2019年考研英语资料汇编(干货打印版)
2019年考研大纲词汇(包含音标和例句帮助理解和记忆v开头词汇,其他部分待续)共26页文档
Page42vacantD.J.['veikənt]K.K.['vekənt]adj.未被占用的, 空的There were many vacant seats in the theatre.剧院里有许多空座位。
Is the lavatory vacant?厕所里没人吧?(指职位)空缺的Are there any vacant positions in your firm?你们公司有空缺吗?The top post in the delegation was still vacant.代表团中的最高职位仍空着。
茫然的, 空虚的He stared into space with a vacant expression.他茫然地凝视着天空。
His mind seems completely vacant.他的头脑似乎空空如也。
vacationD.J.[və'keiʃən]K.K.[ve'keʃən, və-]n.假期The children wait impatiently for the vacation.孩子们焦急地等待着假期的来临。
vacuumD.J.['vækjuəm]K.K.['vækjuəm, -jum, -jəm]n.真空Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum.声波不能在真空中传播。
〈口〉真空吸尘器I mean to buy a vacuum next month.下个月我打算买一台真空吸尘器。
空间; 空虚; 空白His resignation has left a power vacuum at the head of the party. 他的辞职使得该党的领导位置出现了权力真空。
His wife's death left a vacuum in his life.他妻子的去世使他的生活变得空虚。
2019年考研英语5500词汇表
2019考研英语5500词汇电子版1. a [ei] art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个2. abandon [?'b?nd?n] vt.离弃，丢弃;遗弃，抛弃;放弃3. abdomen [?b'd?umen] n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)4. abatement [?'beitm?nt] n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销5. abide [?'baid] vi.(abode，abided)(by)遵守;坚持;vt.忍受，容忍6. ability [?'biliti] n.能力;本领;才能，才干;专门技能，天资7. able ['eibl] a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事，有本事的8. abnormal [?b'n?:m?l] a.反常的，不正常的，不规则的9. aboard [?'b?:d] ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上;ad.上船(飞机、车)10. abolish [?'b?li?] vt.废除(法律、习惯等);取消11. abound [?'baund] vi.大量存在;(~in，~with)充满，富于12. about [?'baut] ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围 a.准备13. above [?'b?v] a.上述的ad.在上面,在前文prep.在..之上，高于14. abroad [?'br?:d] ad.到国外，在国外;在传播，在流传15. abrupt [?'br?pt] a.突然的，出其不意的;(行为等)粗鲁无礼的16. absence ['?bs?ns] n.缺乏，不存在;缺席，不在场;缺席的时间17. absent ['?bs?nt, ?b'sent] a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的18. absolute ['?bs?lju:t] a.绝对的，完全的;确实的，肯定的19. absorb [?b's?:b, -'z?:b] vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等);使全神贯注;吞并/兼并20. abstract ['?bstr?kt] a.抽象的n.摘要,文摘,梗概vt.提取;摘录要点21. absurd [?b's?:d] a.荒谬的，荒诞的，荒唐可笑的;不合理的22. abundance [?'b?nd?ns] n.丰富，充裕，大量23. abundant [?'b?nd?nt] a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的24. abuse [?'bju:z, ?'bju:s] vt.滥用;虐待，辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端25. academic [,?k?'demik] a.学院的，学术性的;大学的;理论的26. academy [?'k?d?mi] n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团，协会，研究院27. accelerate [?k'sel?reit] v.使加速，使增速，促进vi.加快，增加28. accent "['?ks?nt, ?k'sent]" "n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读"29. accept [?k'sept] vt.接受，领受;认可，同意vi.同意，认可30. acceptable [?k'sept?bl] adj.可接受的, 合意的31. acceptance [?k'sept?ns] n.接受，接收，验收，接纳;承认，认可32. access ['?kses] n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取33. accessory [?k'ses?ri] "n.附件,附属品;(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰"34. accident ['?ksid?nt] "n.意外遭遇,事故;意外(因素)"35. accidental "[,?ksi'dent?l]" a.偶然的;意外的;无意中的36. acclaim [?'kleim] v.向…欢呼，公认n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞37. accommodate [?'k?m?deit] vt.向…提供住处;对...予以照顾性考虑38. accommodation "[?,k?m?'dei??n]" n.(accommodations)住宿，留宿;膳宿供应39. accompany [?'k?mp?ni] v.陪伴，陪同;伴随，和...一起发生，伴奏40. accomplish "[?'k?mpli?, ?'k?m-]" v.实现(计划等);达到(目的);完成(任务)41. accord [?'k?:d] vt.给予(欢迎、称颂等) vi.&n.符合，一致42. accordance [?'k?:d?ns] n.一致，和谐，符合43. according to [?'k?:di? tu] prep.据/照…(所说、所写);按…，视…44. accordingly [?'k?:di?li] ad.相应地，照着办，按照;于是，因此45. account [?'kaunt] a.叙述，说明;账目，账户vi.说明，解释46. accountant [?'kaunt?nt] n.会计人员，会计师47. accumulate [?'kju:mjuleit] vt.堆积，积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积48. accuracy ['?kjur?si] n.准确(性);精确;准确度49. accurate ['?kjur?t] a.正确无误的;准确的，精确的50. accuse [?'kju:z] vt.控告，指责vi.指控，指责51. accustomed [?'k?st?md] a.惯常的;习惯的，适应的(一般作表语)52. ache [eik] vi.痛;哀怜n.(指连续)疼痛、酸痛53. achieve [?'t?i:v] vt.实现，完成;达到，得到vi.达到预期目的54. acid ['?sid] "n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的"55. acknowledge [?k'n?lid?] vt.承认;接受;告知(信件等的)收到;答谢56. acquaint [?'kweint] vt.(with)使认识，使了解，使熟悉57. acquaintance [?'kweint?ns] n.认识，相识，了解;相识的人，熟人58. acquire [?'kwai?] v.获得;学到(知识等);养成(习惯)59. acquisition "[,?kwi'zi??n]" n.取得，学到，养成(习惯);获得的东西60. acre ['eik?] n.英亩;田地;地产61. acrobat ['?kr?b?t] n.特技演员，杂技演员62. across "[?'kr?s, ?'kr?:s]" prep.横过，越过;在的对面ad.横过，穿过63. act [?kt] v.表演;举动;起作用n.行为，法令;一幕64. action ['?k??n] n.行动，动作;作用;运转;行为;战斗65. activate ['?ktiveit] vt.启动，激活;驱动，驱使;使开始起作用66. active ['?ktiv] adj.活跃的，敏捷的，积极的;在活动中的67. activity [?k'tiv?ti] n.活动;活力;能动性;68. actor ['?kt?] n.男演员;演员，行动者69. actress ['?ktris] n.女演员70. actual ['?kt?u?l] a.实际的;现实的，真实的，目前的71. acute [?'kju:t] a.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的，高音的72. adapt [?'d?pt] vt.使适应，使适合;改编;改写vi.适应73. add [?d] vt.加;增加(进);进一步说/写vi.(to)增添74. addict [?'dikt] v.使沉溺;使上瘾n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人75. addition [?'di??n] n.加，加法;附加部分，增加(物)76. additional [?'di??n?l] a.额外的，附加的，另外的77. address [?'dres] n.住址;致词v.向...致词;在信封上写姓名78. adequate ['?dikwit] adj.充足的，足够的;适当的，胜任的79. adhere [?d'hi?] vi.(to)粘着;坚持，遵守;依附，追随80. adjacent [?'d?eis?nt] a.(to)(时间上)紧接着的;邻近的，毗邻的81. adjective ['?d?iktiv] n.形容词a.形容词的，用作形容词的82. adjoin [?'d??in] v.临近，靠近;贴近，毗连83. adjust [?'d??st] vt.调节;整顿，调整vi.适应(to);使调节84. administer [?d'minist?] v.施行，实施;掌管，料理...的事务;给予85. administration "[?d,mini'strei??n]" n.经营，管理;行政，行政机关，管理部门86. admire [?d'mai?] "vt.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕;称赞,夸奖"87. admission [?d'mi??n] n.允许进入;承认;入场费，入会费，入场券88. admit [?d'mit] vt.承认，供认;准许…进入，准许...加入89. adolescent "[,?d?u'les?nt]" n.青少年a.青春期的，青少年的90. adopt [?'d?pt] vt.采用，采取(态度等);选定;收养91. adore [?'d?:] "vt.崇拜,敬慕,爱慕;非常喜欢"92. adult "['?d?lt, ?'d?lt]" n.成年人a.成年的，充分长成的，成熟的93. advance "[?d'vɑ:ns, ?d'v?ns]" n.前进，预付vi.前进，进展vt.促进，推进94. advanced "[?d'vɑ:nst, -'v?nst]" a.超前的，先进的;高级的;开明的;前进的95. advantage [?d'vɑ:ntid?] n.优点，长处，有利条件;利益，好处96. advent ['?dv?nt] n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临97. adventure "[?d'vent??, ?d-]" n.冒险，冒险活动，奇遇vt.大胆进行98. adverb ['?dv?:b] n.副词 a.副词的99. adverse "['?dv?:s, ?d'v?:s]" a.逆的，相反的;敌对的;不利的;有害的100. advertise ['?dv?taiz] vt.公告，公布;为...做广告vi.登广告1. advice [?d'vais] n.劝告，忠告，(医生等的)意见2. advisable [?d'vaiz?bl] a.可取的，适当的，明智的3. advise [?d'vaiz] vt.忠告，劝告，建议;通知，告知4. advocate "['?dv?keit, '?dv?k?t]" n.辩护者，拥护者，鼓吹者vt.拥护，提倡5. aerial ['ε?ri?l] a.(在或来自)空中的，航空的n.天线6. aeroplane ['ε?r?plein] n.(airplane)(英)飞机7. aesthetic [i:s'θetik] a.(esthetic)美学的，艺术的;审美的8. affair [?'fε?] n.[pl.]事务;事情(件);(个人的)事9. affect "[?'fekt, '?fekt]" vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;感动n.情感，感情10. affection [?'fek??n] n.爱，喜爱;爱慕之情;感情;疾病，不适11. affiliate [?'filieit] v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构，分公司12. affirm [?'f?:m] "vt.断言，坚持声称;肯定;证实,确认;"13. affluent ['?flu?nt] a.富裕的，富有的，丰富的，富饶的14. afford [?'f?:d] vt.担负得起(损失、费用、后果等)，买得起15. afraid [?'freid] adj.害怕的，恐惧的;犯愁的，不乐意的16. after "['ɑ:ft?, '?f-]" prep.在...以后;在...后面adv.以后，后来17. afternoon "[,ɑ:ft?:'nu:n]" n.下午，午后18. afterward "['ɑ:ft?w?d, '?f-]" ad.(afterwards)以后，后来19. again "[?'ɡen, -'ɡein]" ad.再次，另一次;重新;除此，再，更，还20. against "[?'ɡenst, ?'ɡeinst]" prep.对着，逆;反对;违反;紧靠着;对比21. age [eid?] n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间v.(使)变老22. agency ['eid??nsi] n.代理(处);代办处;[美](政府的)机关，厅23. agenda [?'d?end?] n.议事日程，记事册24. agent ['eid??nt] n.代理人;代理商;产生作用的人或事物25. aggravate ['?ɡr?veit] "vt.加重(剧),使恶化;激怒,使恼火"26. aggressive [?'ɡresiv] a.侵略的，好斗的，有进取心的，敢作敢为的27. agitate ['?d?iteit] v.摇动(液体);使焦虑不安;困扰;鼓动28. ago [?'ɡ?u] ad.(常和一般过去时的动词连用)以前，…前29. agony ['?ɡ?ni] n.(精神或肉体的)极大痛苦，创伤30. agree [?'ɡri:] vi.答应，赞同;适合，一致;商定，约定31. agreeable [?'ɡri:?bl] a.符合的;一致的;欣然同意的;令人愉快的32. agreement [?'ɡri:m?nt] n.协定;协议;契约;达成协议;同意，一致33. agriculture ['?ɡrik?lt??] n.农业，农艺，农耕34. ahead [?'hed] ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前35. aid [eid] n.援助，救护;助手，辅助物vi.援助，救援36. aim [eim] n.目的;瞄准vi.(at)目的在于vt.把…瞄准37. air [ε?] n.空气;(复数)神气vt.(使)通风;晾干38. air-conditioning n.空调设备，空调系统39. aircraft ['ε?krɑ:ft] n.飞机，飞船，飞行器40. airline ['ε?lain] n.(飞机)航线a.(飞机)航线的41. airport ['ε?p?:t] n.机场，航空站，航空港42. aisle [ail] n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道，通道43. alarm [?'lɑ:m] n.惊恐;警报(器) vt.惊动，惊吓;向…报警44. album ['?lb?m] "n.(同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片;集邮册,相册"45. alcohol ['?lk?h?l] n.酒精，乙醇;含酒精的饮料46. alert [?'l?:t] a.机警的，警觉的;机灵的vt.使…警觉47. alien ['eilj?n] n.外侨，外国人;外星人a.外国的;相异的48. alike [?'laik] a.同样的，相像的ad.一样地;同程度地49. alive [?'laiv] a.活着的;存在的;活跃的;(to)敏感的50. all [?:l] a.全部的;非常的ad.完全地，很pron.全部51. allege [?'led?] v.断言，宣称;指控52. alleviate [?'li:vieit] v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等)53. alliance [?'lai?ns] n.同盟，同盟国;结盟，联姻54. allocate ['?l?ukeit] v.分配，分派;拨给;划归55. allow [?'lau] vt.允许，准许;承认;给予;(for)考虑到56. allowance [?'lau?ns] n.补贴，津贴;零用钱;减价，折扣;允许57. alloy "['?l?i, ?'l?i]" n.合金vt.将…铸成合金58. ally "['?lai, ?'lai]" n.同盟者，同盟国，vt.使结盟;与…有关联59. almost ['?:lm?ust] adv.几乎，差不多60. alone [?'l?un] a.单独的，孤独的ad.单独地，独自地;仅仅61. along [?'l??] ad.向前;和...一起，一同prep.沿着，顺着62. alongside [?'l??'said] ad.在旁边prep.和...在一起;在...旁边63. aloud [?'laud] adv.出声地，大声地64. alphabet ['?lf?bit] n.字母表;初步，入门65. already [?:l'redi] ad.已，已经，早已66. also ['?:ls?u] ad.而且(也)，此外(还);同样地67. alter ['?:lt?] vt.改变，更改;改做(衣服) vi.改变，变化68. alternate ['?:lt?neit] a.交替的，轮流的v.(使)交替，(使)轮流69. alternative [?:l't?:n?tiv] n.二选一;供选择的东西;取舍 a.二选一的70. although [?:l'e?u] conj.尽管，虽然...但是71. altitude ['?ltitju:d] n.高度，海拔;[pl.]高处，高地72. altogether "[,?:lt?'ɡee?]" ad.完全，总之，全部地;总共;总而言之73. aluminum [?'lju:min?m] n.(aluminium)铝74. always "['?:lweiz, -wiz]" ad.总是，无例外地;永远，始终75. amateur "['?m?t?, ,?m?'t?:]" a.&n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)76. amaze [?'meiz] vt.使惊奇，使惊愕;使困惑vi.表现出惊奇77. ambassador [?m'b?s?d?] n.大使;特使，(派驻国际组织的)代表78. ambiguous [?m'biɡju?s] a.引起歧义的，模棱两可的，含糊不清的79. ambition [?m'bi??n] n.对(成功、权力等)的强烈欲望，野心;雄心80. ambitious [?m'bi??s] a.有抱负的，雄心勃勃的;有野心的81. ambulance ['?mbjul?ns] n.救护车，救护船，救护飞机82. amend [?'mend] vt.修改，修订，改进83. amiable ['eimj?bl] a.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的84. amid [?'mid] prep.在…中间，在…之中，被…围绕85. among [?'m??] prep.在…之中;在一群(组)之中;于…之间86. amount [?'maunt] "n.总数，数量;数额v.共计;等同,接近(to)"87. ample ['?mpl] a.充分的，富裕的;宽敞的，宽大的88. amplifier ['?mplifai?] n.放大器，扩大器89. amplify ['?mplifai] vt.放大，增强;详述，详加解说90. amuse [?'mju:z] vt.向…提供娱乐，使…消遣;引人发笑91. analogue ['?n?l?ɡ] n.类似物;相似体;模拟92. analogy [?'n?l?d?i] n.类似，相似，类比，类推93. analyse ['?n?laiz] vt.(analyze)分析，分解94. analysis [?'n?l?sis] n.(pl.analyses)分析;分解95. analytic "[,?n?'litik,-k?l]" a.(analytical)分析的;分解的96. ancestor ['?nsest?] n.祖宗，祖先;原型，先驱97. anchor ['??k?] n./v.锚;危难时可依靠的人或物;用锚泊船98. ancient ['ein??nt] a.古代的，古老的，古式的99. and "[强?nd, 弱?nd, ?n]" conj.和，与，而且;那么;接连，又100. anecdote ['?nikd?ut] n.轶事，趣闻，短故事1. angel ['eind??l] n.天使，安琪儿2. anger ['??ɡ?] n.愤怒，气愤vt.使发怒，激怒vi.发怒3. angle ['??ɡl] n.角，角度v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得4. angry ['??ɡri] a.生气的，愤怒的;(天气)风雨交加的5. anguish ['??ɡwi?] n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼6. animal ['?nim?l] n.动物，野兽，牲畜a.动物的，野兽的7. ankle ['??kl] n.足踝，踝关节8. anniversary "[,?ni'v?:s?ri]" n.周年，周年纪念日9. announce [?'nauns] v.正式宣布;发表;通告;广播(电台节目)10. annoy [?'n?i] vt.使恼怒，使生气;打扰vi.招人讨厌11. annual ['?nju?l] a.每年的，一年生的n.年刊;一年生植物12. anonymous [?'n?nim?s] a.匿名的，无名的，姓氏不明的13. another [?'n?e?] a.另一个，又，再pron.另一个，类似的一个14. answer "['ɑ:ns?, '?n-]" vt.回答，答复，答案v.回答，答复，响应15. ant [?nt] n.蚁;蚂蚁16. antenna [?n'ten?] n.(无线电或电视的)天线17. anticipate [?n'tisipeit] vt.预料;期望;预先考虑;抢先;提前使用18. antique [?n'ti:k] a.古式的，过时的n.有价值的古物，古董19. anxiety [??'zai?ti] n.挂念，焦虑，焦急，忧虑;渴望，热望20. anxious ['?nk??s] a.焦虑的，担心的;急于(得到的)，渴望的21. any ['eni] "a.(用于否定句、疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的"22. anybody "['eni,b?di]" pron.(否定句)任何人;(肯定句)随便哪个人23. anyhow ['enihau] ad.不管怎么说，无论如何;不论用何种方法24. anyone ['eniw?n] pron.(用于疑问句，否定式)任何人25. anything ['eniθi?] pron.任何东西(事物);无论什么东西(事物)26. anyway ['eniwei] ad.不管怎么说，无论如何;不论以何种方式27. anywhere ['enihwε?] ad.无论哪里;(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方28. apart [?'pɑ:t] ad.分离，离开，隔开a.分离的，分隔的29. apartment [?'pɑ:tm?nt] n.[英]房间，套间;[美]公寓30. apologise [?'p?l?d?aiz] "v.(to,for)道歉，认错"31. apology [?'p?l?d?i] n.道歉，认错，辩解，辩护32. appal [?'p?:l] v.使惊骇，使恐怖33. apparatus "[,?p?'reit?s]" n.器械，器具，仪器;机构，组织34. apparent [?'p?r?nt] "a.表面上的,貌似真实的;显然的,明明白白的"35. appeal [?'pi:l] vi.呼吁，恳求;申诉n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力36. appear [?'pi?] vi.出现;出场;问世;仿佛;出版，发表37. appearance [?'pi?r?ns] n.出现，露面;外表;(在会议等)作短暂露面38. appendix [?'pendiks] n.附录，附属物;阑尾，盲肠39. appetite ['?pitait] n.食欲，胃口;欲望，性欲;爱好，趣味40. applaud [?'pl?:d] vt.鼓掌欢迎;赞同vi.鼓掌欢迎，欢呼41. applause [?'pl?:z] n.鼓掌;喝彩;夸奖，赞扬42. apple ['?pl] n.苹果，苹果树43. appliance [?'plai?ns] n.电器;器械，装置;应用，适用44. applicable "['?plik?bl, ?'plik?-]" "a.可应用(实施)的;适当的,合适的"45. application "[,?pli'kei??n]" n.申请，请求，申请书;应用，实施，实用性46. apply [?'plai] vi.(以书面形式)申请;请求vt.应用;实施47. appoint [?'p?int] vt.任命，委派;指定，约定(时间、地点等)48. appointment [?'p?intm?nt] "n.约会,约定;任命,委派;委任的职位"49. appraisal [?'preiz?l] n.对...作出的评价;评价，鉴定，评估50. appreciate [?'pri:?ieit] vt.为...表示感激，感谢;欣赏，赏识，评价51. approach [?'pr?ut?] "v.靠近，接近n.接近;途径，入门;方式,方法"52. appropriate [?'pr?uprieit] "a.适当的,恰当的,特有的vt.拨给,挪用,盗用"53. approval [?'pru:v?l] n.批准，通过;赞成，同意54. approve [?'pru:v] v.(of)赞成，赞许，同意;批准，审议，通过55. approximate a.近似的vi.(to)接近56. April (名)四月57. apt [?pt] a.恰当的，适当的;易于…的，有…倾向的58. arbitrary ['ɑ:bitr?ri] a.任意的，任性的，主观的;专断的，武断的59. arch [ɑ:t?] n.拱门，桥拱洞v.拱起，(使)变成弓形60. architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者61. architecture ['ɑ:kitekt??] n.建筑，建筑学;建筑式样或风格，建筑物62. area ['ε?ri?] n.面积;地区，地域;领域，范围63. argue ['ɑɡju:] vi.辩论，争论vt.辩论，论证;说服，劝说64. argument ['ɑ:ɡjum?nt] n.争论(吵)，辩论;理由;论证65. arise [?'raiz] v.出现，发生;(from)由…引起，由…产生66. arithmetic [?'riθm?tik] n.算术，四则运算67. arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂，扶手，臂状物v.武装;配备n.武器68. army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队，陆军，军;大群，大批69. around [?'raund] ad.在...周围，到处prep.在..四周(或附近)70. arouse [?'r?uz] vt.唤醒，叫醒;唤起，激起71. arrange [?'reind?] v.安排，筹划;整理，使有条理，排列，布置72. array [?'rei] n.大量;排列;盛装v.列阵;装扮;排列73. arrest [?'rest] n.逮捕，扣留vt.逮捕，扣留;阻止;吸引74. arrival [?'raiv?l] n.到达，到来;到达者，到达物75. arrive [?'raiv] vi.到达;(时间、事件)到来，发生;达到76. arrogant ['?r?ɡ?nt] a.傲慢的，自大的77. arrow ['?r?u] n.箭，矢，箭状物;箭头符号78. art [ɑ:t] n.艺术，美术;技术，技艺;文科，人文科学79. artery ['ɑ:t?ri] n.动脉;干线，要道80. article ['ɑ:tik?l] n.文章，论文;条款，条文;物件;冠词81. articulate [ɑ:'tikjul?t] a.善于表达的;有关节相连的v.清楚地讲话82. artificial "[,ɑ:ti'fi??l]" a.人工的，人造的，人为的;虚伪的，做作的83. artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家，美术家;(某方面的)能手84. artistic [ɑ:'tistik] a.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的85. as ad.同样地conj.由于;像...一样prep.作为86. ascend [?'send] vi.渐渐上升，升高vt.攀登，登上87. ascertain [?'send] vt.确定，查明，弄清88. ash [??] n.灰，灰末;(pl.)骨灰;(pl.)废墟89. ashamed [?'?eimd] a.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的90. ashore [?'??:] ad.上岸;在岸上，向岸上91. aside [?'said] ad.在旁边，到一边n.旁白;离题的话92. ask "[ɑ:sk, ?sk]" vt.问，询问;请求，要求;邀请，约请93. asleep [?'sli:p] a.睡觉，睡着(用作表语)94. aspect ['?spekt] "n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面"95. aspire [?'spai?] vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于96. assassinate [?'s?sineit] vt.暗杀，行刺;中伤97. assault [?'s?:lt] v.猛烈地攻击，袭击n.突然而猛烈的攻击98. assemble [?'sembl] vt.集合，召集;装配;收集vi.集合，聚集99. assembly [?'sembli] n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院100. assert [?'s?:t] "vt.断言,宣称;坚持;主张(权利、权威等)"1. assess [?'ses] vt.(为征税)评估(财产、收入);征税;评价2. asset ['?set] "n.(pl.)资产,财产;有价值的物品;天赋"3. assign [?'sain] vt.派给，分配;选定，指定(时间、地点等)4. assignment [?'sainm?nt] n.分配，指派;(指定的)作业，(分派的)任务5. assimilate [?'simileit] vt.吸收，消化;使同化vi.被吸收;被同化6. assist [?'sist] vt.协助，帮助，促进vi.帮忙，参加7. assistance [?'sist?ns] n.协作; 援助; 帮助8. assistant [?'sist?nt] a.帮助的，辅助的n.助手，助教;辅助物9. associate [?'s?u?ieit] vt.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴;a.联合的10. association "[?,s?usi'ei??n]" n.联盟，协会，社团;交往，联合;联想11. assume "[?'sju:m, ?'su:m]" vt.假装;假定，设想;承担;呈现，采取12. assumption [?'s?mp??n] n.假定，设想;采取;承担;推测;假装13. assurance [?'?u?r?ns] "n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念"14. assure [?'?u?] vt.使确信，使放心(of);向…保证15. astonish [?'st?ni?] vt.使惊讶，使吃惊16. astronaut ['?str?n?:t] n.太空人，太空旅行者17. astronomy [?'str?n?mi] n.天文学18. at "[强?t, 弱?t]" prep.[表示价格、速度等]以，达;在..方面19. athlete ['?θli:t] n.运动员，体育家，身强力壮的人20. atmosphere "['?tm?,sfi?]" n.大气(层);空气;气氛，环境;大气压21. atom ['?t?m] n.原子;微粒，微量22. attach [?'t?t?] v.系，贴，装，连接;使成为一部分;使依恋23. attack [?'t?k] v./n.攻击，抨击;着手，开始n.(病)发作24. attain [?'tein] vt.达到;完成;获得vi.达到25. attempt [?'tempt] vt.企图，试图n.努力，尝试，企图26. attend [?'tend] vt.出席，参加;照顾，护理vi.注意;侍奉27. attendance [?'tend?ns] n.出席;出席人数;护理，照料28. attendant [?'tend?nt] n.陪从;出席人;服务员a.出席的;伴随的29. attention [?'ten??n] n.注意，注意力;立正;特别照顾;照料30. attitude "['?titju:d, -tu:d]" "n.态度，看法(to, toward, about);姿势"31. attorney [?'t?:ni] n.(业务或法律事务上的)代理人;辩护律师32. attract [?'tr?kt] "vt.引起的注意(或兴趣等),吸引;引起;激起"33. attractive [?'tr?ktiv] a.吸引人的，引人注意的;漂亮的，迷人的34. attribute "[?'tribju:t, '?tribju:t]" "v.(to)归因于,归属于n.属性,品质,特征"35. auction ['?:k??n] n./vt.拍卖36. audience ['?:di?ns] n.听众，观众，读者;见面，会见37. audio ['?:di?u] n./a.音频(响)(的);声音(的)，听觉(的)38. audit ['?:dit] v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听39. auditorium "[,?:di't?:ri?m]" n.观众席，听众席;会堂，礼堂40. augment "[?:ɡ'ment, '?:gm?nt]" vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张41. August [?:'ɡ?st] n.8月42. aunt "[ɑ:nt, ?nt]" n.姨母，姑母，伯母，婶母，舅母，阿姨43. aural ['?:r?l] a.听觉的，听力的44. authentic [?:'θentik] a.真的，真正的;可靠的，可信的，有根据的45. author ['?:θ?] n.作者，作家，著作人;创始人，发起人46. authority [?:'θ?r?ti] n.权力，权威;权威人士;(pl.)官方，当局47. auto ['?:t?u] n.(automobile)(口语)汽车48. automatic "[,?:t?'m?tik]" a.自动(装置)的;无意识的;n.自动机械49. automation "[,?:t?'mei??n]" n.自动，自动化，自动操作50. autonomy [?:'t?n?mi] n.自治，自治权;51. autumn ['?:t?m] n.秋，秋季;成熟期，渐衰期52. auxiliary [?:ɡ'zilj?ri] a.辅助的，支援的n.辅助者，辅助设备53. avail [?'veil] "n.[一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用,利益"54. available [?'veil?bl] a.(用于物)可利用的;可见到的，接受采访的55. avenue ['?v?nju:] n.林荫路，大街;(比喻)途径，渠道，方法56. average ['?v?rid?] "n.平均,平均数a.平均的;普通的v.平均"57. avert [?'v?:t] v.防止，避免;转移(目光、注意力等)58. aviation "[,eivi'ei??n]" n.航空，航空学;飞机制造业59. avoid [?'v?id] vt.防止，避免;逃避，避开60. await [?'weit] vt.等候，期待;(事情等)降临于61. awake [?'weik] a.醒着的vt.唤醒，使觉醒vi.醒来，醒悟到62. award [?'w?:d] "vt.授予,给予;判定n.奖,奖金;仲裁"63. aware [?'wε?] a.知道的，意识到的;64. away [?'wei] ad.在远处;离开;渐渐远去;一直;去掉65. awe [?:] n.敬畏，惊惧vt.使敬畏，使惊惧66. awful ['?:ful] a.极度的，极坏的;威严的，可怕的67. awkward ['?:kw?d] a.笨拙的;尴尬的;使用不便的;难处理的68. axe [?ks] n.(ax)斧子;削减vt.用斧砍69. axis ['?ksis] n.轴，轴线，中心线;坐标轴，基准线70. baby ['beibi] n.婴儿;年龄最小的人;小动物a.婴儿似的71. bachelor ['b?t??l?] n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)72. back [b?k] a.后面的ad.向后v.倒退;支持n.背;后面73. background ['b?kɡraund] "n.背景,经历;幕后"74. backward ['b?kw?d] "a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向"75. bacon ['beik?n] "n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉"76. bacterium [b?k'ti?ri?m] n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌77. bad [b?d] a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的78. badge ['b?d?] "n.徽章,像章;标记;象征;记号"79. badly ['b?dli] ad.非常，严重地;坏地，差地，拙劣地80. badminton ['b?dmint?n] n.羽毛球81. bag [b?ɡ] n.袋，提包v.把…装入袋中;猎杀;占有82. baggage ['b?ɡid?] n.行李83. bait [beit] n.饵，引诱物vt.用饵引诱;折磨，奚落84. bake [beik] "v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干"85. balance ['b?l?ns] "v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款"86. balcony ['b?lk?ni] n.阳台;(电影院等的)楼厅，楼座87. bald [b?:ld] "a.秃的,秃头的"88. ball [b?:l] n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把…捏成球状89. ballet "['b?lei, b?'lei]" n.芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧;芭蕾舞团90. balloon [b?'lu:n] "n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的v.乘坐气球;膨胀"91. ballot ['b?l?t] n.(不记名)投票;投票总数;投票权vi.投票92. ban [b?n] "v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令"93. banana "[b?'nɑ:n?, -'n?-]" n.香蕉94. band [b?nd] "n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙v.缚,绑扎"95. bandage ['b?ndid?] n.绷带v.用绷带扎缚96. bang [b??] "n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击"97. bank [b??k] "n.银行;岸,堤;vi.存入(经营)银行;信赖"98. bankrupt ['b??kr?pt] a.破产的;彻底缺乏的vt.使破产n.破产者99. banner ['b?n?] n.旗(帜)100. banquet ['b??kwit] n.(正式的)宴会vi.参加宴会vt.宴情1. bar [bɑ:] "n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上,阻拦"2. barbecue ['bɑ:bikju:] n.烤肉;烤肉用的台架vt.炙烤(肉等)3. barber ['bɑ:b?] n.理发师vt.为…理发修整vi.当理发师4. bare [bε?] "a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的v.露出,暴露"5. barely ['bε?li] "ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有"6. bargain ['bɑ:ɡin] "n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交"7. bark [bɑ:k] vi.(狗等)吠，叫n.吠声，叫声;树皮8. barn [bɑ:n] "n.谷仓,仓库vt.把…贮存入仓"9. barrel ['b?r?l] "n.桶;枪管,炮管"10. barren ['b?r?n] a.贫瘠的;不育的;(植物)不结果的;无用的11. barrier ['b?ri?] "n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物) vt.把…关入栅栏"12. base [beis] "n.基础,底部;根据地v.(on)把…基于"13. baseball ['beisb?:l] n.棒球14. basement ['beism?nt] "n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖"15. basic ['beisik] "a.基本的,基础的"16. basin ['beis?n] "n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地"17. basis ['beisis] "n.基础,根据"18. basket "['bɑ:skit, 'b?s-]" n.筐，篮，篓19. basketball "['bɑ:skitb?:l, 'b?s-]" n.篮球，篮球运动20. bat [b?t] "n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠"21. batch [b?t?] "n.一批,一组,一群"22. bath [bɑ:θ/b?θ] "n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆) v.(给…)洗澡"23. bathe [beie] "v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿"24. bathroom ['bɑ:θrum] "n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间"25. battery ['b?t?ri] n.电池(组);(器具等的)一组，一套;炮兵连26. battle ['b?tl] "n.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗"27. bay [bei] "n.海湾,(港)湾"28. be "[强bi:, 弱bi]" v.(就)是，等于;(存)在;到达，来到，发生29. beach [bi:t?] "n.海滩,湖滩,河滩"30. beam [bi:m] "n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱v.微笑"31. bean [bi:n] "n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆"32. bear [bε?] "n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女"33. beard [bi?d] n.胡须34. bearing ['bε?ri?] n.轴承;忍受;关系，影响;举止;方向35. beast [bi:st] "n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人"36. beat [bi:t] n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动37. beautiful ['bju:tiful] a.美的，美丽的;出色的，完美的38. beauty ['bju:ti] n.美，美丽;美人，美丽的事物39. because [bi'k?z] conj.因为，由于40. become [bi'k?m] vi.变成，开始变得vt.适合，同…相称41. bed [bed] "n.床,床位;(苗)床,坛;河床，(湖、海的)底"42. bee [bi:] n.蜂，蜜蜂;忙碌的人43. beef [bi:f] n.牛肉44. beer [bi?] n.啤酒45. before [bi'f?:] "prep.(指时间)在…以前,在..前面，在..之前"46. beforehand [bi'f?:h?nd] "ad.预先,事先"47. beg [beɡ] vt.请求，乞求vi.恳请，行乞48. begin [bi'ɡin] "v.(began,begun)开始，着手"49. beginning [bi'ɡini?] n.开始，开端;起源，早期阶段50. behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益51. behave [bi'heiv] "v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动"52. behavior [bi'heivj?] "n.(behaviour)行为,举止;(机器等)运转情况"53. behind [bi'haind] prep.在...的背后，(遗留)在..后面;落后于54. being ['bi:?] "n.生物，生命,存在;"55. belief [bi'li:f] n.信任，相信，信念;信仰，信条56. believe [bi'li:v] vt.相信，认为vi.相信，信任，信奉57. bell [bel] "n.钟,铃"58. belly ['beli] n.肚子，腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛59. belong [bi'l??] "v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等)"60. beloved "[bi'l?vid, -'l?vd]" "a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人"61. below [bi'l?u] prep.在…下面，在…以下ad.在下面，向下62. belt [belt] "n.(皮)带,腰带;地带"63. bench [bent?] "n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座"64. bend [bend] "v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服n.弯曲(处),曲折处"65. beneath [bi'ni:θ] "prep.在…下边,在…之下ad.在下方"66. beneficial "[,beni'fi??l]" "a.(to)有利的,有益的"67. benefit ['benifit] "n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益"68. benign [bi'nain] "a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的"69. beside [bi'said] prep.在...旁边，在...附近;和...相比70. besides [bi'saidz] ad.此外;并且prep.于…之外;除…以外71. best [best] a.最好的(good和well最高级) ad.最好地;最72. bet [bet] "v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注"73. betray [bi'trei] "v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露"74. better [bet?] a.较好的ad.更好(地) v.改良n.较佳者75. between [bi'twi:n] prep.在…之间，在(两者)之间ad.在中间76. beverage ['bev?rid?] n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料77. beware [bi'wε?] "v.当心,谨防"78. bewilder [bi'wild?] "v.使迷惑,难住"79. beyond [bi'j?nd] prep.在(或向)...的那边，远于;超出;80. bias ['bai?s] "n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒"81. Bible n.圣经82. bibliography "[,bibli'?ɡr?fi]" n.(有关某一专题的)书目;参考书目83. bicycle ['baisikl] n.(bike)自行车vi.骑自行车84. bid [bid] "v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标n.出众,投标"85. big [biɡ] a.大的;重要的;宽宏大量的;大受欢迎的86. bill [bil] "n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票"87. billion ['bilj?n] "num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿"88. bin [bin] n.(贮藏食物等用的)箱子89. bind [baind] "v.捆,绑,包括,束缚"90. biography [bai'?ɡr?fi] n.传记;传记文学91. biology [bai'?l?d?i] n.生物学92. bird [b?:d] n.鸟，雀;女人;嘘声93. birth [bɑ:θ] n.出生，诞生;出身，血统;起源;出现94. birthday ['b?:θdei] n.生日;(成方)纪念日95. biscuit ['biskit] "n.饼干,点心"96. bit [bit] "n.一点,一些;小块,少量;片刻; [计]位,比特"97. bite [bait] "v./n.咬,叮n.一口"98. bitter ['bit?] "a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的"99. bizarre [bi'zɑ:] adj.异乎寻常的，稀奇古怪的100. black [bl?k] a.黑(色)的;黑暗的n.黑(色);黑暗;黑人1. blackboard ['bl?kb?:d] n.黑板2. blackmail ['bl?kmeil] n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索;胁迫，恫吓3. blade [bleid] n.刀刃，刀片;桨叶;草叶，叶片4. blame ['bleim] "v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备"5. blank [bl??k] "a.空白的,空着的;失色的n.空白;表格"6. blanket ['bl??kit] n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数) vt.铺上一层7. blast "['bai?u,bl?st]" n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸8. blaze [bleiz] "n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰"9. bleak [bli:k] a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的10. bleed [bli:d] "vt.使出血，榨取vi.出血,流血"11. blend [blend] "n.混合(物) v.混和,混杂"12. bless [bles] "v.祝福,保佑"13. blame ['bleim] "v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备"14. blind [blaind] a.盲的，瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗15. block [bl?k] "n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻"16. blood [bl?d] n.血液，血;血统，血亲;血气17. bloody ['bl?di] "a.流血的,血腥的"18. bloom [blu:m] n.花(朵);开花(期) v.开花19. blossom ['bl?s?m] n.花(簇);花期;青春vi.开花;展开;繁荣20. blouse [blauz] n.女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫21. blow [bl?u] "vi.吹，吹气，打气;吹奏;爆炸;n.打,打击"22. blue [blu:] "a.蓝色的;青灰色的;沮丧的,阴郁的n.蓝色"。
2019考研英语高频词(2018年更新,A4打印版)
slump[slʌmp]
lump[lʌmp]*
v.隆起n.团，块
n.虚构；____的小说
__________
fiction[ˈfɪkʃn]
science fiction
fact[fækt]
n.事实
n.赞扬
v.____
compliment[‘kɒmplɪmənt]*
comply[kәm'plai]*
vocation[vəʊˈkeɪʃn]
vacation[vəˈkeɪʃn]
vacant [ˈveɪkənt]*
evacuate[ɪˈvækjueɪt]
n.假期
a.空闲的
vt.撤离，疏散，排泄
n.唯物主义
n.物质，材料
materialism[məˈtɪəriəlɪzəm]
词根：来
n.通风口
a.通风的
v.使通风
n.（大事）到来
n.大会；公约，惯例
n.存货清单，库存列表
n.财政收入,税收
n.事故
a.意外的
accident['æksidәnt]
accidental[ˌæksɪˈdentl]
incident['insidәnt]
coincide[ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd]*
coincidence[kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns]*
n.伦理，道德
n.伦理学；道德规范
ethical[ˈeθɪkl]*
ethic[ˈeθɪk]*
ethics[‘eθɪks]*
logical[ˈlɒdʒɪkl]
logic[ˈlɒdʒɪk]
logics[‘lɒdʒɪks]
a.逻辑的
n.逻辑
2019考研英语真题.docx
2019 考研英语 ( 一)真题答案 ( 完整版 )Section I Use of English1.【C】Few 辨析 ; 此考考生于前后文境的把握 ; 首句中提出“今天我生活在一个 GPS系，数字地和其他航用程序都在我的智能手机上易取”。
空格之后的句与前面方向一致，再考到句中的 without a phone ，可知，此需要双重否定表达肯定，所以， few，符合文意 ;2.【C】run 固定搭配 ; 此考与介 on 的搭配情况 ;run onbattery 表示手机使用池得以运行 ; 其他的搭配： put on( 增加 ; 假装 ; 使⋯上 );take on( 承担 ; 表 ; 具有 ; 流行 );come on( 快点 ; 开始;要求 ; 上演 ;); 搭配不通，故 run on 搭配 ;3.【B】If 关系 ; 此考关系。
空格所在句“ ... 你在没有或指南的情况下迷路， ... 找不到北方，我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明” ; 前后句之构成假的关系，所以if;其余：since(因，自从); though(然); until(直到)代入后，不符合表达;4.【D】literally 辨析 ; 空格所在句“假如你在没有或指南的情况下迷路， ... 找不到北方，我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明” ;literally表示确地，真正地;符合表达;其余： formally(正式地);relatively(相地);gradually(逐地)不符合表达 ;5.【A】back 辨析 ; 出的表达“我有一些技巧能助你航 ... 文明”，只有 back 与前文的 lost( 迷路 ) 形成相互呼，故而 back;6.【B】off 辨析 ; 空格所在句提到“ 当你自己 ... 路径。
但不是完全 ... 的区域。
你需要回答两个：在个特殊区域中，哪个 .. 是下坡路 ? 哪里有最近的水源 ?”所以，根据句意表达， off( 离，离开 ) 符合句意 ; 其它： onto( 在⋯之上 ;⋯了解 );across ( 穿，根穿 ) ，alone ( 独白地，独地 ) ，故 off;7.【D】unfamiliar 辨析 ; 根据出的表达，“ 当你自己 ... 路径。
2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版
2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版Section I: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. D2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. CPart B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Use of EnglishPart A21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. BPart B41. interprets 42. considered 43. enhance 44. authorities 45. complex 46. hypothetical 47. obtained 48. influence 49. abstract 50. breakthrough Section III: Listening ComprehensionPart A51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A56. B 57. A 58. C 59. A 60. CPart B61. D 62. B 63. A 64. C 65. D66. A 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. ASection IV: TranslationPart A71. The key to a successful career is continuous learning and self-improvement.Part B72. I will stay up late to finish this project, only if it is absolutely necessary.Section V: WritingPrompt: Discuss the impact of global warming on the environment and propose possible solutions.Global Warming: Impacts and SolutionsIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming has become a major concern for both scientists and the general public. This essay explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and offers possible solutions to tackle this complex problem.Impacts of Global Warming:1. Rising temperatures: Global warming has resulted in a significant increase in average temperatures worldwide. This has led to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening the habitat of many species and leading to rising sea levels.2. Extreme weather events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have been observed to increase due to global warming. These events have devastating consequences for both human beings and ecosystems.3. Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming has disrupted ecosystems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, causing shifts in habitats and loss of biodiversity. This can lead to the extinction of vulnerable species and affect the overall balance of ecosystems.Possible Solutions:1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This can be achieved through promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner transportation methods.2. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests is an effective way to mitigate global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as natural carbon sinks. Additionally, forests help regulate local temperatures and support diverse ecosystems.3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the impacts of global warming and the importance of sustainable living is essential. This can be done through educational programs, campaigns, and media platforms to raise awareness and promote responsible environmental practices.4. International cooperation: Addressing global warming requires international collaboration. Countries must come together to shareknowledge, resources, and technologies in order to develop innovative solutions and implement effective measures on a global scale.Conclusion:In conclusion, global warming poses significant threats to the environment, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. However, by implementing solutions such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and move towards a more sustainable future for our planet.总结 (Conclusion):在这篇文章中，我们讨论了全球变暖对环境的影响，并提出了可能的解决方案。
完整word版2019考研英语一真题及参考答案
Use of EnglishSection IDirections:and numbered blank Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)other maps, and Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digitalwalk us of just navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1and on batteries, straight into the woods without 2 a phone. But phonesyou get lost without a phone or a 3 batteries can die faster than we realize. navigate you tricks may 4 help can't find north, a few you compass, andto civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 5area of 7 When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely this in is downhill, Which you have to answer two questions: land,8particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly , if you head downhill, and live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 see signs of people.O you find, you should 10 follow any H2 you before, keep an eye out for familiar sights –If you've explored the arearestore tree can distinctive rock or 11 how quickly identifying a may beyour bearings.: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. Another 1213 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20 you to civilization.英语（一）试题-1-（共14 页）B. MostC. SomeD. All 1. A. FewD. come C. run B. take 2. A. putD. If B. Until 3. A. Since C. ThoughD. relatively B. literally A. formally C. gradually 4.D. next 5. B. away C. back A. aroundD. off C. across A. onto B. along 6.D. uncrowded 7. C. unchanged B. unfamiliar A. unattractiveD. place B. point A. way C. site 8.D. Besides 9. B. Yet C. SoA. InsteadD. intentionally C. unexpectedly B. eventually 10. A. immediatelyD. confused C. surprised A. frightened 11. B. annoyedD. option C. view 12. A. problem B. resultD. In contrast A. Above all 13. C. On average B. For exampleD. separate 14. B. avoid C. bridge A. spotD. through B. under A. from 15. C. beyondD. links B. breaks C. shades A. posts 16.D. limited B. mysterious A. hidden 17. C. artificialD. Generally 18. B. Consequently A. Finally C. IncidentallyD. marks A. memories 19. B. belongings C. notesD. exposeC. restrictA. lead 20.B. adaptSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)英语（一）试题-2-（共14 页）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable forharmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companiesto defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall StreetJournal finds that “a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.英语（一）试题-3-（共14 页）21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. help corporations achieve larger profits.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.B. governments' impatience in decision-making.C. the conditions for generating quick profits.D. “short-termism”in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. minimal.B. indirect.C. adverse.D. temporary.24. The US and France examples are used to illustrateA. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.C. the significance of long-term thinking.D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesB. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismC. Patience as a Corporate VirtueD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers英语（一）试题-4-（共14 页）Text 2the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) Grade inflation –in era a consumer often considered a product of is over the past few decades –higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. Buttalogs called “grade a policy often buried deep in course caanother, related force –is helping raise GPAs.forgiveness”–Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received athat only one the the highest grade is low grade, and the most recent grade orl GPA.counts in calculating a student's overalas recent years, practice has accelerated in Theuse of this little-knowncolleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class inBut college-level courses. their transition to their first year if they struggled innow most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less courses retake encouraging students to the grade itself and more about about penalty. big incurring a degree program and graduation without critical to their “Ultimately,”said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students subsequent better in a course and do success achieve more because they retake courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their better so –retention such as graduation rates and student on success metrics grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that who, at the end of the day, are paying the raises GPAs will likely make students –they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bill feel –big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding parents and Since students education. consumers' to expectations for higherexpect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turnor at least appear to be. On this, out graduates who are as qualified as possible –to be aligned.students' and colleges' incentives seem英语（一）试题-5-（共14 页）26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. Colleges' neglect of GPAs.B. The influence of consumer culture.C. Students' indifference to GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.B. To increase universities' income from tuition.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. improve their teaching quality.C. boost their student enrollments.D. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To be contradictory to each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To complement each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. listing its long-run effects.C. comparing different views on it.D. analyzing the causes behind it.英语（一）试题-6-（共14 页）Text 3Frankenstein; This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the or, The Modern Prometheus electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fictionthat would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.fundamental raises intelligence (AI) the rapid growth of artificial Today questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”would that intelligence, machines being called artificial general What is imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans,fi TV series such as “Westworld”similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-and “Humans.”alone understood, let too complex to be Just how people think is still farreproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. Thecoming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions maybe a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences,. AI “vision”today is not and what their eyes and ears tell them in that momentimaginable every And to anticipate as sophisticated as that of humans. nearly driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot-based of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singaporeagency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical useare mega-corporations governments and AI. Along with Singapore, other ofethics a data Britain is setting up guidelines. beginning to establish their own center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.cause would deploy AI”that “design June 7 Google pledged not to or On-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that “overall harm,”or to develop AIuse AI whose not also pledged to deploy norms. would violate international It would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the ideathat decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be usefulservants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.英语（一）试题-7-（共14 页）is mentioned because itFrankenstein's novel 31. Mary Shelleyinvolves some concerns raised by AI today.A.has remained popular for as long as 200 years. B.fascinates AI scientists all over the world. C.has sparked serious ethical controversies. D.s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessIn David Eagleman'32.helps explain artificial intelligence. A.is too limited for us to reproduce it. B.inspires popular sci-fi TV series. C.can be misleading to robot making. D.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles33.can hardly ever be found. A.has aroused much curiosity. B.is still beyond our capacity. C.causes little public concern. D.s pledges is one of''s attitude toward Google34. The authorcontempt. A.skepticism. B.respect. C.affirmation. D.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?35.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable A.the Novel Predicting the Age of AI Frankenstein,B.s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants AI'C.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlD.页）-8-英语（一）试题（共14Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they makeonline purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping acustomer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,”he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, sincethey usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state ora few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field forlocal and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”英语（一）试题-9-（共14 页）36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. put most online businesses in a dilemma.B. force some states to cut sales tax.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. better businesses' relations with states.37. It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. were widely criticized by online purchasers.B. have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. have led to the dominance of e-commerce.D. were considered unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development.B. harmed fair market competition.C. boosted growth in states' revenue.D. brought prosperity to the country.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Big-chain owners.B. Third-party sellers.C. Internet entrepreneurs.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.B. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.C. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.D. describes the long and complicated process of its making.英语（一）试题-10-（共14 页）Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, youare required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing fromthe list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument –not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues thatdivide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk andwork together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from averbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding –then we change the very nature of what it means to “win”an argument.B. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegiewrote: “There is only one way …to get the best of an argument –and that isto avoid it.”This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on amistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personaland social lives –and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.C. None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next timeyou state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim andhonestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talkwith someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.英语（一）试题-11-（共14 页）Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be carefulD.not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn howbad calling out part of evaluation is to evaluate them properly. A largeand to admit good arguments by opponents we also need to arguments, butto you ourselves. to Humility requires apply the same critical standards sometimes also to accept recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and reasons on the opposite side.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theE.minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell, “No,”neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, suppose cooperation. In contrast, basis and we have no for compromise oryou give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live higher that a reasonable in poverty. Then I counter with another argument:for less time. fewer people minimum wage will force businesses to employ shared our other's Now we can understand each positions and recognizevalues, since we both care about needy workers.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation asF.get by can win cheating as long as you don't a fight or competition, youcaught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You canthese about None of how ignorant they are. call their views stupid, or joketricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that dividein one way. you, but they can help you win –oftenwe which is how right G. Carnegie would be if arguments were fights,sides leave both verbal think of them. Like physical fights, fights canbloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would say, competitions dismal if arguments were even just –like, almost be astennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking isand politics about avoid arguments, especially to so why many people try religion.45.C→→44.F41.→42.→→43.→Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how various frequently to recognise was. I came bad much of the medical literature signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal ofby up which, when taken medical this kind of nonsense in the journals broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.The Natural lished? A recent paper, titled “Why is so much bad science pubs open science website, , published on the Royal SocietySelection of Bad Science”'attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problemcareer our current of system people is not merely that do bad science, but thatbut not truth, is advancement positively encourages it. What important is publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research posthas to have published twice the number of papers that would have been requiredthe then, count 10 for the same post only years ago. Never mind the quality, number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of applicant's papers.the the scientific literature, quoted times a paper has been elsewhere inof one more that an important paper will be cited often than being assumptionthat it were not the fact for if This small account. (49) would be reasonable scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.of metrics, simple such as number individual's Boiling down an output to publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metricsto assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensure must and is both meaningful reproducible, we science that ensuring ourthat our institutions encourage that kind of science.WritingSection IIIPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming”instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, –you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中英语（一）试题-14-（共14 页）2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题参考答案○○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. A2. C3. D4. B5. C10. B 9. C 6. D 7. B 8. A15. D 11. C 14. A 12. D 13. B20. A16. B 19. D18. A17. CⅡ．阅读理解A节25. C 24. A 21. B 22. D 23. C30. D 26. B 29. C 27. D 28. A35. A 33. C 31. A 32. B 34. D40. B36. C 39. A38. B37. D节B45. A44. D43. E41. B 42. G节C医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起46. 健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧。
2019年考研英语试题与答案解析(完整版)
2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C] Few[D] All2.[A]put[B]take[C] run[D] come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D] until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5.[A] back[B]next[C] around[D] away6.[A] onto[B]off[C]across[D] alone7.[A] unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point[C]way[D] place9.[A] So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D]confused12[A] problem[B]option[C]view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C]On average[D] For example14.[A]bridge[B] avoid[C]spot[D] separate15.[A]form[B]through[C] beyond[D] Under16.[A] posts[B]links[C] shades[D]breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A] Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"asubstantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcolleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree programand gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It alsopledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficultfor states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generallyresponsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailersespecially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement"Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our viewof arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems forour personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41E-42D-F-43G-44B-C-45APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column aboutthe medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth,but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.46【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2019年考研英语必备词组word资料147页
list1 enormous expenditure巨额开支enrich sth. with sth.美化，使变肥沃，加料于..a backbone enterprise骨干企业be entitled to有权…，有资格…（be）equivalent to相等于，相当于the Victorian era维多利亚时代in essence本质上，实质上eternal truths永恒的真理eternal love永恒的爱情eternal life永生personal estate动产real estate房地产，房地产所有权the theory of evolution 进化论excel in在…方面超过without exception无例外地with the exception of 除…之外an exceptional achievement 卓越的成就exceptional children残障儿童in excess过度地in excess of超过to exchange contracts/cards 交换合同/名片exchange…for…以…交换the exchange rate汇率，兑换cultural exchange文化交流stock exchange证券交易所an exclusive interview 独家采访，专访exclusive of不包括an exclusive nation排外的国家execute a plan实行计划execute a policy实施政策execute one’s duty履行职责list17exert…on…对…施加…exert oneself to do sth. 努力，使劲be exhausted from…因…而十分疲乏exhaust-pipe排气管（be）in existence存在a struggle for existence生存竞争expand one’s knowledge扩大知识面the expansion of a bird’s wings鸟翼的伸展expel sb. from the school开除某人的学籍balance between income and expenditure 收支平衡expert advice专家意见be expert at sth.擅长某事managerial expertise管理方法，管理专门知识give explicit directions 给予详尽明确的指示information explosion信息爆炸a population explosion 人口激增an explosive news爆炸性新闻an explosive situation 一触即发的形式nuclear explosive核炸药be exposed to…面临…，受到…expose …to…使暴露于…，使…受（危险、风险）extended family三世或四世同堂的家life-extending technology延长生命的技术the extension of vocabulary词汇的扩大extensive reading泛读extensive knowledge广博的知识extensive efforts巨大的努力to…extent在…程度上to some extent在某些方面an external wound 外伤external pressure 外界压力external affairs 外交事务an extinct species 已灭绝的物种go extinct绝迹extract a tooth拔出一颗牙齿lemon extract柠檬汁an extravagant price过高的价格in the extreme极其raise eyebrows表轻蔑或惊讶fabricated metal industry 金属制品工业communication facilities 通讯设施the key factor关键因素internal/external factors 内在/外在因素mental faculty/intellectual faculties 智力the faculty of law法学院faithful to对…忠诚everlasting fame不朽的名声have a fancy for喜欢，想要take a fancy to喜欢bus fare公共汽车费a single fare单程票价full（half）fare全（半）票be fascinated by被…迷住in fashion时兴，潮流after the fashion （of）依照…a fatal wound致命伤a fatal accident死亡事故a fatal hour决定性时刻list18licence fee许可费feed back反馈fertile land/fields/soil肥沃的土地fertile eggs受精卵science fiction科幻小说college of finance and economics 财经学院to finance education支付教育费用financial assistance 经济援助financial crisis金融危机financial gain经济利益flare out突然发怒，（激情等）爆发flare up突然燃烧起来，突然发怒flattering remarks奉承话flatter oneself自负，自以为是a flexible schedule可变通的日程表flexible working hours 弹性工作时间catch a flu得了流行性感冒fluid capital流动资本flush with因…而脸红flush with齐平的，同高的focus sth. on使聚集，集中follow in sb. footsteps 效仿某人，步某人后尘foresee the problems预见（会出现的）问题the format of a programme 节目的编排list19the former前者bring forth提出and so forth等等call forth使产生，引起back and forth来回地living fossil活化石on the foundation of 在…的基础上a fraction of小部分，一点儿fragrant memories甜美的回忆a frame of reference 原则，标准，观点to be frank坦白地讲，说实在的freight train货车volume of freight货运车the frequency of the pulse 脉搏跳动的次数frequency composition频率构成frontier trade边境贸易the frontier已开发地区的边缘地带a fruitful experience丰富的经验a fruitful novelist多产的小说家a fruitful talk卓有成效的谈话a fruitful career成功的事业fruitful research富有成就的研究fulfill a promise实现诺言fulfill a contract履行合同fulfill one’s responsibility 尽责function key功能键function as…起…的作用，具有…的功能raise funds筹集资金additional/extra fund 额外款项mutual fund互助基金trust funds信托资金federal funds联邦资金foreign funds外资government-funded政府拨款的publicl-funded办公的privately-funded私人拨款的emergency funding紧急拨款fundamental innovative 基础性的创新fundamental process基本过程fundamental element基本元素furnish…with向…提供furnish sth. （to sb.）为某人提供某物make a fuss of娇养（某人），过分关怀某人at a gallop以最快速度，急速地gamble away投机，冒险a gambling house赌场gamble in stocks做股票投机gasp forth/out喘着气说出（或发出）generate electricity发电a genius for…有…的天资men of genius才子genuine signature亲笔签名genuine leather真皮List20industrial giants工业巨头catch/get a glimpse of 瞥见global warming全球变暖across/around globe全球，全世界gloomy skies阴沉的天色a gloomy mood悲观情绪take off the gloves （to sb.）（与某人）认真地或毫不客气地争辩self-governinga.自治的governor General总督Attorney General检查总长Heir Apparent法定继承人Pect Laureate桂冠诗人Postmaster General邮政总局局长President Elect总统当选人grab sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手部disgracen. 丢脸，耻辱the grand staircase 主楼梯grant a request答应请求take…for granted想当然，认为…理所当然graphic designer平面造型师the center of gravity 重心antigravityn.反引力grind away/at认真刻苦地干，苦学groan with pain痛苦地呻吟moanv. 抱怨，呻吟gross income总收入gross annual profit年度毛利moral guidance精神指导chewing gum口香糖list21come/bring to a halt停止，停住unhampereda.无妨碍的。
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2019考研英语资料汇编（分类整理高频词、常用短语、关系词、衔接词、近期热点词汇、常用句型、作文模板）考研英语高频词汇频率为 33 次的单词process n. 过程；工序；程序vt. 加工，处理频率为 26 次的单词growth n. 增加，增长(量)；生长，发展technology n. 工艺，技术theory n. 理论，原理；学说；看法，见解频率为 25 次的单词economy n. 经济(制度)，经济情况；节约，省俭频率为 23 次的单词behavio(u)r n. 行为，举止；运转情况频率为 21 次的单词account n. 账(目)，账户；叙述，说明vi. 说明(原因等)；(数量、比例方面)占economic a. 经济(学)的，经济上的频率为 20 次的单词individual a. 单独的，个人的频率为 19 次的单词product n. 产品，产物；乘积rate n. (比)率；速度，进度；价格，费用频率为 18 次的单词create vt. 创造，创建，创作；引起，产生频率为 17 次的单词decline vi.／n. 下降，减少，衰退；婉拒hard a ．硬的，坚固的；烈性的；困难的ad ．努力地；猛烈地：困难地频率为 16 次的单词ability n. 能力，本领；才能，才智频率为 15 次的单词professional a．专业的；高水准的spot n. 斑点，污点；地点；一点儿vt ．认出，发现；玷污tend vi ．倾向，趋向于vt. 照管，护理view n. 眼界；风景；(常用pl．)看法vt．看待；观察频率为 14 次的单词advocate vt/n. 鼓吹(者)，拥护(者)amount n. 数量vi ．合计；等同community n. 团体，社会；界，族；社区;群落concern vt. 关联；关心n . 企业；焦虑；关心environment n ．环境，周围状况factor n. 因素，要素intelligence n. 智力，智慧；情报likely a. 可能的，有希望的ad．可能return v./n. 回来；归还，送还；回答social a. 社会的；交际的频率为 13 次的单词consequence n. 结果，后果；重要(性)，重大drug n. 药物；（pl. ）麻醉品，毒品expert n. 专家，能手a. 熟练的，内行的extend vi. 延续；达到vt. 提供，发出industrial a. 工业的，产业的moral a. 道德(上)的n. 寓意，教育意义频率为 12 次的单词action n. 行为；活动；作用adult n. 成(年)人a. 成年人的，已成熟的ambition n. 雄心；野心competition n. 竞争，比赛capacity n. 容量，容积；能力，才能detail n. 细节，详情vt. 详述，细说evidence n. 根据，证据；迹象，形迹evolution n. 进化，演化，渐进fund n. 基金，专款；现款vt ．为…提供资金inflation n. 通货膨胀；(充气使)膨胀local a. 当地的．地方的；局部的maintain vt. 维持；维修，保养；主张management n. 经营；管理(部门)；管理人员productivity n. 生产力，生产率survive vt. 幸免于；比…活得长vi. 幸存universe n. 宇宙，世界；范围，领域频率为 11 次的单词learn vt. 学会；得知vi . 学习；了解频率为 10 次的单词advertising n. 广告宣传；广告业，广告事务affect v. 影响；感动benefit n. 益处v. 有益，得益debate v./n. 辩论，争论directly ad．直接地；立即element n. 要素；元素；基础；自然环境essential a. 必不可少的；本质的n. (常pl. )要素，要点；必需品identify vt. 把…等同于；认出，鉴定vi．认同intend vt. 想要．打算，企图investment n. 投资(额)reasonable a. 合理的；通情达理的；公道的；尚好的responsibility n. 责任(心)；职责，义务opportunity n. 时机，机会personality n. 人格，个性；人物private a. 私人的；秘密的频率为 9 次的单词alter vt. 改变，变更appropriate a. 适当的vt. 私占；拨款；挪用boom n. 叫喊声；繁荣vi. 隆隆作响；迅速增长combine v. 联合，化合n. 联合企业corporation n. 公司，团体enterprise n. 进取心，事业心；(企)事业单位federal a. 联邦的gas n. 煤气；气体；汽油highly ad. 高(度)地，非常issue n. 问题，争论点v. 颁布，出版；分发；流出，发出organization／-isation n. 团体，机构；组织体制principle n. 原理，原则；信条project n. 计划；项目；工程vt. 投射，放映；(使)伸出recognize/-ise vt. 认出；承认；表彰，报偿specific a. 特有的；具体的n(pl.) 详情，细节structure n. 结构，构造；建筑物vt. 构造；安排substance n. 物质；实质；内容；根据trend n. 趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚频率为 8 次的单词activity n. 活跃，活力；(常pl. )活动advantage n. 优点，有利条件；利益aspect n. 外表；(问题等的)方面attitude n. 态度，看法；姿势balance v. 使平衡，称n. 天平；平衡；差额，结余characteristic a. 特有的，典型的n. 特征claim vt./n. 声称，断言；索取comment n. 评论，意见vi. 评论constitute vt. 组成；设立contract v. 订(约)；缩小n. 合同，包工creative a. 创造(性)的，有创造力的culture n. 教养，教育；文化；培植，培养historical a. 历史(上)的，史学的interpret vt. 解释，说明，诠释vi. 口译，翻译manner n. 方式，方法；态度，举止；风度，礼貌，规矩mass n. 大量；团，块; (pl) 群众；质量obtain vt. 获得vi．通用，流行powerful a. 强大的，有力的；强壮的predict vt. 预告，预言，预测risk n. 风险，危险；冒险vt. 冒…的危险robot n. 机器人，自动机械shift v. 转移；改变，转变n. 转换；轮(或换)班species n. 种，类频率为 7 次的单词approach v./n. 接近n. 途径；方法argument n. 争论，辩论；论点，论据assume vt. 假定；承担；呈现blueprint n. 计划，蓝图climate n. 气候；风气，气氛competitive a. (好)竞争的；求胜心切的；有竞争力的complex a. 复杂的；复合的n. 综合体concept n. 概念，观念，思想confuse vt. 使困惑；混乱，混淆critical a. 危急的，决定性的，关键性的；批评(判)的crude a. 天然的；生的；粗鲁的emerge vi. 出现；发生，显露employee n. 受雇者，雇员existence n. 存在；生存，生活(方式) innovation n . 新方法，新事物；革新interview n./v. 接见，会见；面试；采访involve vt. 使卷入，使参与；包含，牵涉journal n. 定期刊物；日志link v. 连接，联系n. 环节，联系，纽带manifest a. 明显的vt. 使显现；证明motion n. 运动；手势，眼色；提议v. (向…)打手势，示意obvious a. 显然的，明显的performance n. 执行；表演policy n. 政策，方针；保险单possibility n. 可能(性)；可能的事pressure n. 压(力)；压迫vt. 对…施加压力(或影响)property n . 财产，资产；性质，特性prospect n. 前景v. 勘探，勘察relate vi. 有关联；和睦相处vt. 使互相关联；叙述resource n.(pl.) 资源；谋略source n. 源(泉)，发源地；来源，出处suicide n. 自杀；自取灭亡频率为 6 次的单词access n. 进入；入口vt. 存取(计算机文件)acquire vt. 取得，获得，学到adapt vt. 使适应；改编，修改vi．适应additional a. 附加的，另外的，添加的aggressive a. [贬]侵略的；[褒]敢做敢为的，积极的amateur n./a. 业余爱好(者的)analysis n. 分析(报告)apply vi. 申请，请求；适用于vt. 应用，运用arise vi. 出现，发生；引起，起源于；起身assumption n. 假定，臆断；担任，承担assure vt. 使确信，使放心；确保authority n. 权威，专家；权力；(常用pl．)官方，当局avoid vt. 避免，避开；预防bias n. 偏见；偏袒，偏心vt. 使有偏见brief a. 简洁的v. 简短介绍，简要汇报cash n．现金v. 兑现，付(或收)现款challenge vt. 向…挑战n. 挑战；难题committee n. 委员会conflict n. 冲突；战斗vi. 冲突，抵触consideration n. 考虑；体贴，关心constant a. 不断的；始终如一的；忠实的n. 常数consumption n. 消耗量，消费量contact vt./n. (与…取得)联系convention n. 大会；协定，公约；惯例convince vt. 使确信，使信服，说服cosmic a. 宇宙的data n. 资料，数据definition n. 定义；清晰(度)，鲜明(度) delivery n. 交付，投递；分娩；演讲的风格(方式)demonstrate vt. 说明,演示；论证；表露vi. 游行示威(或集会)deny vt. 否认；拒绝给予，拒绝…的要求digital a. 数字的discipline vt./n. 纪律；学科；训练；惩罚distinction n. 差别；区分，辨别；优秀educate v. 教育，培养，训练effective a. 有效的；事实上的electronic a. 电子的emphasis n. 强调，重点enable vt. 使能够，使可能，使可行error n. 错误，差错establish vt. 建立，设立，创办；确定extent n. 广度，宽度；范围，程度focus v. 聚焦n. 焦点，焦距；(活动等的)中心function n. 功能；函数vi ．运行，起作用fundamental a. 根本的，基础的n. (常pl. )基本原则gene n. 基因genius n. 天才，天赋；天才人物giant n. 巨人；才智超群的人a．巨大的humo(u)r n. 幽默(感)；脾性，情绪，心情v. 使满足，迁就implication n. 含意，暗示；牵连improvement n. 增进；改进(处) independent a. 独立自主的；中立的；无关的influence vt./n. 影响(力)n. 势力，权势instinct n. 本能，直觉；生性，天性intention n. 意图，意向，目的invention n. 发明，创造；捏造，虚构item n. 条款，项目；(新闻等的)一条mechanism n. 机械装置；机构；机制observation n. 注意，观察；言论；(常pl.)观察数据odd a. 古怪的；奇数的；剩余的n.(p1.) 可能性offend vt. 冒犯；使不舒服；违犯oppose vt. 反对，反抗panel n. 控制板，仪表盘；专门小组phenomenon n. 现象；非凡的人(或物) physical a. 物理(学)的；物质的；身体的potential a. 潜在的，可能的n. 潜力，潜能prolong vt. 延长，拉长，拖延psychological a. 心理(学)的reflect v. 反射；反省，深思；反映relevant a. 有关的，切题的remark v. 评论，谈论；注意到，察觉n. 评语，议论，意见requirement n. 要求；需要(的东西) respond vi. 回答，答复；响应rsponse n. 回答，答复；反应，响应responsible a. 负责任的；重要的；有责任感的revolution n. 革命；旋转，转数rob vt／vi. 抢劫，盗取scale n. 刻度；级别；规模；鳞；( pl. )天平secure a. 安全的，可靠的vt．获得；使安全site n. 位置，地点vt. 使坐落在，设置status n. 地位，身份；情形，状况stock n. 库存，现货；股票v. 储备a．常备的stress n. 压力，紧张；重音；强调vt．强调；重读sufficient a. 足够的，充分的survey n. 测量；概括论述；调查sympathy n. 同情(心)；支持；( pl. )慰问threaten v. (构成)威胁，可能发生unemployment n. 失业(人数)vote vi．投票n. 选票；选举；投票总数频率为 5 次的单词abroad ad. 国外，在国外；到处appeal vi/n. 呼吁；申诉；(有)吸引力；求助captive n. 俘虏a. 被俘虏的；被迷住的infrastructure n. 基础结构，基本设施(如运输、动力等)premium n. 保险金；奖品a. 高级的；售价高的resign vi. 辞职vt．放弃；使顺从span n. 跨距，范围v. 横越title n. 题目，标题；称号，头衔；权益，权利unlikely a. 未必的，靠不住的频率为 4 次的单词abandon vt. 抛弃；放弃acknowledge vt. 承认；告知收到，致谢addition n. （增）加，加法；附加（物）advertisement n. （登）广告；公告aid n. 援助；助手，辅助物（设备）v. 帮助，援助annoy vt. 使恼怒，使生气，打搅apparent a. 表面上的；显然的，明白的appreciate vt. 鉴赏；领会；感激vi. 增值artificial a. 人工的；假的，矫揉造作的assemble v. （人）集合，聚集；（物）装配attribute vt. 把···归因于n. 属性basis n. 基本，根据，原则bid vt. 命令；祝，表示v./n. 出价，投标n. 企图，努力career n. 履历，生涯；职业ceremony n. 典礼，仪式；礼仪character n. 特征；性格，品质；人物，角色；（汉）字commercial a. 商务的；商业（性）的n. 商业广告commit vt. 将···托付给；使承担义务，献身于；犯（错误）commodity n. 商品，货物comparative a. 比较的，相对的comparison n. 比较；比拟，比喻compensation n. 补偿，赔偿conduct vt. 指挥；管理；传导n. 行为；管理（方式）conference n. 讨论，会谈；（正式）会议confidence n. 信任，信心，自信；秘密confront vt. 遭遇；勇敢地面对；使对质contrast v./n. （形成）对比，对照conventional a. 常规的；普通的criminal a. 犯罪的，刑事的n. 罪犯crisis n. 危机，危急关头；关键时刻critic n. 批评家，评论家current a. 流行的，当前的n. （潮）流；电流；趋势cycle n. 循环，周期vi. 循环define vt. 限定，规定；给···下定义，解释deprive vt. 剥夺，使丧失derive v. 起源，衍生；追溯···的起源deserve vt. 应受，值得，应得device n. 装置，设备，器械；手段，策略diminish vt. （使）减少，减小，降低disappear vi. 不见，消失discard vt. 打出（无用的牌）；抛弃，丢弃easily ad. 容易地，不费力地efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的employer n. 雇佣者，雇主entitle vt. 给（书、文章）题名；给···权利（或资格）estimate vt./n. 估计，估量n. 评价，看法executive a. 执行的，实施的n. 董事，行政负责人expense n. 花费；(pl.) 开支export v./n. 出口，输出（品）external a. 外部的，外面的，外表的fascinate vt. 强烈地吸引，迷住fashion n. 方式，样子；流行款式，时装fatal a. 致命的；重大的，决定性的flash n. 闪光（灯）vi. 闪光，闪烁；飞驰，掠过forbid vt. 不许，禁止formal a. 形式的；正式的formation n. 形成（物），构成former a. 以前的，在前的n. 前者gross a. 总的，毛重的；臃肿的vt. 获得···总收入（或毛利）n. 总额guarantee n. 保证（书）vt. 保证，担保happiness n. 幸福，幸运，快乐harmful a. 有害的hence ad. 因此；从此illustrate vt. 阐明；（给···作插图）说明imply vt. 暗示，含有···的意思indicate vt. 指出，指示；表明，示意inevitable a. 不可避免的，必然（发生）的injure vt. 伤害，损害，损伤intellectual n. 知识分子a. 智力的，善于思维的intelligent a. 聪明的，有才智的internal a. 内部的，内地的，国内的；内心的；内在的justify vt. 证明···正当（或有理），为···辩护label n. 标签，标记；称号vt.贴标签于；把···称为manufacture vt. 制造，加工n.制造（业）；产品modify vt. 修改，更改；（语法上）修饰monopoly n. 垄断（物、商品），专卖商品mostly ad. 几乎全部地，主要地，基本上neglect vt./n. 忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽network n. [广义]网络，网状物；[狭义]广播网，电视网nevertheless ad. 仍然，然而，不过notion n. 概念，观念；意图，想法nuclear a. 核能的，原子核的；核心的offspring n. （sing. 同pl. ）子孙，后代，结果originate v. 起源于，产生；创造，开创pace n. 步（速），速度，节奏vi．踱步painful a. （引起）疼痛的；困难的politics n. [单数性]政治（学）；[复数性]政纲，政见possess vt. 占有，拥有poverty n. 贫困，贫穷privilege n. 特权，优惠profit n. 利润；收益v. 有益于；得益promote vt. 促进，发扬；提升；推销proportion n. 比例；部分；均衡，相称pursue vt. 追踪，追赶；从事；追求radical a. 根本的；激进（派）的n. 激进分子range n. （变动）范围；一系列v. 变动；涉及；使排列成行rarely ad. 很少，难得reality n. 现实，实际；真实register n./v. 登记，注册regulate vt. 控制，管理；调整，调节reject vt. 拒绝；退回n. 被拒货品，不合格产品remarkable a. 引人注目的；非凡的replace vt. 取代；把···放回原处；更换represent vt. 象征；描绘；代表restriction n. 限制，约束reveal vt. 揭露；（事物）展现，显示reward n./vt. 报酬，酬金；报答，奖赏rival vt. 与···竞争a. 竞争的n. 竞争对手scatter vt. 撒（播）；使散开，驱散security n. 安全，安定，保证skilled a. 熟练的，有技能的；需要技能的storage n. 储藏（量），保管；库房strive vi. 努力，奋斗，力求style n. 风格；式样；时尚vt. （根据新款式）设计surplus n. 剩余，盈余a. 过剩的，多余的surround vt. 包围；环绕，围绕survival n. 幸存（者），残存物target n. 目标，对象，靶子vt. 瞄准tendency n. 趋向，趋势trace vt. 查出；追溯;描摹n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量tradition n. 惯列，传统transform vt. 把···转换成；变换，改革union n. 工会，同盟；联合；一致utility n. 功用，效用；（常pl. ）公用事业valid a. 有根据的；有效的visible a. 看得见的，可见的，有形的wisdom n. 智慧，明智；格言，名言worthwhile a. 值得（做）的频率为 3 次的单词abuse vt./n. 滥用；辱骂，虐待acquisition n. 获得（物），取得activate vt. 使活动起来，使开始起作用alternative a. 两者择一的n. 供选择的东西anticipate vt. 预料，期望；先于···行动assess vt. 估价，评估，评定assign vt .分配，布置；指定；指派，选派assignment n. （分派的）任务；分配，委派associate vi. 交往vt. 使联想；使联合n. 伙伴，同事a. 副的attain vt. 达到，获得ban v./n. 禁止bind vt. 捆绑，捆扎；使结合；约束；装订budget v. （编）预算；安排，规划n. 预算（拨款）a. 合算的，廉价的candidate n. 侯选人；应考者casual a. 碰巧的；随便的；临时的；census n. 人口普查，统计chemical a. 化学的n.（pl.）化学制品，化学药品circumstance n. 环境，条件，形势；（pl.）境况，状况colleague n. 同事，同僚compel vt. 强迫，迫使complaint n. 抱怨；控告；疾病compose vt. 创作，为···谱曲；组成，构成；使平静comprehension n. 理解（力）conclusion n. 结尾；推论，结论confusion n. 混淆；混乱；困惑congress n. 代表大会；[C]国会，议会connection n. 连接，联系considerate a. 体贴的，体谅的contend v. 斗争；竞争；主张context n. 上下文，语境；环境，背景contrary a. 相反的，对抗的n. 相反，对立面contribute v. 贡献出，捐赠，捐助；投稿counsel v./n. 忠告n. 法律顾问，辩护人crucial a. 至关重要的，决定性的decrease v./n. 减少，减小democratic a. 民主的，有民主精神(或作风)的dependent a. 依靠的，依赖的；取决于dispute v./n. 争论，争议disregard vt. 不理会，漠视n. 忽视，漠视distort vt. 扭曲；歪曲，曲解vi. 变形distract vt. 使分心，转移；迷惑diverse a. 多种多样的draft n. 草稿，草案；汇票；征兵vt ．起草；招募drift vi. 漂泊，游荡n. 漂流(物)；大意economics n. 经济学；(pl.) 经济状况，经济因素，经济意义efficiency n. 效率，效能，功效endanger v. 危及，危害endure v. 持续；忍受，忍耐enlarge v. 扩大；放大enlighten vt. 启发，开导enormous a. 庞大的，巨大的，极大的ensure vt. 保证，担保，确保equip vt. 装备，配备；使有准备equivalent a. 等价的；相当的n. 等价物essay n. 短文，文章establishment n. 建立；机构，企业；当权人物evolve v. (使)发展，(使)进化，(使)演变exceed vt. 超出；越出excess n. 超越；过量，过度a．过量的，额外的extreme a. 末端的；极端的，极度的n. 极端，过分fade v. (使)褪色；逐渐消失；凋谢failure n. 没做到；失败fiction n. [总称]小说；虚构flourish vi. 繁荣，茂盛，兴旺folk n. (常pl. ) 人们a. 民间的forecast v.／n. 预报，预测formulate vt. 用公式表示；规划；阐明generate vt. 生殖；生产；引起，导致geology n. 地质学；地质情况global a. 全球的，全世界的；总的，完整的grant n. 拨款，授予物vt. 授予，同意，准予gravity n. 重力；严重；庄重，严肃handle n. 把手vt. 触摸；操作；处理，对待harm n./vt. 伤害，损害，危害helpful a. 有帮助的；有益的，有用的hesitate vi. 犹豫，踌躇；含糊，支吾highlight vi. 使显著，突出n. 精彩场面hospitality n. 友好款待，好客ideal n. 理想的东西(或人)a. 理想的；想像的immigrant n. 移民，侨民immune a. 免疫的；不受影响的；免除的impact n./v. 冲击，碰撞；影响，作用import vt./n. 进口，输入impose v. 把…强加于；征(税)，处以(罚款、监禁)inferior a. 下等的，下级的；次的n. 下级，晚辈inform vt. 通知，报告vi．告发，检举inquiry n. 打听，询问；调查instance n. 例子，例证，事例instant n. 瞬间a. 立即的；紧急的；速溶的instrument n. 仪器，器械，工具；乐器insurance n. 保险(业,费)interact vi. 互相作用，互相影响irritate vt. 使恼怒，使烦躁；使疼痛keen a. 热心的，喜爱的；敏锐的；锋利的legislation n. 法律，法规；立法leisure n. 空闲时间，闲暇；悠闲liability n. 责任；(常pl. )负债；累赘logical a. 逻辑(上)的，符合逻辑的mankind n. 人类mathematical a. 数学(上)的military a. 军事的，军队的n. 军方；陆军mode n. 方式，式样moreover ad. 而且，此外motive n. 动机，动因，目的multitude n. 大量，许多；民众novel n. (长篇)小说a．新颖的，新奇的oblige vt. 迫使，责成；(使)感激，施恩于opponent n. 敌手，对手；反对者optimistic a. 乐观(主义)的organic a. 有机物的，有机体的output n. 产量；输出(功率)vt. 输出(信息、数据等)phase n. (方)面；阶段vt．分阶段实行(或计划)pollution n. 污染precise a. 精确的，准确的；严谨的prejudice n. 偏见，成见vt. 使有偏见；对…不利presence n. 出席，存在；仪态primary a. 最初的，初级的；首要的，基本的prompt vt. 促使，推动；提示a. 敏捷的，及时n. 提词，提示proof n. 证据，证明a．能防…的propose v. 提出；提名，推荐；打算；求婚proposition n. 建议，提案；主张；命题outlook n. 观点；前景；景色prosperity n. 兴旺，繁荣provision n. 供应；条款，规定；(pl.) 给养random a. 任意的，随机的rare a. 稀有的；(空气等)稀薄的；(肉)煎得嫩的readily ad. 容易地，迅速地；乐意地reckon vt. 认为，估计；指望，盼望；测量recovery n. 痊愈；重获，恢复reference n. 提到；参考(书目)；推荐信(或人) reform vt./n. 改革，改良vi. 改正，改过自新region n. 地区，区域；范围，幅度regret v./n. 懊悔，遗憾，抱歉relieve vt. 缓解，减轻；使宽慰；接替religion n. 宗教，信仰；信念，信条resist v. 忍住；抗(病等)；反抗，抵制revolve vi. 旋转schedule n. 时刻表；清单vt. 安排screen n. 屏幕，银幕；帘，纱窗vt. 遮蔽；播放select vt. 选择，挑选a. 精选的；一流的sensitive a. 敏感的；神经过敏的；易受伤的significance n. 意义，含义；重要性，重大slip vi. 滑(倒)；溜走；下降n. 疏漏vt．悄悄放进solution n. 解答，解决(办法);溶液somewhat ad. 稍微，有点spite n. 恶意，怨恨stake n. 标桩；利害关系；股份；赌注vt. 以…打赌，拿…冒险standardize/-ise v. 使符合标准，使标准化steer vt.. 引导strategy n. 战略，策略stream n. 溪流；一股，一串vi. 流出substantial a. 牢固的；充裕的；主要的，实质性的trail n. 小路；痕迹vt ．跟踪vi. 拖，下垂；(比赛等)失败transition n. 过渡，转变transmit vt. 播送，发射；传送，传染transport n. 运输(系统)，运输工具vt. 运输，运送trial n. 审讯；考验，试验typical a. 典型的，有代表性的underlie v. 构成…的基础unexpected a. 想不到的，意外的unfortunately ad. 不幸地；遗憾的是unknown a. 未知的，不知名的unlike a. 不同的prep ．不像…，和…不同unusual a. 不平常的；与众不同的urgent a. 急迫的，紧要的vain a. 徒劳的，无效的；自负的verify vt. 证明，证实via prep. 经，通过violence n. 暴力；猛烈，剧烈whereas conj ．然而，但是，尽管频率为 2 次的单词abide v. 坚持，遵守absorb vt. 吸收;使全神贯注；把…并入，同化abundant a. 大量的，充足的；丰富的accelerate v. (使)加快，(使)增速accomplish vt. 完成，达到，实现accordingly ad. 照着（办，做等），相应地；因此accuracy n. 准确(性)，精确(性)accuse vt. 指控，指责adopt vt. 采用；收养；正式通过，批准advisable a. 明智的，适当的affiliate vt. 使隶(或附)属于n. 附属机构，分公司alcohol n. 酒精，含酒精的饮料alternate v. (使)交替，(使)轮流a. 交替的，轮流的；间隔的ambitious a . [褒]有雄心的；[贬]有野心的ample a. 足够的；宽敞的annual a. 每年的，年度的n. 年刊，年鉴application n. 申请(表)；应用，实用arbitrary a. 专断的，武断的；任意的atistic a. 艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；精美的assert vt. 肯定地说，断言；维护，坚持attach vt. 使附属；认为有(重要性等) automobile n. 汽车aware a. 意识到的，知道的awkward a. 尴尬的，棘手的；笨拙的background n. 背景；出身，经历balloon n. 气球v. 像气球般鼓起；激增barely ad. 仅仅，只不过，几乎不behalf n. 方面，利益besides prep ．除…之外ad ．而且，还有bound a. 受约束的．有义务的v. 限制，束缚；跳跃n ．(常pl .)界限，限制brake n. 闸，制动(器)，刹车bulk n. (巨大的)物体；主体；(大)量capable a. 有能力的；敢于…的caution n. 小心，谨慎；警告cease v./n. 停止，终止channel n. 海峡，水道；频道；途径chop v. 砍，劈，斩断classify vt．把…分类，把…分级cluster n. 串，簇；群，组v. 群集coincidence n. 巧合，巧事；一致，符合commerce n. 商业，贸易communicate vi. 交流，通讯vt. 传达，传播；传染comparable a. 比得上的；类似的compensate v. 补偿，弥补，抵消compete vi. 竞争，比赛complicated a. 复杂的，难懂的concentrate v. 集中；聚集；浓缩n. 浓缩物confer v. 商谈，商议；授予confess v. 坦白，供认；承认confine vt. 使局限，限制；禁闭n ．界限，范围confirm vt. 使…坚定；确认；批准conform v. 遵守，依照，符合consent vi/n. 同意，赞成，准许conservative a. 保守的，守旧的n. 保守的人，保守主义者consistent a. 一致的，符合的；一贯的contemporary a. 同时代的；当代的n. 当代人contest n/v. 比赛；争夺；辩驳contradict vt. 与…发生矛盾(抵触) contribution n. 捐款；投稿；贡献convenience n. 方便，便利(的工具)costly a. 昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的crack n. 裂缝，裂纹，缝隙；爆裂声v. (使)破裂，砸开；(使)发出爆裂声criticism n. 批评，批判，指责；评论(文章) criticize／—ise vt. 批评，批判；评论，评价deem vt. 认为，视为definite a. 确切的；一定的，肯定的democracy n. 民主(制)；民主国家；民主精神，民主作风dependence n. 依靠，依赖desirable a. 值得拥有的；可取的，有利的diet n./vi. 节食，日常饮食dignity n. 庄严，端庄；尊严，高贵disaster n. 灾难，大祸；彻底的失败disgrace v. 使失宠；玷辱，使蒙羞n. 失宠；耻辱disperse v. (使)分散，散开；(使)消散display n./vt. 陈列，展览；显示，表现distinct a. 不同的；清晰的；显著的distinguish v. 区别，辨别diversion n. 转移，转向；消遣，娱乐dominate v. 耸立于，俯视；占优势；支配doom n. 厄运，劫数vt ．注定，命定doubtful a. 怀疑的，可疑的；未定的drag v. 拖，(硬)拉；迫使n. 障碍dramatic a. 戏剧(性)的，激动人心的；剧本的elegant a. 优美的，文雅的；简洁的eliminate vt. 排除，消除；淘汰elite n. 上层人士，掌权人物，精英embrace vt./n. 拥抱，怀抱；包含；环绕encounter vt./n. 遭遇，遭到，遇到engine n. 发动机，引擎enhance vt. 提高，增加，加强enrich vt.. 充实，使丰富；使富有envy v./n. 妒忌，羡慕epidemic n. 流行病；流传，盛行a. 流行的，传染的exaggerate v. 夸大，夸张exceedingly ad. 极其，非常exceptional a. 例外的，异常的；杰出的excessive a. 过度的，过分的，过多的exhaust vt. 用尽，使精疲力尽；详尽论述n. 排气装置；废气，废液expand v. 扩大，扩充，扩张；膨胀expose vt. 暴露，显露；揭露；使处于…作用之下，曝光faulty a. 有错误的，有缺点的favo(u)rable a. 有利的；赞同的feature n. 面貌，相貌；特征，特色vt. 突出，由…主演female a. 女的，雌的fertile a. 肥沃的，富饶的；丰富的fierce a. 凶猛的，残忍的；狂热的，强烈的file n. 档案，文件vt. 归档；把…登记备案finance n. 财政，金融；(常pl .)资金vt. 为…提供资金flexible a. 易弯曲的，柔韧的；灵活的fluctuate vi. 波动，涨落，起伏forth ad．向前，向外foundation n. 基础，根据；地基；建立frame n. 框架vt. 表达(思想)；陷害frontier n. 边境，边界；(常pl. )前沿，新领域；边远地区frustrate vt. 使灰心；挫败，阻挠furious a. 狂怒的，暴怒的；激烈的furthermore ad. 而且，此外glimpse vt./n. 瞥见，看见globe n. 地球，世界；地球仪；球体gradual a. 逐渐的，渐进的hardship n. 艰难，困苦hasten v. 赶快，催促hemisphere n. 地球的半球；大脑半球host n. 主人；节目主持人；军队vt．招待；主持household n. 家庭，户a. 家庭的；家用的humble a. 谦虚的；卑贱的；简陋的vt. 使谦恭，使卑下ignorant a. 不知道的；无知的，愚昧的illegal a. 非法的，不合法的impression n. 印记，压痕；印象，感觉incorporate vt. 合并；包含，加上，吸收indicative a. 指示的，预示的indifferent a. 不关心的；一般的initial a. 开始的，最初的n.(p1.) 首字母initiate vt. 开始，创始；使初步了解；让…加入initiative n. 主动性，首创精神inject vt. 注入，引入；(给…)注射injury n. 损害，伤害；受伤处input vt./n. 输入(物)，输入的数据instal(l) vt. 安装，设置；使就职instructor n. 教员，指导者intense a. 剧烈的；专注的；热情的intensive a. 加强的；集中的；深入细致的interfere vi. 干涉，介入；妨碍，干扰interior a./n. 内部(的)；内地(的)；国内的interval n. 间隔，间距；幕间休息invent vt. 发明，创造；捏造，虚构invest v. 投(资)；投入；授予，赋予isolate vt. 使隔离，使孤立jam n. 果酱；拥挤；卡住；堵塞；(使)卡住kindness n. 仁慈，亲切；好意knot n. (绳等的)结，(树)节；节(航速单位) v. 打结laughter n. 笑(声)leading a. 领导的；最主要的，第一位的likewise ad. 同样地；也，又，而且limitation n. 限制，限度；(常pl ．)局限loan vt./n. 贷，借出；贷款lump n. 团，块vt. (使)成团，(使)成块magnitude n. 巨大，广大；重要性maintenance n. 维持，保持；保养manipulate vt. 操纵，控制；操作medium a. 中等的，适中的n．中间(物)；媒介；手段，工具migrate vi. 移居；(候鸟等)迁徙mild a. 温柔的；温暖的；轻微的monetary a. 金融的，货币的mood n. 心情，情绪；(动词的)语气multiple a. 多样的，多重的n. 倍数municipal a. 市(政)的；市立的myth n. 神话；杜撰出来的人(或事物) necessity n. 必要(性)，(迫切)需要；必需品nerve n. 神经；勇气，胆量；敏感处objective n. 目标，目的a．客观的occupation n. 占领，占据；工作，职业；从事的活动，消遣optional a. 可以任选的，非强制的orient n. 东部；东方，亚洲vt. 给……定方向；使适应orientation n. 方向，目标；适应original a. 起初的，原来的；原版的，原件的n. 原件，原作overcome vt. 克服，制胜，战胜overlook vt. 俯瞰；忽视；宽恕overseas ad. 在(或向)海外，在(或向)国外overwhelming a. 压倒的，势不可挡的owing a. 应付的，未付的，欠着的parallel n. 类似(物)；平行线a. 类似的；平行的vt．与…相当，比得上paralyze／-yse vt. 使瘫痪，使麻痹；使惊愕partial a. 部分的；偏心的；偏爱的participant n. 参加者，参与者passport n. 护照；保障perceive vt. 感觉，感知；意识到，理解percentage n. 百分比，百分率perplex vt. 使复杂化，使困惑，使费解persist vi. 坚持不懈，执意；持续，继续存在personnel n.(pl.) 全体人员，全体职员；人事(部门)philosopher n. 哲学家，哲人plausible a. 似乎有道理的，貌似可信的pop n. 流行音乐vi. 突然出现，发生；(发出)砰的一声portion n. 一部分，一份vt. 分配，分给pose n. 样子，姿势vt．提出(问题等)；造成，引起vi．摆姿势；假装practically ad. 几乎，简直；实际上precede vt. 在…之前，先于prescribe v. 开(药)，开处方；指定procedure n. 程序，手续，步骤productive a. 多产的；富有成效的profound a. 深奥的，深远的；(知识)渊博的puzzle v. (使)迷惑，(使)为难；(使)苦思n. 智力测验；令人费解的事(或人)qualify v. (使)合格，具有资格，胜任；修饰questionable a. 可疑的，不可靠的quote v. 引用，引证；报…的价n. 引语；报价；(p1.) 引号rage n. 盛怒；[the ～]时尚vi．发怒；狂吹；汹涌，盛行rational a. 理性的，理智的；合理的raw a. 生的；未加工的；原始的；刺痛的rectify vt. 纠正，修复reinforce vt. 增强，加强，增援relationship n. 关系，联系reliable a. 可靠的，可信赖的relief n. 缓解；轻松，宽慰；调剂remote a. 遥远的，偏僻的；脱离的；冷淡的render vt. 给予，提供；致使；翻译renew v. (使)更新，恢复；重新开始resent vt. 对…表示忿恨，怨恨reserve vt. 保留，储备；预定，预约n. 储备(物)，储藏量，储备金resort vi. 凭借，求助，诉诸n. 胜地；求助的对象，采用的手段restrict vt. 限制，约束，限定resume v. (中断后)重新开始，继续，恢复retire vi. 退休，退役；退下，撤退；就寝retreat vi. 撤退，退却revenue n. 税收，岁入；收益reverse vi. 反向，倒转n. 挫折，逆境；对立面a. 反向的，相反的routine a. 例行的，常规的n. 惯例，惯常的程序rude a. 粗鲁的，不礼貌的；粗糙的sacrifice n./vt. 献祭，祭品；牺牲，舍身scope n. (活动，影响等的)范围；(发挥能力等的)余地，机会senior a. 资格老的；年长的n．（大学）四年级学生sensation n. 感觉(能力)；轰动series n. 一系列，连续；丛书；连续剧severe a. 严重的；严厉的；严峻的；朴素的shortly ad. 立刻，不久；简略地，简言之shrink v. (使)起皱，(使)收缩，退缩；(使)减少simplify v. 简化，使简易，使单纯sketch n. 略图，草图；梗概；素描，速写v. 概述，简述；画素描(或速写)split v./n. 裂开；分离；分裂squeeze v. 挤(出，入，过)；压榨；捏，握n. 挤，握；拮据，经济困难stationary a. 固定的，静止不动的stimulate vt. 刺激，激励stumble vi. 绊倒；跌跌撞撞地走；偶然遇到，碰巧找到submit vt. 呈送，提交；主张；屈服substitute v. 代替n. 代用品，代替者subtle a. 精妙的，精湛的；微妙的；诡秘的suggestion n. 建议，意见；暗示superior n. 上级，长官a. 较好的；较高的；有优越感的；卓越的surpass vt. 超过；胜过suspicious a. 怀疑的，疑心的；可疑的sustain vt. 保持；供养，维持(生命等)；支持，支撑；经受，遭受symbol n. 象征；符号，标志tax n. 税(款)；负担vt. 对…征税teenager n. (13～19 岁的)少年tempt vt.. 吸引；引诱，诱惑thorough a. 彻底的，完全的；精心的thrive vi. 兴旺，繁荣timely a. 及时的，适时的trait n. 特征，特点，特性transfer v.／n. 转移；调动，转车(等) triumph n. 胜利，成功；喜悦vi. 获胜，成功twin n.(pl.) 双生子，孪生子a. 双的，孪生的，成对的undergo vt. 经历，遭受undertake v. 承担，着手做；同意，保证unique n. 惟一的，独特的，独一无二的；极不寻常的，极好的universal a. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的urge vt. 鼓励，激励；催促，力劝validity n. 有效(性)vanish vi. 突然不见，消失；绝迹vary v. 变化，(使)不同，呈差异vehicle n. 交通工具，车辆；传播媒介，手段virtual a. 事实上的，实质上的；虚拟的virtue n. 美德，德行；优点，长处virus n. 病毒；(精神、道德等)有害影响。