.0209 冷色cool color 2.0210 色感color sense2. 0211 都市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统green space system 2.0213 公共绿地定额public green sp ace quota 2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout 2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle 2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance 2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource 2.0220 绿地成效green space effect 2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space2.0222 空间规划space planning 2.0223 形象规划image plan 2.0224 实施规划implementary plan 2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space 2.0227 利用频度usage freq uency 2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space 2.0230 环状绿型annular green space 2.0231 块状绿地green plot 2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space 2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped gree n space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space 2.0236 防音绿地noiseproof green spa ce 2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden 2.0239 公园规划park planning 2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning 2.0241 总平面规划site planning 2.0242 园林分区garden zoning 2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area 2.024 4 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot 2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place 2.0248 散步区pedestrian space 2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area 2.0251 观赏温室区display gree nhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space 2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section 2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青青年活动区youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuar y area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center 2.0258 野营区camp site 2.0259 游人中心vis itors center 2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground 2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area 2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system 2.0265 方格形道路系统latticedroad system 2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system 2.0268 规整式道路系统form al road system 2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map 2.0271 园林规划讲明书garden pl anning direction 2.0272 都市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks 2.0274 公园类型park type, park cat egory 2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles 2.0277 游玩区excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游玩区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area 2.0280 服务区service center 2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space 2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performa nce place 2.0284 要紧入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance 2.0286 人流量visitors flowrate 2.0287车流量vehicle flowrate 2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio 2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capa city 2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation2.0292 风景学scenicology 2.0293 风景规划landscape plan 2.0294 风景设计landscape design 2.0295 游玩路线touring route2.0296 旅行资源tourism resource 2.0297 旅行地理tourism geography 2.02 98 旅行地质tourism geology 2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city 2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic 2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology 2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geom orphologic figuration 2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site 2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot 2.0310 海边风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot 2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district 2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round s cenic spot 2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot 2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidd en to tree cutting and hunting2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation 2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot 2.0321 自然爱护区nature protection area2.0322 科学爱护区protection area for scientific research 2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument 2.0324 生物圈爱护区biosphere protection area2.0565 沟植trench planting 2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planti ng 2.0567 播种草坪seeding lawn 2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn 2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平稳法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced 2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part2.0573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree2.0587 国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物shade plant2.0597 装饰植物decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant2.0602 球根植物bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626 青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect02.8 园林机具设备2.0633 园林机械garden machine2.0634 园林工具garden instrument, garden implement 2.0635 园林设备garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器planting container2.0638 圆木桩log peg2.0639 喷射装置jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler2.0647 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner2.0651 滴水喷头emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net2.0653 苗木包装材料nursery stock package material2.0654 麻布袋burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘seed tray2.0659 网孔盆mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot2.0661 盆栽机potting machine2.0662 换盆机repotting machine2.0663 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter 2.0666 松土除草机cultivator2.0667 旋转锄rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机foliage cutter2.0669 翻地犁uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机mounted spreader2.0671 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader2.0673 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机planting machine2.0675 植物覆盖plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader2.0677 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪pruning shear2.0679 播种器garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter2.0681 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer2.0683 嫁接刀grafting knife2.0684 温室设备greenhouse equipment2.0685 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system2.0686 温室气候操纵器greenhouse climate controller 2.0687 温室覆盖greenhouse covering2.0688 喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 2.0689 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator2.0690 温度报警钟temperature alarm2.0691 游玩车park sightseeing bus2.0692 引剪草机lawn mower2.0693 动力剪草机power lawnmower2.0694 畜力剪草机horse lawnmower2.0695 手推剪草机hand lawnmower2.0696 游人调查visitors investigation2.0697 游人统计visitors statistics2.0698 游人分析garden visitors analysis2.0699 游人治理visitors management2.0700 导游图tourist map2.0701 导游解讲tour descri ption and direction2.0702 劳动治理labour management2.0703 物资治理material handling, goods handling2.0704 设备治理equipment management, facility management2.0705 财务治理financial management2.0706 安全治理safety management2.0707 环境监测environmental monitor2.0708 植物养护治理plant maintenance and management2.0709 园林技术治理garden technical management2.0710 质量治理quality management2.0711 园貌修理garden feature maintenance2.0712 植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning2.0713 植物病虫防治disease and insect control2.0714 园林治理规划management plan2.0715 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions2.0716 游人规则visitors regulation2.0717 园内交通治理traffic control in park2.0718 园外交通治理traffic control out of park entrance2.0719 汽车停车规则parking rules2.0720 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules2.0721 开放时刻opening time2.0722 日常清洁卫生治理daily sanitation and hygiene management 2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统natural system2.0725 自然资源natural resource2.0726 自然爱护conservation of nature2.0727 自然储存natural preservation2.0728 环境爱护environmental protection2.0729 环境容量environment capacity2.0730 环境适宜性environment fitness2.0731 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生symbiosis2.0733 互惠共生mutualism2.0734 公害public nuisance2.0735 生态绝灭ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统ecosystem2.0737 生态圈ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难ecological disaster2.0739 环境质量environmental quality2.0740 环境压力environment stress2.0741 生命坚持系统life-support system2.0742 反馈系统feedback system2.0743 自养生物autotroph2.0744 异养生物heterotroph2.0745 食物链foodchain2.0746 生物圈biosphere2.0747 濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant 2.0748 主体群落major community2.0749 人工群落artificial community2.0750 绿色革命green revolution2.0751 户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource 2.0752 原始环境系统wilderness environment system 2.0753 近代环境系统modern environment system 2.0754 乡村生活模式country life-pattern2.0755 烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution2.0756 雾害fog pollution2.0757 霜害frost injury2.0758 水污染water pollution2.0759 土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination2.0760 园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境爱护植物environmental conservation plant 2.0762 引气候调剂climatic regulation2.0763 自动调剂机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平稳ecological homeostasis2.0765 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem2.0767 滞尘植物dust holding plant。

green building 外文文献翻译

green building 外文文献翻译

外文文献:Green buildingGreen building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivityReducing waste, pollution and environmental degradationA similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put onyour roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you 1 contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofiring of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimizationof one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement(daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete, etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture isin one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED. HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEA Mlimits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth.A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating ahigh performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website . The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduceswaste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.中文译文:绿色建筑绿色建筑(也被称为绿色建筑或可持续建筑)是指一个结构和使用的过程,是对环境负责和资源节约型整个建筑物的循环生活:从选址到设计,施工,运行,维护,改造和拆迁。

绿色建筑外文翻译参考文献

绿色建筑外文翻译参考文献

绿色建筑外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文:DOCTORAL FORUMNA TIONAL JOURNAL FOR PUBLISHING AND MENTORING DOCTORAL STUDENT RESEARCHVOLUME 7, NUMBER 1, 2010Green buildingsPriscilla D. JohnsonPhD Student in Educational LeadershipWhitlowe R. Green College of EducationPrairie View A&M UniversityPrairie View, TexasWilliam Allan Kritsonis, PhDProfessor and Faculty MentorPhD Program in Educational LeadershipWhitlowe R. Green College of EducationPrairie View A&M UniversityMember of the Texas A&M University SystemPrairie View, TexasHall of Honor (2008)William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate SchoolPrairie View A&M UniversityMember of the Texas A&M University SystemPrairie View, TexasVisiting Lecturer (2005)Oxford Round TableUniversity of OxfordOxford, EnglandDistinguished Alumnus (2004)College of Education and Professional StudiesCentral Washington UniversityEllensberg, WashingtonAbstract: Green building refers to do its best to maximize conservation of resources (energy, land, water, and wood),protecting the environment and reduce pollution in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. I described more details of gree n building design’ notion, green building’ design, as well as the significance of the concept of green building and improve the effectiveness analysis of the external effects of green building measures,Key words: green buildings; protect the ecology; signification ; analysing the effects1 What is a green buildingGreen building refers to building life cycle, the maximum conservation of resources (energy, land, water and materials), protecting the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with health, application and efficient use of space, and nature harmony of the building. The so-called green building "green" does not mean a general sense of three-dimensional green, roof garden, but represents a concept or symbol, refers to building environmentally friendly, make full use of natural resources, environment and basic ecological damage to the environment without balance of a building under construction, but also known as sustainable building, eco-building, back into the wild construction, energy saving construction.Green building interior layout is very reasonable, to minimize the use of synthetic materials, full use of the sun, saving energy for the residents Chuangzao almost-natural feeling.People, architecture and the natural environment for the harmonious development goals,in the use of natural and artificial means to create good conditions and healthy living environment, as much as possible to control and reduce the use and destruction of the natural environment, to fully reflect the nature obtain and return balance.2, the meaning of green buildingThe basic connotation of green building can be summarized as: to reduce the load on the environment architecture, which save energy and resources; provide a safe, healthy, comfortable living space with good; affinity with the natural environment, so that people and building a harmonious coexistence with the environment and sustainable development.3 Development of the significance of green building rating systemEstablish green building rating system is a revolution in the field of architecture and the Enlightenment, its far more than energy savings. It is innovative in many ways and organic synthesis, thereby building in harmony with nature, full utilization of resources and energy, create healthy, comfortable and beautiful living space. It's revolutionary for the field of architecture from the technical, social and economic angles.3.1 Technical SignificanceGreen building study of early technical problems of individual-based, technology is isolated and one-sided, not formed an organic whole, the integration of design and economic study of consciousness is far from the only strategy of economic analysis phase of the subsidiary's knowledge . However, individual technical research results of early modern green building techniques for the multi-dimensional development and systems integration will lay a solid foundation. Since the nineties of the 20th century, with the understanding of green building gradually deepen and mature, people give up way too utopian thinking He alone environmental consciousness and moral constraints and spontaneous green behavior, turned to explore more workable environmental philosophy, environmental and capital combined into the future world the new direction of development of environmental protection, green building has entered a result of ecological ethics from the practice of promoting ecological research to deepen the new stage. Green Building Technology takes on the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, computer science, information science and other subjects the trend of integration of research results, making green building design into the multi-dimensional stage of development strategy study. The deepening of green building technology strategy and development in materials, equipment, morphology, etc various advanced fields, in technology development, technology and other design elements of the integration is also starting from the past the simple addition, more attention to the periphery of the retaining structure itself design technology and architecture to combine the overall system change, gradually becoming green building systems. Green building rating system was established green building technologies gradually improve and systematize the inevitable result, it is the organic integration of green building technology, a platform built to green building technology, information technology, computer technology and many other subjects can be a unified platform in their respective roles, the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for designers, planners, engineers and managers a more than ever, a more simple, Guizhangmingque green building assessment tools and design guidelines.3.2 The social significance.Green building rating system reflects the social significance of the main advocates of the newway of life, heightened awareness and public participation in the continuation of local culture are two aspects.To promote a healthy lifestyle. Green building rating system, the social significance of the primary advocate a healthy lifestyle, which is based on the design and construction of green buildings as a community education process. The principles of green building rating system is the effective use of resources and ecological rules to follow, based on the health of building space to create and maintain sustainable development. The concept of the past to correct people's misconceptions about consumer lifestyles, that can not blindly pursue material luxury, but should keep the environment under the premise of sustainable use of modest comfort to pursue life. From the fundamental terms, construction is to meet human needs built up of material goods as people's Wenhuayishi Name and lifestyle is not sustainable when, the value of green building itself will be reduced, but only had a real social need When the requirements of sustainable development and way of life that matches the green building to achieve the best results.Enhanced awareness of public participation. Green Building Rating system is not a monopoly for the design staff of professional tools, but for planners, designers, engineers, managers, developers, property owners, jointly owned by the public and other assessment tools. It broke the previous professional development of the monopoly to encourage the participation of the public and other public officers. Through public participation, the introduction of architects and other building users, the construction of dialogue participants, making the original design process dominated by the architect becomes more open. Proved the involvement of various views and a good help to create a dynamic culture, embody social justice community.3.3 The economic significance.Green building rating system, the economic significance can be divided into macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the green building rating system from the system life-cycle perspective, the green building design integrated into the economic issues involved in the production from the building materials, design, construction, operation, resource use, waste disposal, recycling of demolition until the natural resources the whole process. Economic considerations of green building is no longer limited to the design process itself, while the policy extended to the design of the narrow role to play to support the policy level, including the establishment of "green labeling" system, improving the construction environmental audit and management system, increase and construction-related energy consumption, pollutant emissions and other acts of tax efforts, improve the legal system of environmental protection, from the increase in government construction projects on the sustainability of economic support and raise the cost to the construction of polluting the environment acts as the costs for green buildings design and construction to create a favorable external environment. This goal is not entirely the responsibility of government agencies, as the architects involved in design work as a sound system of responsibility for recommendations obligations, because only the most from the practice of the need is real and urgent. The related policy issues in green building design strategies, building a system to solve the economic problems facing the important aspects. At the micro level, the current from the economic point of Design Strategy is more fully consider the economic operation of the project, and specific technical strategies accordingly adjusted.3.4 Ethical Significance.Green building rating system, the theoretical basis of the concept of sustainable development, therefore, whether the evaluation system of each country how much difference in structure, they all have one thing in common: reduce the burden of ecological environment, improve construction quality of the environment for future generations to remain the development of there is room. This radically change the long-sought human blindly to the natural attitude, reflecting people's understanding of the relationship between man and nature by the opposition to the uniform change. According to the current global energy reserves and resources distribution, the Earth's natural environment is also far from the edge of exhaustion, enough people enjoy the luxury of contemporary material life. But now we have to consume a resource, it means that future generations will be less of a living space. More importantly, if we consume the natural environment more than it can limit self-renewal, then the future of the younger generation is facing the planet's ecosystems can not recover the risk into a real crisis. Therefore we can say, the development of green buildings and their corresponding evaluation system, for more contemporary people is the responsibility and obligations. For more the interests of future generations and advantages. 4 green building designGreen building design include the following:Saving energy: full use of solar energy, using energy-efficient building envelope and heating and air conditioning, reducing heating and air conditioning use. Set according to the principle of natural ventilation cooling system that allows efficient use of building to the dominant wind direction in summer. Adapted to local climatic conditions, building use form and general layout of the plane.Resource conservation: in the building design, construction and selection of construction materials, are considered fair use and disposal of resources. To reduce the use of resources, strive to make the use of renewable resources. Conserve water resources, including water conservation and greening.Return to Nature: Green Building exterior to emphasize integration with the surrounding environment, harmony, movement complement each other so that the protection of natural ecological environment.5 Effect of green building5.1 Effect of the composition of green buildingEffect of green building, including internal effects and external effects, direct benefits and direct costs as the internal effect, known as the indirect benefits and indirect costs of external effects, according to engineering economics point of view: the internal effects can be financial evaluation, external effects should be economic evaluation, economic evaluation is based on the so-called rational allocation of scarce resources and socio-economic principles of sustainable development, from the perspective of the overall national economy, study projects spending of social resources and contributions to the community to evaluate the project's economic and reasonable and external effects generally include Industry Effects, environmental and ecological effects, technology diffusion effect, the external effect will cause the private costs (internal costs or indirect costs) and social costs inconsistent, leading to the actual price is different from the best price. From the perspective of sustainable development,green building assessment effects of the main indicators of external effects.Since beginning the development of green building, unity of quantitative indicators system is still not established, I believe that the following aspects should be analyzed: (1) strictly control the construction industry, size, limit the number of employees. Extensive growth model epitomized by the struggle over the construction project, the construction process using human wave tactics, once the state limit the scale of construction, will form the "adequate", which will not reduce the degree of mechanization, labor, the low level. (2) more investments in technology, upgrade technology, establish and perfect the mechanism for scientific and technical equipment. Focus on the development and application of building technology, combined with the project, the characteristics of future construction, a planned way scientific and technological research and development of new machinery, new processes, new materials, and actively introduce, absorb and assimilate the advanced scientific and technological achievements of science and technology to improve the level of mechanization.(3) in urban planning, survey and design through the "green building" ideas. Family housing and urban construction or alteration must remain in the room, from lighting, ventilation, drainage and so control the damage to the environment. (4) construction work, reduced resource consumption, the production process in construction, energy saving measures should be adopted to prevent the excessive consumption of land resources, water resources, power resources.5.2 External effects of the challenges to building the economyUnder the control of the government's intervention, to a certain extent on the efficient allocation of resources to strengthen the implementation of energy conservation mandatory standards for construction supervision. To further improve the building energy monitoring system, and strengthen the mandatory building energy efficiency standards in order to carry out the implementation of the project as the main content of the whole process of monitoring, particularly for large public buildings to enhance the building energy regulation, reflected in the project cost on the part of the Waibu costs into internal costs, making the "non-green building" project's internal costs, internal efficiency and reduce the external costs of green building, the external efficiency increase, so that effective economic resources to the rational flow of green building.6 to improve the external effects of green building measuresEnterprise architecture in the new economy to obtain a competitive advantage, improve the external effects only continually tap the ways and means to improve the external efficiency, reduce external costs, the basic ideas and principles: (1) Construction of natural resources in the life cycle and minimize energy consumption; (2) reducing building life cycle emissions; (3) protect the ecological (natural) environment; (4) to form a healthy, comfortable and safe indoor space; (5) the quality of construction, functionality, performance and environmental unity.Summarydescribed above, the meaning of green building design and analysis of its effectiveness and improve the external effects of green building measures. But how does the future design of green buildings need a degree in practice we try to figure out, I believe that green buildingwill become the future construction of a trend.译文:博士生论坛国家期刊出版和指导博士生研究第7卷,第1号,2010绿色建筑Priscilla D. Johnson博士生教育领导Whitlowe R.绿色教育学院普雷里维尤A&M大学普雷里维尤,德州William Allan Kritsonis博士——教授和教师导师博士课程教育领导Whitlowe R.绿色教育学院普雷里维尤A&M大学会员德克萨斯州A&M大学普雷里维尤,德州荣誉殿堂(2008)威廉H. Parker的领导学院,研究生院普雷里维尤A&M大学会员德克萨斯州A&M大学普雷里维尤,德州客座讲师(2005年)牛津圆桌会议牛津大学英国牛津杰出校友(2004)教育学院及专业课程中央华盛顿大学埃伦斯堡,华盛顿摘要:绿色建筑是指尽力最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水、木)、保护环境,减少污染在它的生命周期。

风景园林景观设计专业英语

风景园林景观设计专业英语

园林学landscape architecture,garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening,planting城市绿化urban greening,urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden,miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer,green area for environmental protection 附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate,residential green space道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate,ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history,garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry,view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape,penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning,landscaping planning园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting,isolated planting对植Opposite planting,coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting,mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant,climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree,street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda,gallery,colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion,pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola,trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll,couplet on pillar 园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in,temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment 造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork,artificial hill置石stone arrangement,stone layout掇山piled stone hill,hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 风景名胜famous scenery,famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view,feature景点feature spot,view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape,scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park。

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景观设计风格和园林价值保护之间的关系:德国魏玛历史公园的案例研究Martin Kümmerling,Norbert Müller景观管理与生态恢复部门以及URBIO总公司,德国埃尔福特应用技术大学关键词:生物多样性;历史公园;园艺;城市公园;植被;摘要:城市公园可以通过被引入植物的种植成为入侵源。

另一方面,城市公园作为生物多样性的热点地区,可以支持保护濒危和罕见的分类单元。

即使历史城市公园首先被评估为遗产,但它们依然为生态系统和积极的审美以及社会价值服务。

虽然在欧洲有许多研究是关于设计的,公园的哲学和历史背景就像生物多样性的研究一样,几乎没有研究提出景观设计原则如何影响了公园的生物保护价值。

因为在欧洲,公园的景观风格是一个最具影响力的历史景观设计风格,我们将我们的研究集中在德国魏玛的“伊尔姆河畔公园”。

它创建于18世纪晚期,并且在1998年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的一部分。

我们的研究问题是:1.哪些设计原则、植物原料和技术实施被使用在创建和管理公园的过程中?2.对于公园的生物保护尤其是濒危植物物种和栖息地的保护来说,当前什么才是具有价值的?3.设计原则和现代公园的价值之间是什么关系?我们将我们的结果与类似的公园景观做一对比,并对未来可持续的公园设计和公园恢复管理给出建议。

1.引言园艺是植物物种入侵的一个主要来源(Dehnen-Schmutz,Touza,Perrings,&Williamson,2007;Mack&Erneberg,2002;Reichard&White, 2001)。

城市公园可以被入侵源通过种植引入分类单元而入侵(Saumel Kowarik,&Butenschon,2010)。

另一方面,在城市地区公园可以作为生物多样性的热点地区(Cornelis&Hermy,2004),可以支持保护濒临灭绝的稀有类群(Kowarik,1998;Kunick,1978;Li,Ouyang,Meng,&Wang,2006;Reidl, 1989)。

尽管历史悠久的城市公园作为文物古迹是它最重要的价值,但它们在生态系统服务和积极的审美以及社会价值方面的作用也是被肯定的(e.g.Bolund&Hunhammar,1999;Chiesura,2004)。

虽然在欧洲有许多关于设计的研究,公园的哲学和历史背景(e.g. Gothein,1928;Turner,2005)以及生物多样性(e.g.Cornelis&Hermy,2004; Ignatieva&Konechnaya,2004;Nath,1990)的研究几乎没有提出景观设计原则的问题如何影响了公园的生物保护价值。

在18世纪末和19世纪初我们把研究的焦点放在了公园,因为在欧洲公园景观风格是最具影响力的历史景观设计潮流之一。

位于德国蔚玛的“伊尔姆河畔公园”创建于18世纪晚期,自1998年以来,被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的一部分,它被称作“经典魏玛”。

我们选择它来研究是因为:1.这是那个时期一个“典型”的公园;2.拥有几个世纪以来没有更改的设计风格;3.在公园设计上有丰富的历史资料并且使用了有质疑的植物。

在图林根的公共档案局初始搜索(自1567年以来都位于公园附近)证实了这种怀疑。

“我们的研究问题是:1.哪些设计原则、植物原料和技术实施被使用在创建和管理公园的过程中?2.对于公园的生物保护尤其是濒危植物物种和栖息地的保护来说,当前什么才是具有价值的?3.设计原则和现代公园的价值之间是什么关系?我们将我们的结果与类似的公园景观做一对比,并对未来可持续的公园设计和公园恢复管理给出建议。

2.研究地点“伊尔姆河畔公园”坐落在德国中部的魏玛(215m.a.s.l.),公园的起源可以追溯到 1778 年。

对于许多欧洲的历史公园来说, 伊尔姆河畔公园”是建在以前的一个规整花园的位置上(几何式的),它被设计在卡尔奥格斯特公爵的宫殿旁边。

当时公园位于魏玛的郊区,1860 年魏玛城开始扩展,公园便开始位于城市边界内。

在魏玛公爵的城市宫殿、北部的城市中心、现在 oberweimar 的suburbanised 村以及南方的高级住宅区之间,公园形成了伊尔姆河的泛滥平原的一部分(图一为公园概况)。

它周长 1.5 公里,占地约 0.48 平方公里。

泛滥平原的土壤是冲积土,山谷两边所包含的钙质材料就像Keuper 和含有石灰物质的贝壳。

图1“伊尔姆河畔公园”栖息地地图3.方法3.1.设计的历史、植物引种和公园管理通过历史文献研究来获得重要的设计原则信息,植物材料(包括引进外来观赏物种的起源和时间)和被用于“伊尔姆河畔公园”的创建和发展过程之中的管理技术。

这些未发表的文件包括被保存在图林根公共档案馆的申请报告、管理笔记和前任园丁和设计师的相关档案,以及再版的历史性的蚀刻画和魏玛经典基金会收集的图纸。

另外魏玛经典基金会(特别是Beyer&Seifert,1995)中的地方文献被用来将历史性文件中的发现与它们所处的时代联系起来。

还非正式访谈了现任和前任园丁关于管理技术和植物使用的情况。

3.2.生物保护的评价3.2.1植物区系和植被的实地测绘目前对植被和植物区系进行的实地测绘是在2006年五月—十月,用来对公园的植物多样性进行评估。

公园分为不同的生境类型:草坪、草地和草场、灌灌丛、林地、生态交错带(草地边缘)、墙壁/岩石、路径和车道上的植物群落、河岸和水体,然后对每种生境类型进行随机采样。

样品的数量基于每个栖息地的大小类型而不同(图3)。

样本块的大小是用最小面积方法决定的(Dierschke,1994),每个样地植物种类的频率记录参照“Braun-Blanquet”方法(Dierschke,1994)。

总共436个采样点建立,此外,在2006年五月—十月和2007年三月—五月进行了20次检测,记录了所有自发的维管植物类群。

436个样本块是用来确定最常见的种类,木本植物只有种子和树苗被计算。

魏玛经典基金会登记(1996—2007年出版)的公园的树被用来计算成年树木的分布频率。

植物的命名通常遵循Jager和Werner(2005)原则,但在公园里发现的分类群不列在这里,Erhardt、Gotz、Bodeker and Seybold(2002)被使用。

3.2.2在区域和欧洲级别上评价生物保护状态评估生物保护公园的贡献方面,我们编制了在公园发现的濒危植物和栖息地,用于当地的图林根的红色数据列表(Korsch& Westhus,2001;Westhus&van Hengel,2001)中。

此外我们调查了被图林根自然保护法(ThürNatG,2006)和欧洲栖息地的指令保护的植物物种和栖息地(欧盟委员会,2007年)。

评价公园作为植物入侵的潜在来源(生物入侵的定义遵循Richardson et al.,2000),我们将我们的数据与图林根州环境杂草的地区列表(Müller, Westhus,&Armft,2005)做了比较。

4.结果4.1.设计的历史,引进的植物和管理4.1.1有关生物多样性的设计原则随着欧洲景观设计的流行,Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach的Carl August公爵(1757至1828)决定建设一个公园作为一个理想的田园景观,包括不同类型的景观:大小不同的开放和密闭空间、视觉上和周围的景观连接的形状和结构。

它是根据英国经典景观公园原则——隐藏公园与自然的界限而设计,这些观点也应该在步行或骑马穿过公园时随处可见。

因此公园的主要设计原则是使用现有的自然地形和文化景观,它由在泛滥平原上暂时淹没并且经常收割和放牧的草原(草地和牧场)组成,还有在山坡上的果园和草地以及因山坡太陡而不能用于粮食生产的小树林斑块。

公园规模增加时,新的景观被加载到之前的耕地上,因此这些栖息地可以定义为人为创造出来的。

公园内森林栖息地的范围扩大到可以创造一个更好的氛围以及更大的并且多种多样的风景。

典型的设计元素是远景,通常延长这些切线来通过公园内森林地带,它有连接特殊节点(雕塑和展馆)和从不同位置打开新视野的特性。

”公园里从来没有封闭的围栏或高墙,使得建立一个和周围环境之间无缝过渡的公园。

“伊尔姆河畔公园”、蒂尔福特公园和贝尔维迪宫,加上一些沿伊尔姆河残存的森林形成的绿色走廊穿过魏玛,这就是公爵自修建公园以来的意图。

4.1.2 引进的植物因为大面积的公园是由现有的泛滥平原森林发展而来,并且草地原生植物多样性得到了保护。

新的森林斑块、乔灌木树种原生林的出现是来自公园内靠近魏玛中部的公爵森林和种植在公爵苗圃的(图林根的公共档案馆未发表)。

由于视觉捕捉(特别指设计)和对植物的好奇心在 19 世纪第二阶段特别流行,非原生植物被引入与原生植物作比较。

主要在有代表性的建筑和纪念碑附近种植了外来植物,也沿着公园开放区域的边缘种植。

外来树种包括许多所谓的“英国木材 ,从北美进口的树种像红花槭、赤栎、北美乔松。

蔷薇属的许多品种种植的数量不多仅仅用于装饰目的,罗贝里草被种植在小池塘。

二战后公园里的植物苗圃被关闭了,从那时就开始大量的从欧洲以及海外引进植物材料。

4.1.3 管理技术在历史时期,草地和树林是由当地的农民和牧民管理的,他们放牧绵羊、山羊和牛以及生产干草,观赏植物床周围的建筑物是由园丁和短工管理。

目前,部分河滩上的草地和山谷东部的斜坡仍每年收割两次,干草被卖给农民或用于堆肥。

河滩上的草地用来给绵羊和山羊放牧仍然是公园的一个管理方式,车道的植被用除草剂来控制,墙植被定期清除。

如果有必要,树的维护和复兴树林只是保障游客的安全和保护一些重要的优美景观,没有被游客使用和没有重要景观的地区则没有管理。

20世纪下半叶以来,增加娱乐用途和缺乏资金导致公园的集约化管理。

例如在西部所有不同的草地一些经常割草坪(每年收割两次)和一些在泛滥平原的已经转化为频繁的收割草地(每年收割二十次次)。

这一直持续到今天,已经导致草地丰富的植物多样性产生了重大的损失。

4.2.植物和栖息地多样性公园植物区系的调查取得了479类维管植物。

在这些里约59%(281分类群)都是本地图林根州的;15%是非原生植物(74)和26%的非本地种植的类群(124)。

与图林根州的地区植物区系相比(Korsch et al.,2002)公园含有18%(355分类群)。

比较植物类群的起源及其在采样点的分布频率,(比较图2)很明显最常见的物种更多的还是本地的(主要是无处不在的类群和公园主要栖息地的类群特征)并不是非原生种群。

车前子主要亚种主要是最常见的非原生类群,1500年前在德国被引入种植(Jager&Werner,2005),是践踏植物群落、草坪、牧场和河岸栖息地的特征种类。

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